PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY
MASTER THESIS
PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND
AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL
INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM
MAJOR: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
NGO THI DIEU LINH
Ha Noi – 2020

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY
MASTER THESIS
PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND
AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL
INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM
Full Name: Ngo Thi Dieu Linh
SUPERVISOR: Dr. Mai Nguyen Ngoc
Ha Noi - 2020

i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the dissertation is my own research. It was written with
the thorough guidance of my supervisor - Dr. Mai Nguyen Ngoc
……
Hanoi - 2020
Author

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The dissertation has been completed with the great guidance of Dr. Mai
Nguyen Ngoc. I would like to express my sincere thanks for her patience and
massive help with reading the whole of the thesis and making valuable comments
for my research.
By this occasion, I am much grateful to the Department of Graduate Studies
and Foreign Trade University - who have always create most favorable conditions
for MORIE 2 students in completing our study. Thank you so much for their
generosity and I owe a debt of gratitude to all helpers.

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TABLE CONTENTS
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... ii
TABLE CONTENTS .............................................................................................. iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ vi
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1: PLASTICS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE
PROBLEM IN ASIA ............................................................................................... 22
1.1Overview of plastic sector ............................................................................. 22
1.2 Plastics product consumption ....................................................................... 26
1.3Plastic product consumption trend in Asia ................................................. 27
1.3.1 Overview of plastic product consumption trend and main applications in
Asia ................................................................................................................... 27
1.3.2 Increasing demand for eco friendly plastic product trend ...................... 31
1.4 Plastic waste disposal process in Asia .......................................................... 32
1.5 Plastic waste problem in Asia ....................................................................... 34
1.6 Experience of companies in Asia on solving plastic waste problem ......... 43
1.6.1 Issue internal environment policies ......................................................... 43
1.6.2 Classified waste and develop recyclable products .................................. 44
1.6.3 Taking advantage of plastic waste to produce other materials .............. 46
1.6.4 Use alternative materials ........................................................................ 46
2.1 Plastic product consumption trend in Vietnam .......................................... 48
2.1.1 Overview of Plastic product consumption trend in Vietnam................... 48
2.1.2 Main application plastic productsin Vietnam ......................................... 53
2.1.3 Increasing demand for eco friendly plastic product trend in Vietnam ... 56
2.2. Plastic waste disposal process in Vietnam .................................................. 56
2.3 Plastic waste problem in Vietnam ................................................................ 59
2.4 Comparison between plastic waste problem of Asia and Vietnam ........... 61
2.5Forecast of plastic consumption in Vietnam until 2022 ............................. 61

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CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATION FOR PLASTIC WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN ASIA AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM.......................... 64
3.1 Proposing to Asia to solve plastic waste problem ...................................... 64
3.2 Proposing to Vietnam to solve plastic waste problem............................... 64
3.2.1 Solutions have been implemented to reduce plastic waste problem ...... 64
3.2.2. Proposing to the government to solve plastic waste problem............... 68
3.2.3 Proposing to organizations and companies operating in the plastic
industry............................................................................................................ 70
3.2.4 Proposing to organizations and individuals consuming plastic products
72
3.2.5 Encourage the activities of non-govermental environmental organizations
73
3.2.6 Overall solution...................................................................................... 73
3.3. Limitation of the study ................................................................................ 74
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................... 76
REFERENCE ......................................................................................................... 77

v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
No Acronym Explanation
1 PVC Polyvinyl Clorua
2 NAP National Action Plan
3 PET Polyethylene terephthalate
4 HDPE High density polyethylene
5 PVC Polyvinylchloride
6 LDPE Low-density polyethylene
7 PP Polypropylene
8 EPR Principle of Extended Producers Responsibility
9 ICP Polypropylene Impact Copolymer
10 PV Photovoltaics
11 NGOs Non-governmental organizations
12 BBPB Bye Bye Plastic Bags
13
14
15 Paragraph

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Types of plastic............................................................................................6
figure 2 Plastics life cycle ........................................................................................ 22
figure 3. Annualplastic comsumption per capita (kg).............................................. 28
figure 4. Plastic consumption (per capita) is positively correlated with gdp growth
rates .......................................................................................................................... 29
figure 5. Compare traditional and modern plastic waste processing methods......... 33
figure 6. Common plastic waste processing: recycling............................................ 33
Figure 7. Share of plastic waste that is inadequately managed................................ 35
Figure 8. Global Mismanaged plastic by region ...................................................... 36
Figure 9. The River of Plastics in Cambodia (NIkkei, 2018) .................................. 39
Figure 10. The man with massive piles of plastic in Munbai, India........................ 41
Figure 11. Plastic consumption per capita (kg/person/Year)................................... 51
Figure 12. Comsumption of Vietnam plastic market (Billion Ton)......................... 53
Figure 13. Chain of plastic waste in Vietnam.......................................................... 58

1
INTRODUCTION
Research context and reasons to choose topics
Over the past 50 years, plastic has undergone significant changes as a material, and
its use has become ubiquitous in our modern society (Ryan, 2015). Innovations in the
plastics industry have resulted in low-cost, durable and multi-purpose plastics; There
are countless applications of their end use. They range from medical and agricultural
equipment to construction materials and food packaging. Since the 1950s, plastic has
been produced at a faster rate than most other materials, and in 2015 alone, about 141
million tons of plastic waste was produced, including plastic waste from products and
packaging (UN Enviroment, 2018). The high use of plastic products and poor
management of “scrap” have made plastic the main source of marine pollution
worldwide. Once the plastic particles enter the marine environment, the wind and
currents will spread to the other side of the ocean (UN Enviroment, 2019). Marine
plastic pollution (MPP) is a shocking issue given its large and complex size, and the
increasing consumption of plastic in both developed and developing countries, has a
general negative impact on ecosystems and human health.
The MPP has received more attention in recent years. High-profile statements
such as the Gy Leaders' Statement 2018 put the issue of marine plastic pollution in
the limelight and helped to put this issue on the international agenda (G7, 2018).
German scientists (Schmidt; Krauth, Wagner, 2017) have studied and pointed out
that eight rivers in Asia are among the top ten sources of marine plastic pollution in the
world. Another study found that four rivers in Indonesia are among the 20 most
polluted in the world in terms of tons of poorly managed plastic waste (Natureal
Comunications, 2017). Of the 4.4 million to 12.7 million tons of terrestrial plastic waste
that eventually flows into the ocean, 83% come from 20 countries (Lohr, Savelli,
Beunen, Kalz, Lagos, Belleghem, 2017). Among these countries, China, Indonesia, the
Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are the five with the most serious plastic pollution.
There are many sources of marine waste, from commercial and recreational vessels to
onshore sources such as street waste and manufacturing waste

2
(Haward, 2018). All of this shows that it is important to research what measures
need to be taken to address the MPP problem in Asia.
In our country (Vietnam), plastic products began to penetrate into people's lives
since the 1960s. A number of household items made from bamboo, bamboo, natural
fibers ... in turn were replaced by plastic. Paper packaging has been replaced with
plastic. In industry and construction, plastic materials also account for market share
in many areas such as water supply and drainage, decoration etc... (Tran Hieu Nhue
et al., 2001). According to Nguyen Danh Son (2012), an average Vietnamese person
per year uses at least 30 kg of plastic products. Plastic materials have contributed to
raising the civilized level of life but also posed many problems related to
environmental protection (Tran Hieu Nhue et al., 2001). Some researches on solid
waste (CTR) in urban areas in the Mekong Delta showed that the plastic
composition accounted for 3.16-13.63% of the total amount of solid waste (Le
Hoang Viet et al., 2011; extract from INVENT, 2009); or accounting for 77% of
recyclable waste in Can Tho City (Nguyen Vo Chau Ngan et al., 2014).
In the context of economic development and changing patterns of consumption and
production by people leading to a strong increase in plastic waste worldwide, the
research organization on the trend of using plastic products is extremely necessary.
Therefore, the author chooses to research the topic “Plastic products consumption
trend and plastic waste in Asia, practical information and contact to Vietnam” to
evaluate the current consumption trend of plastic products.
Research objectives
The objective of this research is to analyze the consumption trends of plastic
products to point out the problem of plastic waste in Asia, especially in Vietnam in
recent years, and offer some solutions to solve this problem.
Research question
The thesis will address the following research questions:
(1) What are the current consumption trends of plastic products?

3
(2) What are the basic issues facing Asia and Vietnam regarding plastic waste
and What experiences are drawn?
(3) What is the solution to the problems of plastic waste in Asia in general and
in Vietnam in particular?
Research Method
This study was conducted by the following method. Firstly, I conduct the research
by giving an overview of the plastic industry in the world and Vietnam from raw
materials, production technology, applications of plastic and actual consumption of
products. On that basis, the study reviews the research done on plastic pollution in Asia
as well as in Vietnam. The thesis is mainly based on secondary statistics data from the
WorldBank, the statements of the governments of the countries, the annual reports of
the major plastic companies in the world and Vietnam and the research works,
reputable articles and newspaper in the plastic industry and related. Secondly, with a
qualitative approach, the research shows that the solutions have been applied in the
world and countries around the region with similar conditions to Vietnam, identifying
the main factors affecting the waste plastic waste problem, identify the main problems
of plastic waste in Asia and Vietnam, and also based on trends, demand for plastic
products in the present and future.
In addition, statistical and selective methods are also applied when this study
provides a set of experiences and solutions that countries and businesses have
applied in solving plastic waste problems and implementationsuitable solutions to
effectively apply in Vietnam.
Structure of the thesis
In addition to the references, the list of figures, and conclusions, the thesis is
divided into 3 main chapters as follows:
Chapter 1: Plastics consumption trend and plastics waste problem in Asia
Chapter 2: Plastics consumption trend and plastics waste problem in Vietnam
Chapter 3: Recommendation for plastic waste management in Asia and contact
to Vietnam

4
Literature review
*Definition of Plastic
Plastics are a series of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that
have ductility and can therefore be molded into solid objects.
Flexibility is a common property of all materials that can be irreversibly
deformed without deterioration, but in materials such as molded polymers, this
property reaches the level that their real name derives from the This special feature.
Plastics are typical high molecular weight organic polymers that often
contain other substances. They are commonly synthesized, the most common source
being petrochemical products, however, a variety of variations are made from
renewable materials such as corn polylactic acid or short cotton velvet cellulose
(American Chemical Council, 2011).
According to Philos, Trans, Soc (2009), about a third of plastic is used for
packaging in developed economies, and in buildings such as pipes, pipes or vinyl
sheets, the use of plastic is close to same. Other applications include cars (up to
20%), furniture and toys. In developing countries, the use of plastic may differ from
India's 42% of consumption for packaging. Worldwide, about 50 kg of plastic is
produced per person per year, and production doubles every ten years.
With the advent of polymer implants and at least some other medical devices
out of plastic, plastic also has many uses in the medical field. The naming in the
plastic surgery field is not due to the use of plastic materials, but because of the
meaning of the word "plasticity" and related to the reshaping of flesh.
The world's first synthetic resin was bakelite, invented by Leo Baekeland in
New York in 1907. He coined the term "plastic" (Edgar, David, Robin, 2009). Many
chemists have contributed to plastic materials science, including Nobel Prize winner
Herman Statodinger, known as "the father of polymer chemistry" and Herman
Mark, known as "the father of polymer physics" (Teegarden, David, 2004).

5
The success and dominance of plastics began in the early 20th century. Due to
the composition of macromolecules, the plastic is removed as waste, and the rate of
decomposition is slow, causing environmental concerns. By the end of the century, a
way to solve this problem was met by a series of efforts, namely recycling.
*Classification of plastic
Plastics are often classified according to the chemical structure of the main
chain and the side chain of polymers; Some of the important categories in these
categories are: acrylic plastics, polyester, silicone, polyurethane and halogenated
plastics.
Plastics can also be classified as follows: Chemical processes used in the
synthesis, such as condensation, polyaddition, and crosslinked (Wayback Machine,
2011).
Plastics can also be classified according to their various physical properties,
such as hardness, density, tensile strength, resistance to heat, and glass transition
temperature, and are classified by properties. their chemistry, such as the organic
chemistry of polymers and their resistance and reaction to different chemical products
and processes. For example: organic solvents, oxidants and radiation. In particular,
most plastics melt when heated to a few hundred degrees Celsius (Kent, 2008).
Other classifications are based on quality in relation to product manufacture
or design. Examples of quality and grade are: thermoplastics and thermosets,
conductive polymers, biodegradable plastics, engineering plastics and other resins
with special structures, such as elastomers.
An important classification of plastics is based on their permanent or
impermanent morphology, whether they are thermoplastics or thermosets.

6
FIGURE 1 TYPES OF PLASTIC
Thermoplastic is a plastic that, when heated, its composition does not change
chemically, so it can be molded many times. Examples include: polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Conventional
thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, while thermosets are thought to
have an infinite molecular weight.
Thermosetting polymers, or thermosetting polymers, melt and form only
once: when they are solidified, they remain solid (Gilleo, Ken, 2004). During the
thermosetting process, an irreversible chemical reaction occurs. Vulcanizing rubber
is an example of a thermosetting process: polyisoprene is a viscous material that
flows slightly before being heated with sulfur; Once vulcanization, the product is
rigid and non-sticky.
Many plastics are completely amorphous, such as: all are thermosets;
Polystyrene and its copolymer; and polymethyl methacrylate (Kutz, Myer, 2002).

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However, some partially amorphous resins in their molecular structure, give
them a melting point, temperatures that surpass intermolecular gravity and one or
more glass transitions, which are higher. Significantly compared with local
molecular flexibility Increased. These semi-crystalline resins include: polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide (nylon), polyester and some
polyurethane.
Internally conductive polymers (ICP) are conductive organic polymers.
Although plastics can be made into conductive materials with a conductivity of up
to 80 kS / cm in extended-oriented polyacetylene, they still cannot compare with the
conductivity of most metals such as copper up to a few. hundred kS / cm. However,
this is a growing field (Heeger, Schrieffer, 1988).
Biodegradable plastic refers to plastic that can degrade or decompose when
exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet rays, water or moisture, bacteria, enzymes, or
wind. In some cases, rodent, pest, or insect attacks can also be viewed as a form of
biodegradation or environmental degradation.
Some degradation modes require plastic to be in contact with a surface
(aerobic), while others are only effective (anaerobic) if there are certain conditions
in the composting or burial system.
Some companies produce biodegradable additives to enhance biodegradation.
Plastic can be added to the starch as a filler to make it more susceptible to degradation,
but this still does not result in complete decomposition of the plastic.
Some researchers have used genetically modified bacteria to synthesize
completely biodegradable plastics, such as Biopol; However, these prices are
currently very high. (Brandl.Helmut, Puchner, Pentra, 1992)
Although most plastics are manufactured from petrochemical products,
biology is essentially made from renewable plant materials like cellulose and starch.
The development of bioplastics is a growing field due to limited petrochemical
reserves and the threat of global warming.

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However, the basis for the development of bioplastics is very low, and so far
it is not very large compared to petrochemical production. The production capacity
of global biological derivatives is estimated at 327,000 tons / year. In contrast,
polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) are the world's leading petrochemical-
derived polyolefins, with global production estimated to exceed 150 million tonnes
in 2015 (Galie, Fabrizio, 2016).
*Plastic applications and its social benefits
Around 1600 BC, ancient Central Americans processed natural rubber into
balls, statues, and ice for the first time (Hosler et al., 1999), and since then humans
have benefited from the use of polymers. During this period, people became
increasingly dependent on plastics and rubber, first experimenting with natural
polymers, horns, wax, natural rubber and plastic until the 19th century, modern
thermoplastics began develope.
In 1839, Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber, and German pharmacist
Edward Simon discovered polystyrene (PS). During the 19th century, development
of natural / synthetic polymers was underway, producing famous products such as
celluloid for billiards, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for a variety of purposes and
viscose (rayon) for clothes. Products. The development of modern plastics really
expanded in the first 50 years of the 20th century, with at least 15 new polymers
being synthesized. Plastic has enjoyed great success as a material; They have been
shown to be widely used in a wide range of types and forms, including natural
polymers, modified natural polymers, thermosets, thermoplastics, and near
biodegradable resins. here. Plastics have a variety of unique properties: they can be
used in a wide temperature range, chemical and light resistant, they are very strong
and tough, but can be easily processed like hot run. This series of properties and low
cost drives the annual worldwide demand for plastics to reach 245 million tonnes
(Platics Europe, 2008).

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*Plastic waste:
Like all consumable materials, the treatment of plastic materials can lead to an
increase in municipal waste and the generation of additional municipal waste. Urban
waste is increasing, including a large amount of waste, including thermoplastic
products. Thermoplastics are not biodegradable in the environment and plastic waste
can persist for a long time (Andrady, 2003). The exact life of waste plastic depends on
the chemical properties of the material, and the properties of its environment depend on
how "degradation" is determined or measured, and therefore varies greatly.
Degradation can be degraded by biodegradation or environmental degradation (wind,
rain, sunlight); For compost resins, this can happen within a few months, but for
traditional plastics, it takes a long time (Andrady, 2003). Comparing plastic to other
waste materials like lignocellulosic paper, which is particularly durable in the
environment due to its chemical properties, and this toughness makes it difficult to find
a source of plastic waste. However, litter is a behavioral issue that needs to be
addressed primarily through education. More attention and resources is needed to raise
consumer awareness of the environmental consequences of waste, as this is the most
effective solution. In Singapore, for example, a government scheme to impose huge
fines and repair work orders has proven to be a very effective anti-litter measure.
A phenomenon of particular concern is the amount of plastic waste entering the
world's oceans, mainly from terrestrial sources (Thompson et al., 2005; the most recent
reviews suggest Barnes et al. (2009), Gregory (2009); Ryan et al (2009); According to
a report by Green Peace Allsopp et al., the authors estimate that waste is 0.2-0.3%.
(2006) ---- Plastic debris in the World's Oceans (2006) and world plastic
production figures (Platics Europe, 2006) for the past 10 years came from tourists,
sewage spills, yards near-shore landfills, illegal and industrial leaks. The durability
of plastics promotes their use in a wide range of applications (as discussed earlier),
and when this material eventually becomes garbage waste, it can also lead to
ecological problems. As the gears are mainly made of plastic, the fish box and other
accessories are also made of plastic, it is not surprising that the wreckage is
involved. to fishing will eventually flow into the world's oceans.

10
According to Waste Management Series (2004), plastic waste is ground,
washed and stirred giving it an aqueous suspension, which is separated by three
consecutive centrifuges. Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic products in
the environment including soil and oceans, adversely affecting wildlife, wildlife
habitats and humans. Plastic waste includes disposable plastic products such as
plastic bags, plastic bottles, plastic straws, and other plastic products.
There are many ways to classify plastic waste such as relying on polluting
plastic waste including soil and oceans. Plastic waste can also be sorted by
recyclable and non-recyclable. In addition, plastic waste can be sorted based on the
source generated such as from households, from manufacturing enterprises or from
public places. The most common classifications may be based on the different
resins we use including:
PET or Polyethylene terephthalate
This plastic beverage and perishable beverage packaging is plastic and is
said to be a safe and recyclable plastic by shredding and then reusing into other
products such as bottles, rugs or furniture and garments.
HDPE or High-Density Polyethylene
This is another type of plastic that can be classified as safe. We can find this
plastic in baby shower bottles and baby toys. HDPE does not lose shape or
deteriorate under sunlight, so it is used for outdoor furniture and trash.
PVC or Polyvinyl Chloride
It is a form of plastic that can be used for pipes, windows and various types
of medical devices and is used in applications that require plastic to bend, including
plastic wrap and cables. This type of plastic, called toxic plastic, should not be used
for food or drinks because it contains toxic chemicals. There is a link between these
chemicals and liver disease and developmental problems in children.

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LDPE or low-density polyethylene
This safe and clean plastic is popular in a number of items including plastic
shopping bags and squeezable bottles. After recycling, we can reuse it in items like
bubble wrap and even furniture.
PP or Polypropylene
This type of plastic is known for its durability and safety for use in items
such as Tupperware plastic containers and even medicine bottles.
PS or Polystyrene
Polystyrene is a familiar plastic used to protect around packaged items, it is
also used as insulation and in cups. Because this is a weak plastic, it is very fragile
and spreads easily through the environment, making it very difficult to recycle.
Other plastic
Other types of items that can be difficult to recycle include sunglasses,
bottles and even CDs. They contain BPA, a toxic chemical and can cause hormonal
disruptions as well as a range of health problems.
*Overview of previous studies related to the topic
In her doctoral dissertation, Thu (2018) explores the factors that influence
customers' purchasing green products. The thesis studies customers' intention to buy
green products, especially related to food products with environmentally friendly
packaging. Our research focuses on packaged foods, especially packaged instant
noodles, in the developing market. The author said that it would be useful to focus
on understanding the special relationship between the intention to buy the product
and the willingness of customers to open their bags to buy environmentally friendly
packaging. Thu (2018) believes that people are more likely to buy green products if
they consider themselves an environmentalist or an activist in environmental issues.
Mui (2018) surveyed the current status of plastic waste and proposed limited
solutions in Can Tho in her research.

12
Loan (2013) researches the topic "Management of domestic solid waste in
Quoc Oai district, Hanoi city" to limit the level of environmental pollution caused
by waste and reduce the cost of domestic solid waste management. . Accordingly,
the majority of domestic waste in this locality is plastic waste and has not yet been
treated. The author proposes measures to improve waste pollution, including
increasing resources and budget for waste management in general and plastic waste
in particular. At the same time, the ministries from the city to the commune need to
develop specific action plans according to the goals set by the state and the city
government.
Thuy .et el (2015) delves into Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the
most popular materials that is widely used in many fields with a very fast growth
rate. Research shows that the level of PET plastic consumption is increasing. The
annual amount of PET waste discharged into the environment is very large. Thuy et
el. (2015) explored PET recycling methods as well as the possibilities and scope of
the recycled PET application and proposed the application of recycling technology
or reuse of waste PET plastic to contribute to prevent prevent environmental
pollution, and limit the ability to exploit resources.
The rapid urbanization and economic growth in different countries have led
to a drastic increase in plastic production and consumption around the globe. Owing
to the low recycling value of plastic and the lack of technological support, the
recovery rate of plastic waste remains very low. Most of it is washed into the ocean,
disposed of in landfills, or burned in incinerators. These enormous amounts of
plastic waste bring disastrous consequences, such as pollution, food chain con-
tamination, biodiversity breakdowns, energy waste, and economic loss.
There have been a lot of studies on plastic waste, the serious problems that
plastic waste causes to the living environment and solutions to solve the above
problem. Chow (2017) studied Plastic Waste Problem and Education for Plastic Waste
Management. This research points to a dramatic increase in worldwide plastic waste
and the disposal of plastic waste that is harmful to the environment and threatening
human health. Chow (2017) emphasizes that in order to reduce plastic

13
waste, education is extremely important because education can change people:
Knowledge, attitude and behavior towards plastic waste management. Fobil (2006)
studies plastic wastes in a developing economy and offers an approach for Ghana.
Accordingly, this study shows that the packaging revolution in Ghana has not been
adequately supported by the appropriate plastic waste management policy, causing
cities to be flooded with plastic waste; thus, creating visual disturbances and other
public health problems. The paper discusses the experiences, challenges and
prospects of plastic waste management programs in Ghana and proposes a new tax
model that addresses this environmental problem. The author promotes a long-term
remedy such as a polluted tax system that is handled carefully.
Research by Purwoko (2016) suggests that the current development of plastic
technology has found that environmentally friendly plastics, in particular,
biodegradable plastics can decompose in a shorter period of time. Technological
improvements are still ongoing, but biodegradable plastics are more expensive than
non-biodegradable plastics. People tend to choose inexpensive, non-biodegradable
plastics and avoid expensive biodegradable plastics. Purwoko's study (2016)
provides a fiscal policy alternative to reduce the amount of plastic waste. This study
concludes that a combination of incentive and disrespectful fiscal policies can be
applied to reduce the amount of plastic waste. Financial incentives (subsidies) may
be applied to increase the use of biodegradable plastics and policies that are not
financially appropriate can be applied to reduce the use of non-biodegradable
plastics without causing burden for the government.
In Vietnam, there was a study by Linh et al. (2019) on factors affecting
consumer behavior. This study analyzed factors affecting consumers, behavioral
intent to reduce plastic waste. The results have been confirmed that an attitude of
acceptance of a change in an individual's ability to reduce plastic waste. Based on
these findings, the author has made a number of recommendations that have been
proposed to enhance individual consumer behavioral intent to reduce plastic waste.
These plastic waste problems and adverse effects are especially serious and
omnipresent in renowned countries/mega cites such as Japan (PWMI,2014), Taiwan

14
(Walther,2015), the UK (GHK,2006; Howarth,2013), and Hong Kong
(Environmental Protection Department,2013), where economic activities are
flourishing and the plastic consumption level is high. Plastic waste not only causes
air pollution (Li, Lee, Mi, & Su,1995), land pollution (Barnes, Galgani, Thompson,
Barlaz,2009;Steelys Drinkware,2013), and harms human health (Crinnion,2010;
Elliott et al.,1996; Maffini, Rubin, Sonnenschein, & Soto,2006; Yamamoto &
Yasuhara,1999),but it also causes water pollution (Howarth,2013; Laist,1987;
Perkins,2014;Schwartz,2014; Zielinski,2014) and contaminates the food chain
(Rochman et al.,2014; Swan,2008; Thompson, Moore, Saal, & Swan,2009),
endangers biodiversity (Derraik, 002; Grant & Ryder, 2009; Gregory, 2009.
McNamee,2008), and causes enormous energy waste (Cho,2012; European
Commission,2013; HongKong Cleanup,2012; StudyMode,2015; Themelis &
Mussche,2014).
In general, studies have addressed the problem of plastic waste in many
countries around the world and Asia, many solutions have been implemented and many
experiences have been drawn. However, a full study of solutions that countries and
businesses have applied and specific lessons for Vietnam to reduce the problem of
plastic waste has not been fully studied, especially one overall solution for plastic
waste reduction planning and effective implementation of recycling industry.
*Plastic waste problem
Plastics are a petrochemical-based synthetic material used as a raw material in a
range of industries including textiles, packaging, household appliances, electricity and
water, as well as automotive and aircraft manufacturing. With only one-third of plastic
materials recovered for recycling or reuse, most of them have been dumped into the sea
and oceans causing serious problems. Most marine debris is plastic and it takes more
than 400 years for them to decompose or biodegrade to harm over 200 different marine
species and human health. Many animals have accidentally ingested plastic debris,
resulting in suffocation, malnutrition and even death. Originally manufactured products
found in textiles or cosmetics and personal care products, etc., are difficult to find and
recover because they are the result of larger pieces of plastic

15
being broken into smaller pieces. Plastic debris often contains toxic chemicals
including unburnt compounds that cause tens of billions of dollars in annual damage
to coastal cleanup, fisheries, maritime transport and tourism (UNEP, 2014).
With 242 million tons of plastic waste generated by the world in 2016
(World Bank 2018), the World Bank believes that the accumulation of plastic waste
in recent decades has actually had a negative impact on the surrounding
environment and human health. In addition to taking hundreds to thousands of years
to disintegrate in nature, plastic waste can cause floods due to sewage clogging,
shortening the life span of animals when consumed, causing respiratory illness
when burning, and polluting the bodies of water when they fall into canals and
oceans. By 2050, there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish (by weight) if
there is no effective solution. When plastic waste is poorly managed by a country /
business, they enter the environment through dumping, landfill and disposal by
water. According to statistics, more than 25% of plastic waste is dumped openly and
plastic waste is also increasing due to improperly managed official disposal sites.
Even when garbage is collected collectively, many countries lack waste treatment
capabilities and technologies. Many developed countries have policies to export
plastic waste to less developed countries such as Europe exported 1/6 of the quality
of plastic waste to Asia in 2017 (World Bank, 2018).
Plastic waste has become a major global concern. Plastic production and
consumption worldwide have increased by 10% per year from 5 million tons in
1950 to 245 million tons in 2006. A study by Howarth (2013) suggests that
consumers are still not easily to recycle their plastic waste. It is also unclear for
many types of plastic accepted for recycling. Some of these plastics must be taken
to recycling centers, but PVC is completely non-recyclable.
There is also a large amount of plastic that is ultimately not recycled or sent to
landfills, but ultimately pollutes the natural environment. For example, in the Pacific,
due to the current, a large amount of plastic and other waste materials have formed
gradually, not even easily seen because the plastic has decomposed into small and
attractive polymers. Chlorinated dioxins are eaten by marine organisms. Accordingly,

16
these substances can penetrate the human food chain and cause serious health problems
(Howarth, 2013). Michael (2015) also argues that plastic waste escaping disposal in a
recycling, incineration or landfill facility is likely to reach oceans. Most of the
dominant plastics, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, float to the ocean. Michael
(2015) also argues that the results of studies so far show that different types of plastic
materials differ in their tendency to carry pollutants. The most widely used polymer:
polyethylene is particularly susceptible to organic molecules from seawater and acts as
carriers to feed them into the food web, although theoretically, the particles are buried
in sediment thus can remove pollutants from circulation. Therefore, the problem of
plastic waste affects not only the environment but also human health. So, many
companies are trying to replace oil-based chemicals currently used in production with a
lignin-derived chemical. Lignin is a complex hydrocarbon found in the cell walls of
plants and is widely available because it is a waste product from the pulp and paper
industry. This research makes plastics not only more environmentally friendly, but also
reduces production costs (Howarth, 2013).
Steelys (2013) in the study referred to the global landfill crisis, which is
mainly caused by plastic waste. The environmental issues caused by landfills are
numerous with the scope of our global garbage crisis that may exceed the
challenges we are currently facing. Billions of tons of waste sent to landfills are
creating serious problems for future generations with most of this landfill being
plastic or polystyrene oil. These substances are used to produce bottles, mugs and
containers, contain toxins and decompose at a very slow rate (1,000 years or more)
and contain many toxins. Research shows that plastic containers account for nearly
50% of recyclable landfill waste and currently only recycle about 27% of plastic
bottles and the rest mostly goes to landfills or is discharged into the environment.
In a recent simulation, Marcus Eriksen from the Five Gyres Institute in Los
Angeles, USA estimated that there are 5.25 trillion plastic items weighing more than
268,000 tons floating in the ocean. Researchers have put these data sets into computer
models and the specific results of this model research have surprised and motivated
further research. Although the sources of plastic waste are thought to, including

17
densely populated lands and transport routes, are more concentrated in the north
than in the southern hemisphere, data show that plastic accumulates in the north and
south hemisphere are the same. The authors speculate that removal mechanisms,
such as leaching on beaches, help limit the density of floating plastic debris in the
north. However, the comprehensive model of global plastic distribution in the
oceans still has many unanswered questions, especially about the interaction of
plastics with living organisms (Michael, 2015).
The development of biodegradable plastics or microorganisms suitable for
plastic decomposition will be the best strategy for plastic waste. In Manoj et al (2016),
six different types of starch resins (low density polyethylene [LDPE], 10%, 20% 30%,
40% and 50% LDPE starch) to be evaluated price of biodegradation of various types of
encapsulated resins in soil environments containing microbial collections to enhance
biodegradation. Accordingly, soil degradation increases with increasing starch content
in LDPE and the best results are obtained in starch containing samples by more than
30%. At the same time degradation in soil is better than compost. Thus, with an
appropriate environment, plastic materials have better decomposition capacity and
contribute to solving the problem of plastic waste (Michael, 2015)
Theoretical framework
*Theories used in the topic
+ Hormans’s theory of rational choice
George Homans (1910–1989) was an American sociologist, one of the
famous authors of the theory of social exchange. G. Homans was elected President
of American Sociology in 1964 and was appointed professor emeritus at Harvard
University in 1988.
When studying social behavior, G. Homans introduced the concept of
"elementary social behavior" which is understood as behaviors that people repeat
regardless of whether it was planned in advance. is not. Elementary social behavior
is played out in many forms, from conditional reflexes to skills, techniques to
habits. According to G. Homans, elementary behavior is the basis of
communication between two or more people.

18
G. Homans points out three basic characteristics of social behavior. First,
realization - behavior must be performed in reality, not in concept. Second, the
behavior is rewarded or punished by others. Third, the other person here must be the
direct reinforcement of the behavior rather than the mediating figure of a certain
social structure ([1]13).
When studying behavior, Homans came up with six propositions of rational
behavior, including: (1) the reward proposition (the more likely it is that the act that is
rewarded is more likely to be repeated); (2) the stimulus proposition (if a stimulus has
ever caused an action to be rewarded, the more likely a new stimulus is to resemble
that stimulus, the more likely it is to make the action the same as before. repeat as
much); (3) the value proposition (the higher the value of the action, the more likely the
subject is to repeat the action); (4) the rational proposition (individuals will choose the
actions for which the greatest value or ability to achieve results); (5) the proposition of
diminishing value (the value of the reward will decrease with regular receipt of the
reward); and (6) the expectation proposition (actors will be satisfied if their
expectations are fulfilled and vice versa).
Rational choice theory is based on the assumption that people always act
purposefully to maximize benefits. When doing something, people also think to
choose the plan to use the resources to achieve maximum results with the lowest
cost. The term "choice" is used to emphasize consideration and calculation to
decide which optimal means to use that achieve high results in a scarce resource
condition. Applying this theory to the research topic to explain why the trend of
consuming plastic products continues to increase even though it exists a hazard to
the environment, with awareness of environmental problems in the current time
whether they can achieve maximum efficiency in life or not, it is necessary to find
that the choice is only reasonable on the basis of evaluating the objective factors
and conditions of the action from the subject's side, from the subjective perspective
of the decision maker, it is difficult to rely on accurate calculations. In addition, the
view of rational choice will be integrated analysis and application in making
solutions to a sustainable environmental development strategy.

19
Moreover, individuals are also the subject of socio-economic activities based
on a rational choice - a broad approach to understanding the consumption trends of
plastic products. The selection of different modes of socio-economic activities is
based on a balance between costs and benefits, appropriate to the livelihoods they
have, their living context and choice of bearing. economic efficiency is high,
income is stable and life is stable or not. This is a theory suitable for the types of
behaviors that people often choose in daily life for research topic.
+Theory of cultural ecology
The concept of ecology was initiated by the German naturalist Haeckel in 1866,
Cultural ecology is a theory that investigates the reciprocal relationship between
humans and the surrounding natural environment, as well as understand culture as the
product of that relationship. Cultural ecology asserts that the culture of each ethnic
group is created due to the resources and limitations of the surrounding environment,
including changes in that environment. Here, the concept of "culture type" plays a
fundamental role, it is understood as a set of distinctive features for a resulting lifestyle
adapting to the surrounding environment and forming the nucleus of culture - what is
associated with activities that create means of existence, economic institutions, politics,
society, religion, etc. In other words, the approach to ecology of 25 cultures requires
deep understanding of the content, characteristics and socio-spiritual consequences of a
certain culture in the natural environment that forms them. From there, we learn about
issues of natural ecosystems, rural ecosystems and urban ecosystems, which are open
ecosystems with different economic, cultural - social perspectives. These ecological
models need to take in energy and raw materials, and output many materials, products
and also energy from the environment and human activity creating imbalances of
factors. This nature, further promoting the change of the living environment in a
direction that is detrimental to humans, makes the living environment face formidable
challenges.
However, the theory of cultural ecology also has certain limitations, it is easy to
see that many times the same natural environment gives rise to different cultures. For
example, living under the same conditions of land, climate, and water resources,

20
but while there are communities that exploit knowledge and experience to both
generate high productivity and conserve resources, find out new technological
measures, create high-productivity ecosystems, many measures to increase human
health and longevity, there are also groups of people who perceive natural resources
as endlessly, they have exploited this source of wealth indiscriminately to then lead
everyone into a common environmental tragedy. This is not to mention that culture
and nature always interact with each other, one world shapes the other, but the
theory of cultural ecology has not clarified the adverse effects of culture on the
environment nature. Therefore, the application of the theory to this research topic to
analyze the plastic waste problem stems from the tendency of people to consume
plastic products and the change of living environment, to raise awareness in limiting
use of plastic products by people.
+ DPSIR synthetic analytical framework
The study applied the integrated analytical framework DPSIR (Driving
forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, and Response) (Figure 2) developed by the
Environment Organization of Europe in 1999 to analyze the effects of traditional
rice cultivation on the socio-economic and environmental status of the study area
(European Environment Agency, 2003).
The integrated DPSIR analysis framework has been applied in many studies
around the world in many different fields and is considered effective in analyzing and
evaluating the interaction between elements in the system (Carr et al., 2007; Kuo and
Tsou, 2015; Le Tan Loi et al., 2016; Lewison et al., 2016; Nguyen Thi Thu Ha, 2016).
Applied in this study, Driving forces (D) are important factors affecting the
consumption trend of plastic products, including: economic growth (GDP), economic
development activities, urbanization, construction, population growth. Driving forces
(D) will create Pressures (P) which is plastic waste discharged into the environment,
plastic waste from domestic activities, plastic waste from industrial activities,
plastic waste from tourism and service areas and medical waste plastic. States (S) is
environmental pollution. Waste plastic pollution will create negative Impacts (I)

21
related to human health, dangerous threats to marine life, negative impacts on the
environment and ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to have Response (R) to
provide suitable and effective solutions for each factor (D, P, S, and I) in the DPSIR
framework to minimize negative impacts. In other words, to reduce the amount of
plastic waste going into the environment.
*Analyze theoretical framework
Based on the theory of the topic and research methods, the author designed a
specific analytical framework as follows:
Driving Forces
- Economic growth
- Population Increasing
- Economic development
activities
-Urbanization and
construction
Pressure
- Plastic waste
into the
environment
Stage
-
Environmental
pollution
Impact
- Public health
- Marine biota
- Environment,
ecology
The trend of consumption of plastic
products
Plastic waste
Policy / Law
- Environmental Protection law
- Decree on waste and scrap management
- Mass media information
- Solutions and recommendations

22
CHAPTER 1: PLASTICS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE
PROBLEM IN ASIA
1.1 Overview of plastic sector
The value chain of the plastic industry from fossil raw materials to the final
plastic products consists of two segments: upstream and downstream. Crude oil is
the raw material for the most diverse output structure while natural gas is the
advantageous material when producing PE. Each type of input material will produce
a different output composition structure. The product from natural gas is about 80%,
Ethylene is a direct derivative of PolyEthylene, so PE production areas from natural
gas often have advantages in production costs (Plastics Europe, 2018).
FIGURE 2 PLASTICS LIFE CYCLESOURCE: PLASTICS EUROPE

23
According to Figure 1, more than 90% of raw plastic is produced from fossil
fuels (oil or natural gas). The polymers are synthesized by large petrochemical
companies such as ExxonMobil, Sinopec and Total. The plastic is then sold to
plastic manufacturers for making objects, primarily by spraying, blow molding or
thermoforming, and assembled or sold directly by the brand owners.
The price of plastic material output will depend on supply and demand of the
world market and production costs. In the global plastic raw material market, there
are many suppliers and the consumer market is also the world market, so the price
of plastic raw materials output will depend on the supply and demand of the market.
In addition, because the cost of raw materials accounts for 70% of the cost of
producing plastic materials, the fluctuations of fossil raw materials such as crude
oil, natural gas or coal will also affect the prices of plastic material type.
The downstream segment of the plastic industry is the process of plastic
materials used by manufacturers to form plastic products.The downstream segment
of the plastic industry uses plastic granules as input, through physical
transformation and shaping of materials to create plastic products. The downstream
segment of the plastic industry is divided into 4 main segments corresponding to 4
output products: packaging plastic, construction plastic, civil plastic and
engineering plastic. Each small segment of the downstream segment has different
input and output characteristics.
Asia countries
China is the region with the largest production of plastic materials in the
world. Advantage of input materials such as natural gas for West Asia or coal with
China, make the petrochemical industry in these areas extremely developed and
plays a very important role in the value chain of the Asia plastic industry. In the
period of 2012 - 2017, the production of plastic materials in Asia increased
continuously while production in developed regions entered the saturation stage.
Asia demand for plastic materials is expected to grow slowly from 2017.
According to Nexant's prediction, demand for plastic materials only grows an average

24
of 3.8% per year in the period of 2017-2025. Plastic manufacturing has only grown
at an average rate of 4% over the past 20 years.So China and Asia are the main
growth drivers of the global plastic industry. The growth rate of demand for plastic
materials from China and the rest of Asia are forecasted to be 4.95% and 4.57%,
respectively, higher than the world average. The reason is, Asia is the region with
high economic growth and plastic consumption per capita is still low compared to
the world average. In addition, the Middle East is also a region with high growth in
demand for plastic materials with a growth rate of 4.46% for the period of 2017 –
2025 (Plastics Europe, 2018).
China is also the world's largest producer of plastic materials but also leads the
world in importing plastic materials. The reason for this is that China is the region
with the largest amount of plastic material consumed in the world. According to
EuroMap estimates, the amount of plastic materials produced in China meets 80%
of domestic raw material demand while the remaining 20% depends on
imports.Saudi Arabia is other major exporters of plastic materials due to their cost
advantage. Saudi Arabia is one of the world's two largest countries with annual
reserves and reserves of natural gas. According to statistics from BP, natural gas
reserves in the Saudi Arabia are 8.6 trillion cubic meters, accounting for about 4%
of global natural gas reserves. Saudi Arabia production in 2017 was 734.5 billion
cubic meters, accounting for 20% of global natural gas production and Saudi Arabia
was 111.4 billion cubic meters, accounting for about 3% of the world's output. The
advantage of natural gas makes Saudi Arabia became one of regions with
advantages in manufacturing and exporting plastic materials, especially PE, in Asia
and the world market (Plastics Europe, 2018).
Plastic sector in Vietnam
In Vietnam, According to Virac (2018), plastic industry is one of the industries
with relatively fast growth compared to the economy in general. In the period from
2012 to 2017, Vietnam's plastic industry grew on average 11.6% a year faster than
the world plastic industry's 3.9% growth and faster than the average GDP growth of
about 6.2% of Vietnam in the same period. The output of Vietnam's plastic industry

25
is applied in many different fields from consumer, trade to construction, assembly
and is divided into four main areas: plastic packaging products, civil plastic,
construction plastic and engineering plastic.
The scale of the plastic industry in 2017 is estimated at US $ 15 billion,
equivalent to about 6.7% of Vietnam's GDP in 2017. Of which, the largest
proportion is the packaging and construction plastic segment. In addition to serving
domestic demand, Vietnam's plastic industry is currently available in more than 160
countries around the world with an estimated export turnover of US $ 2.5 billion in
2017, up 14.3%. Compared to 2016 and accounting for 1.2% of Vietnam's total
export turnover in 2017. Within the scope of this report, we will focus on the two
largest segments in the output structure of the plastic industry, the plastic packaging
segment and construction plastic.
In 2017, Vietnam's plastic industry consumed about 5.9 million tons of plastic
raw materials, equivalent to the average plastic consumption per capita at 63 kg /
person / year. This rate of Vietnam in 1990 was only 3.8 kg / person / year; Thus,
between 1990 and 2017, Vietnam's plastic consumption per capita grew by an
average of 10.6% per year.
Vietnam's primary plastic materials still depend heavily on imported raw
materials. In the period of 2018-2021, petrochemical projects that have been put
into operation will significantly improve Vietnam's primary plastic raw material
production capacity. However, with the current size and growth rate of the
downstream of the plastic industry, the supply of plastic materials is still insufficient
to meet domestic demand.
Growth in plastics industry is expected to maintain at an average rate of 6.5%
in the period of 2019 - 2023. The two largest segments of Vietnam's plastic industry
value structure are plastic packaging and construction plastic. Construction is
expected to be the main growth engine of the industry (Virac, 2018).
Plastic material prices maintained a downward trend in the short term and were
more stable in the medium term. In the short term, prices of raw materials such as PE,

26
PP and PVC are tending to decrease in the same period. In the medium term, prices
of plastic raw materials are expected to be more stable due to the global supply and
demand of plastic raw materials.
1.2 Plastics product consumption
The plastic industry has now entered a saturated phase with the growth rate
of production output and consumption gradually decreasing to around 4% from
2013 - 2017. Plastic consumption index per capita of regions such as NAFTA or
Japan are all higher than the average of 200-300% compared to the world average of
45kg / person / year with an average growth rate of about 3% / year. Plastic
production and demand in Asia have been steadily increasing since 1950 and there
has been no sign of decline due to the benefits of plastic (Meidl, 2018).
However, the plastic and packaging industry is booming in other countries in
Asia - including China - because of rising incomes and consumption, which boosts
demand across the region. In addition, population growth, urbanization and lifestyle
changes will boost demand for plastic packaging even further.
China has led the region in increasing plastic production over the past six
decades and accounts for more than 20% of global plastic production. Southeast
Asia accounts for 20% of global production. Thus China and Southeast Asia alone
account for 40% of global plastic production.
Of the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
plastic and plastic products brought the region nearly $ 40 billion in export revenue
in 2013.
Plastic material production structure is trending to shift to Asia and
especially China. The reason is that the plastic industry in two regions, Europe and
North America, has entered the saturation phase with a high rate of plastic
consumption per capita. Meanwhile, Asia is a region with low plastic consumption
per capita and a high growth rate of plastic demand.

27
Asia and China are expected to be areas with fast growth in demand for
plastic products in the future. The growth potential of demand for plastic products in
Asia is huge when the economic growth rate of countries in the region is high and
the economic structure is also shifting to industries. Many industries use plastic
products such as automotive and electrical - electronics industries.
Environmentally friendly factors are gradually becoming an essential
criterion in the consumption trend of developed markets' products. Therefore,
converting production into good biodegradable plastic products is an inevitable
trend of the global plastic industry.
1.3 Plastic product consumption trend in Asia
1.3.1 Overview of plastic product consumption trend and main applications
in Asia
Overview of plastic product consumption trend
According APME (2019) Asia and China are expected to be areas with fast
growth in demand for plastic products in the future. Asia has a low plastic
consumption per capita compared to other regions and the world average.
Therefore, the growth potential of demand for plastic products in Asia is huge when
the economic growth rate of countries in Asia is high and the economic structure is
changing and transit into industries that use a lot of plastic products such as the
automotive and electrical - electronics industries.
Figure 3 shows that plastic consumption per capita of typical Asian countries
such as Korea and China is much lower than that of Europe or the US despite
having a strong growth in the years from 2009 to 2019. , even China's plastic
consumption per capita is only 1/4 of Belgium and 1/3 of the US.

28
FIGURE 3. ANNUALPLASTIC COMSUMPTION PER CAPITA (KG)
Source: Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) Economics
Review
By 2030, Asia may account for more than half of world consumption.
Population growth, increasing demand and overall economic progress have led to
the abuse and abuse of resources and the explosion of solid waste, especially
disposable plastic. According to a 2015 study, although ASEAN member states
have low per capita plastic consumption, they account for six of the top 20 countries
ranked by the size of the mis-treated plastic waste (Pat, 2020).
Packaging is the main product accounting for most of the demand for plastic,
accounting for 40% of the world's demand. Consumer and household products
(such as appliances, toys, plastic cutlery and furniture) occupy the next most
important segment, closely followed by the construction and construction sectors.
Accordingly, plastic production is shifting to Asia. In 2013, the region produced
45.6% of global plastics product, China alone has produced nearly a quarter of the
world's plastic and surpassed Europe’s in plastics since 2010. With population and
growth of manufacturing industries, Asia has recently witnessed a strong growth in
plastic production and consumption (Gaelle, 2015).

29
The booming packaging and plastic industry in Asia is being fueled by rising
incomes and increased consumption, which will increase the demand for plastics
across the region. In fact, Asia's consumption is still lower than the world average in
2015 and far below the developed regions in the world such as the US or Europe.
China has led the region in increasing plastic production over the past six decades to
account for over 20% of global plastic production. Southeast Asia accounts for 20%
of global production, of which Vietnam has achieved an average growth of 18% in
the plastics industry, with a large share of exports.
A growth rate in plastic production also leads to increasing plastic consumption in
Asia. Thailand is the regional leader in plastic consumption per capita at 40 kg,
Malaysia reports 35 kg per person and Indonesia is 17 kg per year. This level of
consumption is still very low compared to the world average (Engoo, 2017).
FIGURE 4. PLASTIC CONSUMPTION (PER CAPITA) IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED
WITH GDP GROWTH RATES
Source: UNCRD 2019

30
In Figure 4, plastic consumption (per capita) is positively correlated with
regional and regional GDP growth rates (Choudhury .et al, 2019). In which, south
and southeast of Asia play a leading role in growth and determine the plastic
consumption trend of the whole Asia. Based on the picture above, Korea Repubic,
Japan, China, Thailand and Maylaysia have a clear correlation between plastic
consumption and GDP, and these are also countries with high per capita demand.
Thus, along with the high GDP growth rate of the region, especially Southeast Asia,
the actual plastic consumption trend will continue to grow in the coming years.
In addition, the main trend of plastic consumption is the increasing trend of
plastic consumption in the packaging field, which accounts for 40-50% of total
plastic consumption. This trend is also consistent with the region's rapid economic
development.
Consumption of plastic by value grows slightly faster than total plastics
when ICP (Polypropylene Impact Copolymer) triples. Although conductive plastic
is a small market, ICP is an emerging market, but it is very promising and tends to
grow strongly in the near future. ICP is one of several new solutions for mass-
produced or specific devices such as transparent electronics, transparent conductive
films and PV (Michel, 2013).
In short, the Asia plastic industry and especially ASEAN is expected to expand
greatly both domestically and internationally in the coming years and potentially bring
important opportunities for foreign investors. In addition, twelve countries including
the United States, Australia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan and Canada have adopted the
Trans-Pacific Trade Agreement (TPP). Under TPP, trade rules between member
countries will be liberalized to enhance economic relations. With the development of
ASEAN countries, consumer base, expanding import and export plastic market and
expanding foreign trade power, ASEAN ASEAN plastic industry offers foreign
investors an important opportunity to penetrate the Asian plastic market. In particular,
Thailand focused on developing the bioplastics industry that promises to offer foreign
investors greater opportunities in the ASEAN plastic market. In recent years, the Thai
government of Thailand has continued to promote

31
environmentally friendly plastic manufacturing companies and paid great attention
to reducing plastic waste in the region and the Thailand bioplastics market is
relatively new and open to foreign investors, providing more access to foreign
investors while the remaining countries mainly focus on manufacturing
domestically produced plastics (Dezan, 2015).
Main application plastic products in Asia
According to a report by Grand View Research (2019), Asian markets will
continue to consume more strongly in products in the construction industry and auto
mobiles with the most global growth. In which China and India are leading
countries in the consumption of plastic products, especially with plastic products
using materials that are easy to design and flexible. Construction plastic is popular
with pipe products and door designs.
In addition, in Asia, the use of plastic bags has become more and more
widespread, including food and beverage products, personal care products, family
care products, and electronic devices.
1.3.2 Increasing demand for eco friendly plastic product trend
Facing the problem overload of plastic waste, countries around the world are
gradually pushing to limit the use of plastic packaging and especially disposable
packaging to minimize the amount of plastic waste released into the environment. The
main measures are to ban part or all of the use of packaging, and economic measures
related to taxes or fines. The consumption of many plastic packaging products such as
the EU, US, and China in order to limit the use of disposable plastic packaging will
greatly affect the global plastic packaging segment. In the trend of consuming eco-
friendly products, biodegradable plastic products are preferred products to replace
traditional plastic products. Total production capacity of global biodegradable plastic
materials in 2018 reached 2.1 million tons / year, of which biodegradable plastic
accounted for 1.2 million tons and bioplastics accounted for 0.9 tons. According to the
European Bioplastics forecast, total production capacity of biodegradable plastic
materials in 2023 is estimated at 2.6 million tons / year,

32
equivalent to an average growth of 4.4% a year in the period of 2018-2023.
The downward trend in the consumption of disposable plastic products
because many countries issued a ban on use, the world gradually shifted to
consumption of green, environmentally friendly packaging products.
The trend of shifting to eco friendly plastic products is gradually becoming an
essential criterion in the consumption trends of developed markets. Therefore,
converting production into products with good biodegradability is an inevitable
trend of the global plastic industry. Along with above trend, global plastic material
production structure is trending to shift to Asia and especially China (Grand View
Research, 2019).
1.4 Plastic waste disposal process in Asia
The system for recycling plastic waste can help local industries grow and
recover value from recycled materials. In the absence of recycling, restoring energy
from plastic waste is the only revenue generating possibility. However, plastic
waste recycling systems are more complex than traditional waste treatment systems
with separate machinery and processes (Figure 5), resulting in higher waste
management costs. Plastic manufacturers and consumers often have to pay this
additional cost through EPR (Woldemar, 2019).

33
FIGURE 5. COMPARE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PLASTIC WASTE
PROCESSING METHODS
Source: Woldemar 2019
FIGURE 6. COMMON PLASTIC WASTE PROCESSING: RECYCLING
Source: FOST Plus 2015

34
In Figure 6, a closed cycle of the process of civil plastic waste begins with the
consumption of products made from plastic. These products generate plastic waste and
are collected by the plastic waste collection system. In developed countries such as
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the system of waste bins and transport is well arranged so
the proportion of plastic waste collected is often high but in less developed countries,
garbage Plastic waste is usually collected at landfills or cannot be recovered because
plastic waste is not included in the treatment cycle. The classification of plastic waste is
done manually or automatically depending on the conditions in each country in Asia,
but the manual implementation still accounts for a large proportion. After being sorted,
the plastic waste is closed in packages and transported to the crushing and washing
plant to remove impurities before being transferred to recycling systems to create
suitable materials. These semi-finite products will be shipped to factories to produce
end products and market them.
1.5 Plastic waste problem in Asia
The majority of plastic waste in Asia has not been processed (in the figure 7
below on ¾ of Asia's regions, over 60% of plastic waste is inadequately managed).
Aside from the least developed country in Africa, Asia is the worst plastic waste
management region in the world. Countries with high rates of inadequately
managed plastic waste include China and most of Southeast Asia, which are also the
region with the highest economic growth rate in the world (Jambeck .et al, 2018).

35
FIGURE 7. SHARE OF PLASTIC WASTE THAT IS INADEQUATELY MANAGED
Source: Jambeck .et al 2018
Asia has achieved the fastest economic growth rate in the world and plastic
production has exploded accordingly. However, the waste management capacity has
not kept up with the consumption rate and caused serious problems while the
application of plastic is still needed due to the convenience factor.In fact, the Americas
and Europe use more plastic per capita than people in Asia but their ability

36
to recycle and treat waste is often more efficient so they don't have serious
environmental and public health problems (Dominic, 2018). As for plastic waste,
Asia is the region with the most serious problems. According to Figure 7 and 8, the
source of unmanaged plastic waste comes mainly from Asia with China, Indonesia,
the Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka (where the amount of mishandled plastic
waste is measured by the amount of uncontrolled or incomplete disposal of plastics.
Asian countries, especially Southeast Asia, have become landfills for richer
countries, the amount of plastic waste imported into countries such as the
Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia more than doubled, following the waste
plastics ban of China in 2017. Figure 8 below shows that Asia accounts for 70% of
unmanaged/ mismanaged plastic waste worldwide.
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MISMANAGED PLASTIC BY REGION
Source:Jambeck .et al 2018
Why Asia has not achieved better results in reducing plastic waste?
Firstly, efforts to reduce the amount of plastic consumed seem to be ineffective
because the disposable plastic has been used too much in everyday life. In addition

37
to convenience, plastic is preferred by people and businesses because it is cheap,
versatile, highly aesthetic, and has good durability. Consumption habits and
overpackaging make matters worse such as in Singapore, the average person uses
13 plastic bags a day and the whole city emits through 2.2 million plastic straws.
Industrialization and rapid economic development in Singapore have caused a sharp
increase in plastic waste generation. The annual amount of solid waste increased
from 0.74 million tons in 1972 to 2.80 million tons in 2000. It is estimated that
Singapore's solid waste amounts to 4.54.8 million tons annually, of which plastic
accounts for 5.8% of the total solid waste (Top 3 of ranking). It is estimated that 120
million tons of waste are produced each year in Gulf Cooperation Council countries,
of which very little is recycled or even managed; 60% are from Saudi Arabia, 20%
from United Arab Emirates.According to the MSW organization of Qatar, Qatar
reaches 1,000,000 tons of municipal solid waste annually corresponding to the daily
solid waste amount of about 3,000 tons / day, Polymers account for about 14% of
the total volume of waste (5% calculated by weight) by city area (Ewa, 2019). Thais
use eight more modest bags every day but in Bangkok alone, they also reach over
500 million per week (Dominic, 2018).
Second, the restrictions imposed by the government by policies and laws face
resistance in many Asian countries.Many localities are trying to eliminate disposable
plastic straws but straws and plastic bags are very popular, so the limitations
encountered with fairly large public resistance. In addition, governments are under
pressure from the petrochemicals as the measures to reduce the amount of plastic used
by the public will reduce the profits of petrochemical companies. Many leaders of
countries also said that they would need to find other solutions to overcome the
problem of plastic waste instead of committing to limit the production of new, one-time
use plastic. Meanwhile, the solution that the countries are taking is to encourage people
comply with national policies by volunteer actions, which is thought to be a solution
that does not significantly affect the plastic waste problem. The efforts of individuals to
combat the problem of plastic waste destroying the environment by recycling are
completely inconsistent with the actual problems. Encouraging individuals to recycle
more will never solve the problem of disposable plastic. The

38
effective solution must be limited production from the beginning. While through the
consumption process, biodegradable plastics pose many threats to wildlife.In
addition, with China's ban on imports of most global recycled plastics last year, to
develop domestic recycling capacity, Southeast Asia has become a plastic waste
dump from other countries. Although Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia have begun
enforcing a ban on the import of plastic waste, illegal plastic recycling plants are
still ongoing strongly (Messe, 2019).
Banning plastic bags and straws won't solve the problem because when stores
stop offering free plastic bags to customers, people start buying plastic bags instead
of the special use of plastic bags in daily life. The policy of reducing plastic bags
has been counterbalanced by the increasing use of plastic bags, suggesting that
government regulations / policies for plastic bags are not an effective way to control
the development of plastic waste.
Thirdly, recycling in many Asian countries proved ineffective. We have to face
the fact that current technology is not able to handle the plastic mountains
accumulated by the recycling process. Different types of molten plastics are at
different temperatures; Bacteria that break down and break down like this do not
mean they work with other plastics. In most Asian countries, plastic recycling is
locally managed, rather than central, so this becomes an obstacle when every
council decides to recycle depending on the resources available and technology to
classify plastics (Kang, 2019).
The fourth problem is that many countries have policies to ban the import of plastic
waste, so most of the plastic will be sent to incinerators or landfills in developing East
Asia and Pacific countries while these countries lack effective infrastructure to manage
waste (Meidl, 2018). Some Asian countries still do not have strict restrictions on waste
such as Indonesia still allows the import of plastic waste to support industrial activities
leading to the amount of plastic waste and scrap. Imports increased by 141% in 2018.
In addition to forging material labels to import scrap plastic into Asian countries, these
countries have not made the necessary changes to drastically improve plastic
management while disposable plastic consumption is still worryingly high in these
countries. And comprehensive bans or

39
taxes have not yet been imposed on single-use bags that use voluntary measures.
Asian countries, especially Southeast Asia, waste management is also very
inadequate with low recycling rates. In many places, inadequate infrastructure at
household and community scale contributes significantly to the plastic pollution
problem (such as Figure 9 below). For example, trash cans are often too small and
not collected often. Waste is also regularly burned illegally, emitting toxic gases
harmful to human health. Southeast Asian policymakers have not yet prioritized
waste management without significant investment in improving infrastructure and
waste treatment facilities (Danny, 2019).
FIGURE 9THE RIVER OF PLASTICS IN CAMBODIA (NIKKEI, 2018)
Source: Nikkei 2018
Fifth, the hotel industry has spread to the most remote beaches in Asian
countries - areas that are less likely to deal with plastic waste. Tourists, meanwhile,
expect full comfort with disposable plastic items such as soap dispensers,

40
toothbrushes, shampoos and body lotions and shower caps. In addition, hotels need
a plastic water bottle in every room and a straw in every drink. Meanwhile, in these
areas, local governments are less likely to collect rubbish because there is no
funding and no knowledge of proper recycling. As a result, most of the waste
collects general landfills and during heavy rains, landslides and floods, a significant
portion of the plastic waste flows into the sea from the rivers. For example, Ngapali
beach in Myanmar, one of the 10 best beaches in Asia in 2016, but there is a serious
problem from plastic waste with garbage bags piled up along rivers. This beautiful
beach can be destroyed by the environmental problems caused by plastic waste.
The problem of plastic waste on Southeast Asia's dry soil is also aggravated by
electronic waste that contains large amounts of hard plastic, which is often treated
with flame retardants. Fire retardants have been banned in the United States and
Europe because studies show they cause serious health problems. This has led to
China, the world's largest commercial e-waste processor, to enforce a ban on the
import of e-waste from the United States and Europe (Dominic, 2018).
In India, the situation is similar to a lack of awareness, lack of classification
mechanisms and the lack of appropriate scientific landfills resulting in plastic waste
being dumped in local landfills along with other solid waste. The plastic then breaks
down into smaller components and seeps into the ground and groundwater, then
joining the food chain. The toxins released from the plastic contaminate the quality
of soil and local vegetation is greatly affected (Figure 10). Moreover, burning
plastic waste in open air will release toxic gases that pollute the air and affect the
marine environment (Singh, 2019).

41
FIGURE 10 THE MAN WITH MASSIVE PILES OF PLASTIC IN MUNBAI, INDIA
(SOURCE: NIKKEI 2018)
In Indonesia, the second largest plastic pollution country in the world, plastic-
related crises have become a hot topic in the media. For example, the body of a dead
whale in Southeast Sulawesi containing a pile of trash including disposable plastic bags
in the case of a turtle in Yogyakarta province, died due to its digestive system clogged
plastic waste. On top of that, Bali - one of the most popular tourist destinations in
Indonesia, has been heavily polluted with plastic. Indonesia is beginning to realize that
its biggest threat is plastic waste. In addition, foreign waste from developed countries
continues to penetrate into the country, the findings show that most of the imported
waste is in poor condition and is not worth recycling. Importing factories will transfer
debris to landfill or vacant land near residential areas or be burned in an open area.
Indonesia passed the Waste Management Law in 2008 and assigned tasks to all
stakeholders involved in the waste and plastic problem. Municipal governments must
develop waste management plans by region, industries are required to adopt the
concept of responsibility of extended manufacturers (EPR) and the community required
to separate plastic waste at home. However, many complex issues still need to be
addressed, for example, that waste is separated from

42
households but is mixed up and transferred directly to landfills. The EPR also has
not yet become an obligation of the private sector to reduce and manage waste,
especially disposable plastics. Industries seem to be escaping this great
responsibility by the lack of specific regulations, in the form of incentives or
punishments.In addition, citizens do not feel encouraged to comply with current
regulations and the budget for plastic waste is quite limited (Muharram, 2019).
PET bottle collection and recycling system in Southeast Asia
According to Singapore Environmental Consulting, GA Circular, the PET bottle
collection and recycling system in Southeast Asia is also facing serious problems.
Firstly, only 54% of PET bottles are collected for recycling in Southeast Asian
cities. On an average of city level across all six countries studied, only 54% of all
PET bottles reached the collection stage of the recycling process and 36% went to
landfills and 10% leaked to environment.
The second is that uncontrolled PET bottles cause an annual loss of US $ 199
million. In six countries in the region, 660,000 tons of PET bottles end up in the
landfill or contribute to the environmental leak, equivalent to a loss of material
value of $ 199 million.
Thirdly, the informal sector accounts for 97% of the total PET bottles collected
for recycling, indicating that individuals and civil society are currently mainly
responsible for this, and the official collection methods and government recycling
infrastructure is in short supply.
In addition, PET collection rates are expected to decline as Asia-Pacific is
expected to become the fastest growing market for PET bottles, with PET expected
consumption will double from 2018 to 2030 in all 6 countries. Because existing
recycling systems depend on the informal sector for recycling collection and
separation, the collection rate for recycling of PET bottles is expected to decrease in
the future (Sally, 2019).

43
1.6 Experience of companies in Asia on solving plastic waste problem
1.6.1 Issue internal environment policies
In McDonald's, with more than 36,000 restaurants in 122 locations, this
company has also made a landmark decision to ensure 100% of its packaging comes
from renewable, recyclable sources.Evian, a world-famous brand of bottled water, is
also on the front line of the battle to reduce plastic waste with the introduction of a
new carbon-free bottling plant andby 2025, the French company is committed to
producing only 100% recycled bottles (Adam, 2018).
In China, private companies, as well as small businesses and local shops, play
an important role in reducing plastic pollution. Businesses are actively eliminating the
use of non-biodegradable plastic bags, supporting research, investing in replacing non-
plastic products and technologies to help improve the recycling efficiency of plastic
waste. Tianyuan Corporation and Jiuheng Tiaoma, for example, have increased their
investments in biodegradable plastic bags and recycling lines.
Chinese e-commerce giants, including Alibaba, Suning and Jingdong, have used
various incentives such as discounts and shopping vouchers. These promotions have
encouraged consumers to choose green packaging in online orders, such as ice-free
boxes and biodegradable packaging materials. In 2017, Alibaba introduced the Green
Logistics Plan 2020 with the purpose of using eco-friendly packaging bags and
exclusive recycling boxes.In 2017, Meituan, one of China's largest online food ordering
companies, started the 'Green Mountain Cooperation Initiative' to address
environmental issues related to the real-world delivery industry. This initiative has
helped different stakeholders work together to reduce packaging waste from sources,
improve recycling and promote environmental protection at the same time .Meituan
works with universities to conduct research on how to improve environmental
sustainability and evaluate the company's delivery impact on the environment. In
general, private companies in China have gradually realized the prestigious benefits of
a positive social image and the direction to reduce plastic pollution is a clear sign.

44
In Indonesia, large multinational companies also contributed many effective
solutions to solve the plastic waste problem of Indonesia. Nestlé Indonesia
introduced optimized plastic wrap and empowered local factories to manage waste
by environmentally friendly vehicles.Nestlé has also promoted hundreds of
thousands of Nestlé suppliers (Indonesian farmers), to minimize plastic waste. In
addition, Nestlé has built an alliance with five other companies to create PRAISE
(Packaging and Recycling Alliance for Indonesia Sustainable Environment) to
support an integrated, friendly waste management system. In addition, Borealis AG,
a global plastic manufacturer, has donated most of the funding for the STOP Ocean
Plastic project in 2017 and selected Banyuwangi in Indonesia as the first beneficiary
city in this project to reduce and eliminate plastic leaks into the environment
1.6.2 Classified waste and develop recyclable products
Indonesia's Plastics and Plastics Industry Association (Inaplas) has pledged $
1 billion to reduce plastic waste (including a $ 100 million loan from the World
Bank). Through redesigning product packaging, using recyclable materials and
adequate waste management, Indonesia aims to reduce the amount of plastic it leaks
into the ocean by 70%. Although the country has invested in a large-scale recycling
industry, with about 1.1 million tons / year of plastic waste being recycled, the
recycling rate remains low at 20% (Messe, 2019).
At An Phat Plastic Company (AAA), the main raw material in the production of
PE resins - products from non-renewable resources. Therefore, AAA has invested in a
recycling line system, utilizing raw materials consumed in the manufacturing process.
In addition, promoting environmentally-friendly products also helps to limit the use of
PE resins, as compound compound produces biodegradable microbial products
completely derived from corn starch and does not cause environmental pollution. AAA
also strives to apply production initiatives to minimize the proportion of scrap in
production, and has also invested in a recycling system that saves raw materials with a
scrap rate of only 5.2% (Annual report of AAA, 2018).

45
At Binh Minh Plastic Company (BMP), only a very small part of waste is
generated in the production process and this company does not have to use recycled
materials. On the other hand, all of Binh Minh's plastic products have completely a
new additive system that does not contain heavy metals, ensuring user health and
environmentally friendly (Annual report of BMP, 2018).
Toray Group, a major plastic company in Asia, has implemented zero emission
initiatives to realize a world based on sustainable recycling. According to the
Environmental Plan, the Group has made every effort to achieve very high targets for
simply disposed waste (1), landfill waste (2) and recycled waste (3), which have been
set as indicators for measuring progress toward attaining zero emissions. In which:
(1) Simply disposed waste rate = (incineration + landfill) / total waste
(2) Landfill waste rate = landfill waste / total waste
(3) Recycling rate = (recycled resources + resources with monetary worth)
/(total waste + resources with monetary worth) (Annual report of Toray, 2018).
LG Chem's Cheongju plant shifted from incineration and landfill to recycling
as construction cover material. In 2018, by recycling synthetic plastic waste into
plastic materials, Cheongju Plant reduced about 1,769 tons of waste. LG Chem's
Ochang plant has also turned raw materials to polarize packaging materials from
wood to recyclable paper, reducing packaging waste by about 74 tons (Annual
report of LG Chem, 2018).
At Astral Pipes, all products manufactured by the company are 100%
recyclable and waste during production can be easily processed and then mixed with
raw materials. Therefore, most of the waste is reused and recycled (Annual report
of Astral Pipes, 2018).
At Nestle, the company aims to have no packaging, not even plastic, taken to
landfills, in oceans, lakes and rivers. Accordingly, 100% of Nestle's packaging aims
to be recyclable or reusable by 2025. Nestle is determined to reduce the use of
disposable plastic by introducing reusable packaging everywhere operate and sell

46
products. In early 2020, Nestle announced an investment of up to CHF 2 billion to
change from virgin plastic to recycled plastic in the food supply process and
promote the development of environmentally friendly packaging solutions.Nestle
will also continue to develop programs for collecting, sorting and recycling plastic
waste throughout the countries where it operates.At the same time, Nestle is
committed to training consumers by labeling their product packaging with recycling
information - to help users identify and ensure proper disposal (Nestle, 2020).
1.6.3 Taking advantage of plastic waste to produce other materials
Many manufacturers have also used software that allows wasteful
considerations during product design and material selection with the least
environmental impact. Many processes using waste materials have been developed
by companies as inputs for other products, such as new garments made from plastic
and textiles. As a market for used goods is developed, the demand for new products
will decrease (Sustainable Brand, 2017).
1.6.4 Use alternative materials
Adidas has announced plans to eliminate the use of virgin plastic from its
products by 2024. Adidas has also partnered with Parley through footwear, clothing
made with recycled ocean plastic, the company have produced 11 million pairs of shoes
containing recycled ocean plastic. Each component of the Adidas shoe is made of
100% reusable Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) and instead of throwing away the
shoe, the customer can send it back to Adidas. Then, at Adidas, the materials are
recycled for the next iteration, with no waste and nothing thrown away.
Coca-Cola Company, meanwhile, introduced Dasani water in aluminum cans
and bottles in the fall in the Northeast and expanded to other areas by 2020. The
company also announced it would introduce a new plastic bottle using use recycled
plastic by 50% to reduce the amount of virgin plastic it is using in an effort to
continuously reduce its environmental footprint through smarter packaging design
and procurement of recycled materials. Similarly, PepsiCo also announced plans to
introduce Aquafina in aluminum cans to eliminate 8,000 tons of virgin plastic waste

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