1.The cell is the basic unit of life, and all living things are consists of cells and all cells develop from pre-existing cells. Cell theory primarily explains the functions and properties of cells. This theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life; it is the smallest unit that is still considered a living thing. The components of a cell, organelles and molecules, are not living.Every organism, no matter how complex, is made up of a complex system of cells. Some organisms are unicellular, comprised of a single cell.Earlier to the universal acceptance of cell theory, a common faith was that of spontaneous generation, the concept that life springs from abiotic factors. The biology department of the University of Miami identifies German philosopher Lorenz Oken as the first person to communicative this principle in 1805 when he stated that \"All living things originate from and consist of cells.\" 2. The common similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are: a. DNA is called De-oxy ribonucleic acid consists of the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a non-membrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes. b. Plasma membrane consists with a phospholipid bilayer with different types of proteins that separates the cell from the adjacent environment and functions as a selective barrier for the export and import of materials. c. Cytoplasm, the rest of the organelles of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus or nucleoid region, that made up of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates positioned in it d. Ribosome’s, are the organelles involved in protein synthesis and 80s ribosome in eukaryotes and 70s ribosome’s present in prokaryotes. 3.The nucleus has mainly two functions in separating the DNA from the cytoplasm. a.Nucleus protects the DNA. It gives a location and store the genetic material from damage. It makes replication of a large genome and consists of linear chromosomes that must be replicated perfectly when the cell divides. b. It allows regulation of protein expression. Gene splicing permits multiple proteins to be made from a single gene with introns. PolyA tail adenylation and capping can control the mRNA life span. Nucleolus present in the nucleus where the ribosome specific RNA is transcribed and assembled as ribosomes. 4.Ribosomes are the organelles of protein biosynthesis, the process of translating mRNA into the protein molecule. The mRNA consists of a series of codons that states to the ribosome the sequence of the amino acids needed to make the protein. The mRNA acts as a template, the ribosome crosses each codon of the mRNA, pairing it with the suitable amino acid provided by a tRNA. The transfer RNA (tRNA) contains appropriate amino acid on one end and complementary anticodon on other end. In proteins synthesis, first, the small ribosomal subunit, bound to a tRNA containing the amino acid me.

1. 1.The cell is the basic unit of life, and all living things are consists of cells and all cells develop
from pre-existing cells. Cell theory primarily explains the functions and properties of cells. This
theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life; it is the smallest unit that is still considered a
living thing. The components of a cell, organelles and molecules, are not living.Every organism,
no matter how complex, is made up of a complex system of cells. Some organisms are
unicellular, comprised of a single cell.Earlier to the universal acceptance of cell theory, a
common faith was that of spontaneous generation, the concept that life springs from abiotic
factors. The biology department of the University of Miami identifies German philosopher
Lorenz Oken as the first person to communicative this principle in 1805 when he stated that "All
living things originate from and consist of cells."
2. The common similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are:
a. DNA is called De-oxy ribonucleic acid consists of the genetic material contained in one or
more chromosomes and located in a non-membrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a
membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes.
b. Plasma membrane consists with a phospholipid bilayer with different types of proteins that
separates the cell from the adjacent environment and functions as a selective barrier for the
export and import of materials.
c. Cytoplasm, the rest of the organelles of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the
nucleus or nucleoid region, that made up of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles
and other particulates positioned in it
d. Ribosome’s, are the organelles involved in protein synthesis and 80s ribosome in eukaryotes
and 70s ribosome’s present in prokaryotes.
3.The nucleus has mainly two functions in separating the DNA from the cytoplasm.
a.Nucleus protects the DNA. It gives a location and store the genetic material from damage. It
makes replication of a large genome and consists of linear chromosomes that must be replicated
perfectly when the cell divides.
b. It allows regulation of protein expression. Gene splicing permits multiple proteins to be made
from a single gene with introns. PolyA tail adenylation and capping can control the mRNA life
span. Nucleolus present in the nucleus where the ribosome specific RNA is transcribed and
assembled as ribosomes.
4.Ribosomes are the organelles of protein biosynthesis, the process of translating mRNA into the
protein molecule. The mRNA consists of a series of codons that states to the ribosome the
sequence of the amino acids needed to make the protein.
The mRNA acts as a template, the ribosome crosses each codon of the mRNA, pairing it with the
suitable amino acid provided by a tRNA. The transfer RNA (tRNA) contains appropriate amino

2. acid on one end and complementary anticodon on other end.
In proteins synthesis, first, the small ribosomal subunit, bound to a tRNA containing the amino
acid methionine, binds to a codon AUG on the mRNA and recruits the large ribosomal subunit.
The large ribosomal subunit contains three RNA binding sites, designated as A, P, and E. The A
site joins an aminoacyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to an amino acid); the P site attaches a peptidyl-
tRNA (a tRNA bound to the peptide being synthesized); and the E site combines a free tRNA
before it exits the ribosome.
Protein synthesis starts at a start codon AUG near the 5' end of the mRNA. mRNA combines to
the P site of the ribosome first. The ribosome is able to recognise the start codon by use of the
Kozak box in eukaryotes and Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the mRNA in prokaryotes.
5.Proteins which are present in membranes including intracellular and cellular membranes and
consist of integral and peripheral proteins. They comprise of antigenic proteins, membrane-
associated enzymes, transport proteins, and receptors.
The embedded proteins functions are carbohydrates attach to it and allow other cells know the
type of cell, have pores allow a virus to recognise a host cell
The proteins which are located on the outer membrane are called peripheral proteins which are
involved in recognise receptor molecules on host cell serve as markers, receptors & enzymes.
Solution
1.The cell is the basic unit of life, and all living things are consists of cells and all cells develop
from pre-existing cells. Cell theory primarily explains the functions and properties of cells. This
theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life; it is the smallest unit that is still considered a
living thing. The components of a cell, organelles and molecules, are not living.Every organism,
no matter how complex, is made up of a complex system of cells. Some organisms are
unicellular, comprised of a single cell.Earlier to the universal acceptance of cell theory, a
common faith was that of spontaneous generation, the concept that life springs from abiotic
factors. The biology department of the University of Miami identifies German philosopher
Lorenz Oken as the first person to communicative this principle in 1805 when he stated that "All
living things originate from and consist of cells."
2. The common similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are:
a. DNA is called De-oxy ribonucleic acid consists of the genetic material contained in one or
more chromosomes and located in a non-membrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a
membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes.

3. b. Plasma membrane consists with a phospholipid bilayer with different types of proteins that
separates the cell from the adjacent environment and functions as a selective barrier for the
export and import of materials.
c. Cytoplasm, the rest of the organelles of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the
nucleus or nucleoid region, that made up of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles
and other particulates positioned in it
d. Ribosome’s, are the organelles involved in protein synthesis and 80s ribosome in eukaryotes
and 70s ribosome’s present in prokaryotes.
3.The nucleus has mainly two functions in separating the DNA from the cytoplasm.
a.Nucleus protects the DNA. It gives a location and store the genetic material from damage. It
makes replication of a large genome and consists of linear chromosomes that must be replicated
perfectly when the cell divides.
b. It allows regulation of protein expression. Gene splicing permits multiple proteins to be made
from a single gene with introns. PolyA tail adenylation and capping can control the mRNA life
span. Nucleolus present in the nucleus where the ribosome specific RNA is transcribed and
assembled as ribosomes.
4.Ribosomes are the organelles of protein biosynthesis, the process of translating mRNA into the
protein molecule. The mRNA consists of a series of codons that states to the ribosome the
sequence of the amino acids needed to make the protein.
The mRNA acts as a template, the ribosome crosses each codon of the mRNA, pairing it with the
suitable amino acid provided by a tRNA. The transfer RNA (tRNA) contains appropriate amino
acid on one end and complementary anticodon on other end.
In proteins synthesis, first, the small ribosomal subunit, bound to a tRNA containing the amino
acid methionine, binds to a codon AUG on the mRNA and recruits the large ribosomal subunit.
The large ribosomal subunit contains three RNA binding sites, designated as A, P, and E. The A
site joins an aminoacyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to an amino acid); the P site attaches a peptidyl-
tRNA (a tRNA bound to the peptide being synthesized); and the E site combines a free tRNA
before it exits the ribosome.
Protein synthesis starts at a start codon AUG near the 5' end of the mRNA. mRNA combines to
the P site of the ribosome first. The ribosome is able to recognise the start codon by use of the
Kozak box in eukaryotes and Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the mRNA in prokaryotes.
5.Proteins which are present in membranes including intracellular and cellular membranes and
consist of integral and peripheral proteins. They comprise of antigenic proteins, membrane-
associated enzymes, transport proteins, and receptors.
The embedded proteins functions are carbohydrates attach to it and allow other cells know the
type of cell, have pores allow a virus to recognise a host cell

4. The proteins which are located on the outer membrane are called peripheral proteins which are
involved in recognise receptor molecules on host cell serve as markers, receptors & enzymes.