ENGR 231 Team Report Components and Formatting Component .docx

ENGR 231 Team Report: Components and Formatting
Component Page # Format # of Pgs. Location Format and
Content
FRONT MATTER
Transmittal
Letter
None None 1 1st page of pkg. Format: as a standard business
letter.
Content: purpose, title of report, a few major points,
recommendation, personal
connection
Title page
None None 1 2nd page of pkg. Format: professional-looking
title page with grouping for quick scanning
Content: report title, team name, individual member names, and
date
Executive
Summary
i LC Roman
numerals
1 3rd page of pkg. Format: same as body—single spacing (blank

space between paragraphs)
Content: brief summary of the major sections of the report
body—write a stand-
alone document; title of report, Executive Summary; word count
~ 250 words
Table of
Contents
ii LC Roman
numerals
1 4th page of pkg. Format: title of section followed by dot
leaders to a right-justified page number;
use attractive spacing that groups the sections together (PARC
principles)
Content: major sections and sub-sections and page numbers
List of Figures
and/or Tables
iii LC Roman
numerals
1 5th page of pkg. Format: same as ToC; put figures and tables
in separate sections on the page
Content: (e.g., List of Figures, List of Tables)
REPORT BODY
Introduction 1 Arabic
numerals
1 or
more

6th page of pkg. Format: single-spaced, space between
paragraphs, single-column, left justified
Content: purpose and context; engineering issue and ethical
concerns being
explored, overview that maps to headings of major report
sections
Body* N Arabic
numerals
Variable Does not start on
new page
Format: same as Introduction but with sub-sections, as
appropriate
Content: see page 2 of assignment description sections w/
content needed
Conclusion N Arabic
numerals
Variable Does not start on
new page
Format: same as introduction
Content: revisit purpose and recap main points
REFERENCES
References N Arabic
numerals
Variable Starts on new page Format: single-spaced with white
space between (follow APA)
Content: items follow APA style (in-text citations in same style)

*Background, problem/ethical concerns, solution, course of
action
Final Draft of Report: Quality Control (these are additional
details for the grading criteria)
numerals, and at bottom right (other footer content optional) for
the rest of the document.
n the document
appears in the list of figures and/or tables and vice versa.
cited in the body text or in a figure caption or table title AND
vice versa.
tting against the guidelines
for APA style—for the specific source in that guide.
document package.
a page by itself, or a single line of text or caption/title at the top
of the page by itself.
-sided, staple together, have all group
members sign the transmittal letter in class, and submit to
instructor.

The Impacts of Plastic
How plastic affects our daily lives
Written by:
Jin Choe
Kelvin Lam
Jesse Evans
Mason Newton
Letter of Transmittal
Date: December 2, 2013
To: Dr. Kerrie Kephart
From: The Plastic Avengers
Dear Dr. Kephart:
Enclosed is our report The Impacts of Plastics: How plastic
affects our daily lives that outlines an overview of plastic
material, and discusses the ethical issues that arise from the use
of plastic. This is being sent as required for HCDE 231, Section
D, Assignment 4. This report was authored by Jin Choe, Mason

Newton, Jesse Evans, and Kelvin Lam.
This report introduces a general overview of plastic production
and usage. Following this introduction, the report will describe
the side effects of plastic, consisting of effects on the
environmental and health, and social issues. Furthermore, we
will provide a solution for each issue and discuss how the
ethical issues are being addressed.
As plastic is widely used now, it is inevitable to face some
ethical issues. We encourage our reader to consider each of the
issues throughout the report. If you have any questions or
comments, feel free to contact us at:
[email protected] – Jin Choe
[email protected] –Kelvin Lam
[email protected] –Jesse Evans
[email protected] – Mason Newton
Sincerely,
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
…………………………………………………………………………
………….4

Introduction
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………….5
Background……………..……………………………………………
…………………………………….6
Discussion……………………………………………………………
…………………………………..…8
Conclusion………………………………….…………………………
……………………………..…...12
References…………………………………………….………………
………………..………………...13
List of Figures
[1a]
Executive Summary
This report was written as an assignment in the course HCDE
231 taught by you, Dr. Kerrie Kephart, a professor at the
University of Washington. We were assigned to choose and
write about a contemporary engineering topic that involves
ethical dilemmas. In this report, we explain the production,
usage, and disposal of plastic and discuss the ethical issues
surrounding it. We conclude that in order to continue using
plastic materials, we must address these issues and work to
minimize the negative effects that plastics have on the

environment, public health, and the state of our society.
To obtain the information and produce the report, we did the
following: (1) search for appropriate, reliable sources to cite,
(2) divide the work equally to complete a draft, (3) edit and
revise the draft, (4) complete any remaining sections, such as
the table of contents, and (5) submit a final product.
The evidence that we present shows that it is possible to still
utilize plastic, which is a very useful, versatile resource, while
curbing its negative effects. We believe that the general public
should refrain from unnecessary uses of plastic materials and
recycle that which they do use. It is also necessary to educate
the public on potential hazards and the need to recycle. More
effort should be put into the research and development of new,
more efficient methods for both the recycling and production of
plastic.
Solution
s like these are vital to the long-term welfare of America and
the rest of the world.
Thank you for taking the time to read our report. If you have
any questions or comments, feel free to contact us through e-
mail addresses previously referred to.
Introduction – Plastic Use and its Impact on Society

Plastic is becoming one of the most used building materials
around the globe, at an increasing rate. Not like wood or steel,
plastic is a material that can be used for far more than just 20oz
bottles or wireless mice, but it is used for car fenders, garbage
cans, and tool sheds. At this point in time, the industrialized
countries of the world are producing plastics of all types and
colors in order to meet the many various demands of us, the
people of the world. At an alarming rate, the world’s demand of
plastic is growing exponentially, and this becomes a strain on
the environment and the life that lives on our world.
The strain of the world is clearly a major problem that we need
to fix. The plastic production process of the world creates many
damaging byproducts, which even though filtered, get released
into the atmosphere. Sadly, however, these are not the only
harmful and deadly consequences of a deteriorating health. The
other aspect of plastic is the disposal of used plastic products.
Currently, there are programs in place that recycle a small
portion of the total amount of dumped plastic, but the large
mass that is not recycled or reused is made to stay in place
where it will not be degraded by, or be harmless to, the
environment for thousands of years.
The unrecyclable plastic produced all over the world is one of
the largest problems that we have created and is an ever
growing problem that we need to repair. During this report, we
will be presenting a few of the largest problems that we feel are

the greatest threat to all live, and giving our recommendations
of what should be done in order to fix an ethical engineering
issue. As engineers, we all need to see the harm that we are
doing to all life. As with many of life’s issues, there are many
possible routes to take when repairing wounds, however our
preservations of the environment are what we feel are the best
possible fixes that we, as humans, need to implement if we want
to continue living on our planet.
Background – What is plastic, and where does it go?
Plastic is a material that is utilized in many different ways, all
of which range from storing food products and being a major

component to motor vehicles, to being used in everyday
electronics like televisions or cameras. The users of all of the
produced plastics are the stakeholders that are directly affected
by plastic: the producers, the consumers, and the people that
have to deal with the harmful side effects of the disposal of
plastic materials. As a point of reference as to growth and
rapidly growing use of plastics of all types, according to the
PlasticsEurope Corporation in 2012, the world’s production of
plastic was up to 288 million tons, this figure is far more
shocking when compared to 1989 when the world’s production
was 99 million tons [1] (see figure 1a). Even though these two
points do not represent the entire graph, the graph does show an
exponential growth since the 1950s. Plastics have a very wide
use, have been in use for many decades, and will be continued
to be in use for many generations to come.
Even though the plastic creation process may seem purely
modern, the creation of a simple type of plastic has been around
for 150 years. Back in 1862, Alexander Parkes first
demonstrated what he called Parkesine, as Mary Bellis explains,
“was an organic material derived from cellulose that once
heated could be molded, and retained its shape when cooled”
[2]. In the early days of plastic production, plastics were
derived from sugars and alcohol, since this time period was in
the early stages of the industrialization of America. There were
many precursors to Parkes’ man-made plastic, such as natural

rubber or vulcanite; however, the development of later materials
is what truly began the mass use and production of plastic.
Plastic is a widely used material with a beginning that is not
well known to many, even though it affects the world
population in many ways. Plastic has many various uses, but
generally, it is made from the same process, no matter what the
end purpose of the plastic is going to be used for. Plastics are
made up of crude oil, but in a derivative manner. Oil is broken
down into the simple hydrocarbons that are used to make
monomers. Once many monomers are created from the broken
down oil, the monomers are then combined to create polymers,
which then the polymers are allowed to harden and form
polymer resins that are in the form of pellets or small beads.
Beyond this point, the polymer resins are stored or transferred
to the various companies that create the final forms of the
pellets.
From the somewhat simple way they are made, plastics come in
many sizes, shapes, and forms all with their own purpose. As
stated earlier, plastics are made into small pellets or beads then
are transported to the various plastics formation factories that
take in the pellets, heat up the pellets, and then use the melted
down material to form the end product to be used in other
applications. Though this may seem simple enough, there are
primarily four different processes in which result in different
uses and formations of plastic. Extrusion, injection molding,

blow molding, and rotational molding all are processes of
plastic formations that include heating and cooling, but each
have their own way in which the pellets are cooled that causes
the plastic to have its final form and use.
Continuing with in more detail about the four main plastic
formation processes, extrusion is when the melted pellets are
mixed in a long chamber and forced through a small opening at
one end. During this process the material is cooled with water
and is used to create a general type of film, one which can be
applied to many different applications such as smartphone
screens or coloring for lighting for a performance stage.
Injection molding is similar to extrusion except the malleable
substance is forced, under high pressure, into a cooled mold.
This process allows the plastic to form containers for food, like
Tupperware and butter tubs. The blow molding method is used
with extrusion or injection molding, the only difference between
this process and the previous methods is that compressed air is
blown into the mold, in which the resin is already in, and the air
causes the resin to expand on the walls of the mold. Blow
molding allows for plastic bottles to be formed, since the
process spreads the material in the mold also causing it to
become a weaker and to be far more produced because the
process uses less material to create the final product.
The final process, rotational molding is the most used technique
because it allows for more of a varied creation of different end

products. During rotational molding, the pellets are heated and
cooled in a large mold that is rotated in three dimensions. This
method is the most used technique because large, hollow objects
are the end result of this process. Garbage cans, septic tanks,
and furniture are very important to the average American’s
daily life; however, these three items are not the only products
of this method. The different methods, in which plastics are
formed, allow for a variation of plastic items to be created.
However rotational molding is used to make the many different
large plastic items that we, as Americans, use on a daily basis.
Rotational molding allows for a larger variation of the plastic
products compared to the other methods, but all methods are
equally important in the mass production and mass waste of
plastic.
Discussion – Issues with Plastic
Although plastic has become useful and essential for our world,
it may lead to ethical issues in several areas such as
environment, health, and society. These issues often remain as

controversies because the practical benefit from plastic is often
believed to outweigh its side effects. Since plastic has become a
major material for most products, it is inevitable that we face
these issues.
Environmental issue
One noticeable issue is the environmental issue that comes from
the pollution of plastic waste. Because a major portion of
plastic is used for disposable items, a huge amount of plastic
gets dumped every day. The problem here is that plastic never
goes away from the planet after being dumped. Instead, it
increases the pollution on land and in the ocean. The main
stakeholders in this issue include plastic manufacturers,
consumers, the government, and environmentalists.
Environmentalists and government are concerned with increased
pollution from plastic while manufacturers and consumers
believe that technologies can reduce the pollution.
According to plastic pollution research, “approximately 10% of
all solid waste” is plastic and “0.2 to 0.3% of plastic
production” goes into ocean [3]. Considering that solid wastes
include paper and food that we consume daily, plastic takes
huge part of global wastes along with those. Unlike most other
wastes, plastic does not biodegrade, or “break down into the
environment,” easily [4]. So the plastic waste piles up rapidly
without getting decomposed. Even after the decomposition
which may take up for long time, G. Knight explains in The

World of Plastic Pollution,“ it leaches poisonous chemicals,
called toxins, into the seas” [4]. Therefore, the plastic waste on
landfill also pollutes the ocean from decomposition process.
Once the plastic waste goes into the ocean, it’s not just sitting
on one location. Although most plastic wastes float on the
surface of ocean, plastic debris can settle to the sea floor. So
the plastic wastes can be present at all depths of the ocean.
Also, the ocean currents can carry those wastes to multiple
locations. These oceanic currents are called gyres, slow rotating
whirlpools in which plastic trash can accumulate, and they can
carry plastic waste from one continent to another continent in
few years [5]. Therefore, the long-lasting plastic waste can be
accumulated in any location and become serious problem in our
environment.
On the other hand, people may argue that there are many ways
to prevent the plastic waste and the pollution of plastic is
potentially not a problem in future. One of the ways to prevent
the plastic waste is recycling. Because the plastic is durable, it
can still be usable after the process of recycle. With many years
of technological development, it allows plastic to transform into
multiple forms after being recycled [6]. With the current
technology, only a small portion of plastic gets recycled.
However, the research states that the plastic recycle has been
increasing at 7% per year, meaning that the plastic recycle
technology is still developing [3]. Besides recycling, making a

new form of plastic is known to be another solution to prevent
the waste. As previously described that plastic does not
biodegrade easily, engineers have been working on making a
new type of plastic that could be broken down much easier,
called biodegradable plastic. It is often made from plants such
as corn [7]. With the biodegradable plastic, we can overcome
environmental issue from decomposition process. Unlike
traditional plastic, biodegradable plastic is easy to break down
and the waste will never get piled up. Similar to recycling
technology, this is an emerging technology. Therefore, they
both have a potential to maximize their efficiency and make
people believe that plastic waste is not a problem in long run.
Plastic and health
The health issues of plastic have been of great controversy.
Plastics surround us in our daily lives, from food containers
such as TV dinner wrappers to the toys that our children
constantly attempt to eat, plastic is inseparable from our daily
lives. This lead to a great concern as to whether or not plastics
are toxic or harmful to our body, if so, what can we do about it?
The most controversial chemicals that are considered dangerous
are perhaps Bishpenol A (BPA) and Phthalates. These two
chemicals can be found in many products that contain plastic. It
has been suggested that not only do they accumulate in human
bodies but also have negative effects on them as well based on

the results of animal studies and other research. This section
discusses the overview of the two chemicals and both side
arguments regarding their safety.
BPA can be found in food containers in the form of metal
coatings [8]. According to a study by University of Missouri,
BPA can accumulate in our body more rapidly than we
expected, Science daily suggested “The study notes that more
than 8 billion pounds of BPA are produced every year, and more
than 90 percent of people in the United States have measurable
amounts of BPA in their bodies”- [9]. The author pointed out
that previous mouse model studies used one-time exposure on
mice to represent the effect BPA has on human body. However,
upon a continuous exposure experiment; the team found that the
BPA accumulated in the animal which is a better representation
of its effects on human. BPA has been suggested to cause breast
cancer, obesity, diabetes and low sperm count, and possibly acts
as a hormone disruptor [10]. It is difficult to discard the use of
BPA entirely, however, experts have suggested us to eat more
fresh and naturally and store food in non-plastic container in
order to limit the BPA intake in our bodies [10].
Phthalates is a plastic additive that is used as softener [11].
They can be found in food containers, cosmetic products and
wood finishes [11]. Phthalates has been suggested to be linked
to various health issues such as cancer, miscarriage, asthma and

negative effect on male sexual development [11]. Dr. Howard
Snyder, a pediatric urologist, reported that the increase in
deformed male sex organ he has observed in his study seems to
be related to chemical exposure which he suspects to be
Phthalates. According to Maia James in How to avoid
Phthalates, The best way to avoid Phthalates intake is to avoid
plastic usage and eating organic meat and dairy since persticles
are not permitted in certified organic produce [12]. Several
types of Phthalates have even been banned from plastic toys
manufacturers in 2009 with an effort to protect children from
the potential hazards of Phthalates.
However, some do not believe in the claimed hazards of BPA or
Phthalates. According to Forbes, “The European Food Safety
Authority in summer 2010, a joint UN Food and Agriculture
Organization/WHO expert panel on BPA in November 2010, and
a special Advisory Committee of the German Society of
Toxicology in spring 2011 independently concluded that the
collective body of evidence demonstrates that BPA does not
pose serious neurological dangers or cause cancer in humans”
[13]. In addition, according to Cal Dooley, the president of the
American Chemistry council, the safety of Phthalates has been
verified by many regulatory Agencies [14]. Due to the lack of
evidence that these chemicals are actually toxic to our body in
these tests, it is believed by many that the “plastic-panic” is just

an overreaction to “seemingly related” results of some
researches that attempt to link health issues to chemicals in
plastic.
Although many studies regarding the safety of BPA and
Phthalates have been inconclusive, many others have shown the
possible correlation of these chemicals to serious health issue.
Therefore, it is favorable to ourselves that we avoid over-
dependence of plastic in order to avoid any risk that may
compromise our health.
Social aspects
While the previous ethical issues pertained to environmental
and overall health concerns, there is another issue that is less
observational than the others. Societal impacts, both present and
future, of overuse and overdependence of plastics is a topic that
is often overlooked, but is something that should be discussed
more in depth. The main stakeholders in this issue include
primarily manufacturers of plastic and, on the other side,
environmentalists. The manufacturers want to maximize profits
in the short-term and are not particularly worried about any
possible negative effects caused by the overproduction of
plastic. Environmentalists are more concerned with those long-
term negative effects and how future generations will be

impacted. The fact that society, as a whole, changes very slowly
over time is perhaps the reason why many people do not
recognize those changes and how the current state of modern
society will affect our society in the future.
As mentioned in the previous section, plastics are made
primarily from oil. A lot of focus has been put on the current
rate of oil usage and how that will affect future generations.
Despite this topic being among most discussed environmental
issues, little focus has been put on the potential shortage of
plastics and other products produced from oil. Although some
may not want to, one must acknowledge the overdependence on
plastics throughout the world. There are obvious reasons for
this: plastics are affordable, easy to use, produce, and are
considered to be somewhat of an essential part of daily life. But
our idea of what is essential is directly related to our current
lifestyles. As studies have shown, those lifestyles are not going
to be able to be sustained much further in the future. A major
contributor to this realization is the coming supply shortage of
oil [15]. If there is not enough oil, then there will be less
production of plastics. People will not be able to choose
whether or not they can live without plastics. That choice will
be made for us.
Future generations will have it much worse off. The longer we

continue with our current production and usage of plastics, the
bigger impact they will feel when there is simply not enough to
go around. Something must be done soon in order to lessen the
blow, so to speak.
Opponents to this argument point to the numerous benefits that
plastics have given to modern society. According to the
American Chemistry Council (ACC), “The U.S. plastics
industry employs nearly 900,000 workers… and contributes
$373 billion in annual shipments to our economy” [16]. Along
with economic benefits, plastics have revolutionized the
transportation and health care industries, among others, by
allowing everyone access to affordable, efficient cars and health
care [16]. Plastics may be being used in excess, but in order for
further innovation to occur, scientists, doctors, and inventors
need to be able to explore new possibilities, many of which
involve the use of plastics.
As for future generations, there are alternative methods being
used to produce plastics. For example, certain plant biomass,
such as wood chips and corn stalks, are currently being
researched and tested to maximize the efficiency of plastic
production using those materials [17].

Conclusion
Plastic is a great material to work with due to its mechanical
properties, accessibility and applicability. It can be
manufactured in large quantities in a relatively simple manner
with low cost. Although plastic makes great products and is an
important part of engineering, the impacts it has made toward
our environment, health and social well-being are not entirely
positive. The limited recyclability of plastics with our current
technology in combination with our overuse of plastic products
has led to accumulation in landfills with a large quantity of
plastic waste. Our health is possibly being negatively affected
by the toxic chemicals in plastic-made products. Furthermore,
our overdependence on plastics will soon deplete the
ingredients needed to produce plastics which in returns may
cause a production crisis of products essential to our lives. In
conclusion, as a society we must develop a plan to find balance
between convenience and preservation in the future of plastic
usage.

The problems with plastics can be categorized into
environmental, human health and social aspects. Plastics are not
biodegradable; therefore, whenever plastics are discarded they
accumulate in landfills and pollute our land as well as our
ocean. Plastics may also be bad for our health. Plastics contain
BPA and Phthalates which have been shown to link to cancer,
deformed sex organs, asthma and obesity. Recent studies have
even shown that these chemicals can accumulate in our body.
Finally, over-dependence of plastic may cause oil to be depleted
which may rapidly limit our plastic production rate. It is
imperative for these issues to be resolved before our lives are
significantly affected by them. There are numerous proposed
methods to resolve these issues. First, we should start refraining
from overusing plastic products and recycle them whenever we
can. This reduces the demand for plastic and its production rate.
Avoiding plastic can also limit our exposure to potential toxic
chemicals. Secondly, we should educate the public regarding the
facts and potential hazards of plastic as well as the need for
recycling plastics. Finally, the scientific community should
begin putting more emphasis on research for better recycling
methods to process plastic waste or new substitutes that are
easier to process (for example, biodegradable plastic). Plastic is
a great invention and has revolutionized engineering. However,
for every minute that we do not work toward the goal to reduce

plastic waste, it accumulates and pollutes our environment on
an immeasurable scale. Therefore, we must find balance in
plastic usage and relieve ourselves from plastic dependence
while it is still possible.
References
[1]K. Zeratsky, "What is BPA, and what are the concerns about
BPA?," Mayo Clinic, 21 May 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bpa/AN01955 . [Accessed 29
November 2013].
[2] Natural Resources Defense Council(NRDC), "Natural
Resources Defense Council," Natural Resources Defense
Council, 19 April 2011. [Online]. Available:
http://www.nrdc.org/living/healthreports/bpa-diet.asp.
[Accessed 29 November 2013].
[3] C. Wabnitz and N. W. J, "Marine Turtle Newsletter,"

Editorial:
Plastic Pollution: An Ocean Emergency, no. 129, pp. 1-4, 2010.
[4] G. Knight, "A World of Plastic Pollution," in Plastic
Pollution, Chicago, Heinemann
Library, 2012, pp. 4-17.
[5] 5GYRES, "5GYRES," 5GYRES, [Online].
Available:http://5gyres.org/. [Accessed 28 November 2013].
[6] Plastic Waste Management Institute, "Plastic Waste
Management Institute," Plastic Waste Management Institute,
2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.pwmi.or.jp/ei/index.htm.
[7] L. Terry, "Biodegradable Plastic Made From Plant
Materials," 7 November 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://apps.research.ufl.edu/otl/pdf/marketing/13449.pdf.
[8] K. Zeratsky, “What is BPA, and what are the concerns
about BPA?” Mayo Clinic, May 21, 2013. Availale:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bpa/AN01955 [Accessed on
Nov 29, 2013]

[9] Science Daily, “Bisphenol A (BPA) Accumulates More
Rapidly Within the Body Than Previously Thought,” Science
daily, June 7, 2011. Available:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110606075708.ht
m [Accessed on Nov 29, 2013]
[10] Natural Resources Defense Council(NRDC) , “How to
Halve your your BPA,” Natural Resources Defense Council,
April 19, 2011. Available:
http://www.nrdc.org/living/healthreports/bpa-diet.asp.
[Accessed on Nov 29, 2013]
[11] Earth Resource Foundation, “Plastic and human health.”,
Earth Resource Foundation. Available:
http://www.earthresource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-health.html
[Accessed on Nov 29.2013]
[12] Maia James, “How to avoid Phthalates(Even though you
can’t avoid Phthalates)”, Huffpost healthy living, Jan 14,
2013. Available: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/maia-
james/phthalates-health_b_2464248.html [Accessed on Nov 29,

2013]
[13] John entine, “Bisphenol A (BPA) Found Not Harmful, Yet
Again -- So Why Did So Many Reporters and NGOs Botch
Coverage, Yet Again? “ Forbes. Oct 31, 2012. Available:
http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonentine/2012/10/31/bisphenol-a-
bpa-found-not-harmful-yet-again-so-why-did-so-many-
reporters-and-ngos-botch-coverage-yet-again/ [Accessed on Nov
29, 2013]
[14] Karen Sughrue, “Phthalates, are they safe?” 60 minutes,
CBS news, May 21, 2010.
Available: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/phthalates-are-they-
safe/4/ [Accessed on Nov 29, 2013]
[15] J. Lundberg, "War on plastic: Rejecting the toxic plague,"
20 December 2004. [Online]. Available:
http://www.culturechange.org/e-letter-plastics.html. [Accessed
29 November 2013].
[16] American Chemistry Council, "Plastics: Making modern
life possible," 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://www.plasticsindustry.org/AboutPlastics/contentwip.cfm?I
temNumber=6785. [Accessed 29 November 2013].

[17] R. F. Service, "A Greener Way to Make Plastic," 25
November 2010. [Online]. Available:
http://news.sciencemag.org/technology/2010/11/greener-way-
make-plastic. [Accessed 29 November 2013].
6

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