Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification ( NASBA )...

Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification ( NASBA )...
Nucleic acid sequence–based amplification (NASBA) assay involves the non–PCR based
amplification of viral RNA of all four dengue virus serotypes using universal primers at 41°C and to
type the amplified products by serotype–specific capture probes by electrochemiluminescence (Wu
et al. 2001). The method is unique in its cost effectiveness, 98.5 % sensitivity, 100 % sensitivity and
short time of one day for investigation (Usawattanakul et al. 2002).
Viral RNA detection using RNA guided clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) along with Cas13a proteins have been recently developed for the detection of dengue and
zika viruses (Gootenberg et al. 2017). The target viral RNA sequence to be detected is identified
with a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2014).The development of a dengue NS1 antigen specific capture enzyme–linked immunosorbent
assay capable of detecting all the four serotypes of dengue virus was tested with patient serum
samples from Tamil Nadu and gave positive results till 7 days of infections (Kathiresan et al. 2017).
Validation of the above results was done with RT–PCR, MAC–ELISA and commercially available
NS1 antigen detection kits. The method was also useful in NS1 antigenic screening in mosquitoes –
the vectors of the disease.
The in silico synthesis and serotyping using multiantigenic peptides of dengue virus proteins as tools
for dengue diagnosis have been recently described (Rai et al. 2017). Epitopes on the envelope
protein and NS1 protein were selected for the synthesis of multiantigenic peptide in the above study.
Results indicated that among 157 patients studied almost 96 % positive reactions against MAP1 for
IgM positive serum and 94 % against MAP 3 for IgM positive serum. However, a reduction in
detection levels were also observed to around 60% IgG positive serums.
Antibody based detection
Antibody based detection of dengue infection can be done using serum samples both for primary
and secondary infections from the 2nd day of infection. The antibody titres
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Simulation Of Data Hiding Using Quad Tree Segmentation
GANNON UNIVERSITY The Simulation Of Data Hiding Using Quad–Tree Segmentation by
GANNAVARAM KEERTHI SAGAR This is an Engineering project submitted to the Gannon
University graduate faculty in partial fulfillment for the degree Master of Science in Engineering.
Major Subject: Electrical Engineering Approved: Advising Professor in Charge of Major Work
Chairperson of Major Department Gannon University Erie, Pennsylvania 16541 Dec, 2016
Acknowledgements I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my
guide Dr. Niraj Shakhakarmi for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this project. The help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry
me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark. I also take this opportunity to
express a deep sense of gratitude to Department of Electrical Engineering of the Gannon University
for giving me permission to commence this Project. I am obliged to staff members of Electrical
Department, for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful
for their cooperation during the period of my Project. I would also like to thank my parents for their
undeniable support and encouragement which allowed me to achieve my goals. I also would like to
thank my friends who helped me in finishing this project within the limited time. I am making this
project not only for marks but also to

Research Paper On Sequence Stars
About 90 percent of the stars in the universe, are main sequence stars. Stars start their lives off as
big clouds of dust and gravity draws the clouds and forms them into one. Mark Morris, made a
statement and said "Nature doesn't form stars in isolation." " It forms them in clusters, out of natal
clouds that collapse under their own gravity."
If a star's body has less than 0.08 of the sun's mass, they can not reach the stage of nuclear fusion at
their core. They would become brown dwarfs, they never twinkle. Id the body has sufficient mass,
the dust and collapsing gas burns hotter. Eventually temperatures will rise and reach sufficient to
fuse Hydrogen into helium. Hydrogen fusion powers the stars like a switch and they become a main
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It will eject its own beautiful nebula and then fade away as a white dwarf star". Eventually these
low–mass bodies will burn through their hydrogen and will grow dimmer and cooler and eventually
the lights will go out.
Main sequence stars are characterised by the source of their energy. Main sequence stars appear to
be unchanging for long periods of time. Inward acting force is balanced by outward acting forces of
gas pressure. As you approach the core the pressure and temperature of stars basically increase.
Releasing energy the cores temperature has to be reaching about 10 million K, Fusion of hydrogen.
A function of its mass is actually a star's position on the main sequence. The mass–luminosity
relation is an incredibly useful relationship. In order to infer the mass of a star, you would have to
know where the star is on the main sequence. 0.08 of our sun or 80 times the mass of jupiter is the
lower mass limit for a main sequence star. Based on theoretical modeling the limits on the upper
mass of stars is thought to be somewhere between 150 and 200 solar masses. Such stars are short–
lived and extremely

Random Amplification Of Polymorphic Dna Research Paper
Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are analyzed by using PCR to amplify the
segments of nuclear DNA. The use of a single primer (usually 8–10 bp long) that attaches to both
strands of DNA and low annealing temperatures increases the likeli¬hood of amplifying multiple
regions representing a particular locus (Welsh and McClelland, 1990). Although RAPD is a simple
and inexpensive technique its major limitation is the inability to differentiate between homozygote
and heterozygote; this marker is therefore regarded as a dominant type. This technique is based on
the use of short, arbitrary primers in PCR reaction and can be used to produce relatively detailed and
complex DNA profiles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Presumably primer sites are randomly distributed along the target genome, and flank both conserved
and highly variable regions. Wide variation in band intensity can be shown to be reproducible
between experiments, which could be the result of multiple copies of the amplified regions in the
template or the efficiency with which particular regions are amplified (Bardakci, 2001). The
polymorphic bands obtained from a RAPD can also be cloned for further analysis. The major
advantage of RAPD includes that, it does not require pre–sequencing of DNA (Nandani and Thakur,
2014). RAPD–PCR fingerprints have been successfully used in defining genetic diversity among
different species (Lynch and Milligan, 1994). For example, the RAPD method was used to generate
specific fingerprint patterns of ten different species: including wild boar, pig, horse, buffalo, beef,
venison, dog, cat, rabbit, and kangaroo (Koh et al., 1996). RAPD markers have several obvious
features as summarized here as:
1) no prior sequence knowledge is necessary for designing the specific primers, which can then be
used in different templates (Weising et al., 2005).
2) The amount of DNA required is very small because it will be amplified by PCR.
3) RAPDs are simple, quick, and cost effective compared to RFLP (Koller et al., 1993).
Parejo et al., (2002) suggested that RAPD is an important aid in planning the most adequate mating
strategy to maintain the genetic diversity and to

The Emotional Analysis Of Video Analytics
BTP Report
Emotional Analysis in Video Analytics
Submitted by
Anchal chandra Gupta
12114010
Banoth Ramesh
12114021
Guided By Dr. Balasubramanian R (Associate Professor)
Index
1.Introduction
2.Related Work
3.Dynamics–based Emotion Representation
4.Representation of Temporal Dynamics
5.Dynamics based Expression Representation
6.Emotion Recognition
7.Multimedia content analysis(MCA) for emotional characterization of music video clips.
8.Conclusion
Introduction
The existing research on automatic perception of human emotions has opened up a new dimension
for Human–Computer Interaction research, and also showed great potential to benefit and support a

wide variety of applications, including computer assisted learning.
Emotional analysis and Facial expression recognition are of next great field to study to to develop a
better human–computer interaction and social behavior understanding.
Recognition of face expressions and emotions may help to improve interactions with a robot or any
intelligent machine in socially assistive robotics and computational behavioral science, or to study
people's social engagement in any collaborative tasks.
emotion recognition include approaches which tend to extract a representation of the face
appearance, adopting some classification framework. Some approaches use temporal information,
other use a frame–based representation. The newer works are supported by the

Copious Distractions: American Airlines Flight 1420 Mishap
Copious Distractions
The flight crew had numerous distractions which contributed to the American Airlines Flight 1420
mishap. First, the flight crew was notified of severe weather report which was communicated to be
approximately 15 miles away from the landing area (Runway overrun during landing American
Airlines, 2001). The first officer communicated to the control tower that Flight 1420 was aware of
the weather. Additionally, the captain and first officer perceived the aircraft had time to make the
approach (Runway overrun during landing American Airlines, 2001). Second, the flight crew was
aware of the crosswind conditions and a short conversation in the cockpit about dry weather
conditions as opposed to wet weather conditions for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, the captain and first officer were aware of the crosswind condition, the crew did not
investigate the MD–80 safe crosswind conditions. This was the first judgement decision which
escalated unsafe conditions during landing sequence. Next, the weather distractions pressed another
disastrous judgement decision. The captain failed to communicate a request for forty degree flap
position. The captain was focused on flying the aircraft but failed to converse the desired flight
condition of the aircraft and the first officer was hindered in notification of the error. Although the
flap corrections were made, the aircraft was off the runway centerline. Furthermore, the captain and
first officer were confused on position of the aircraft in reference to the runway centerline. At this
stage of the landing sequence with the planes flap down, the flight control response would have
lethargic. Additionally, flight instruments detailed the aircraft was off centerline. Under the previous
stated condition, Flight 1420 safest course of action was to perform the missed approach procedures.
Unfortunately, the captain continued with landing

Essay On Running Record
Running records. Essentially a visual recording of the student's reading word by word. It enables a
teacher to identify the reading strategies the student may or may not be using and the types of errors
the student makes while reading. These errors reveal what is going on in the student's mind as he or
she attempts to make meaning, or comprehend the text. To administer a running record, the teacher
provides the student with a book judged to be at his or her current reading level. As the student
reads, the teacher makes a series of specialized marks on a running record recording sheet. A
checkmark indicates each word read correctly, and other special markings are used to indicate words
that have been omitted, inserted or substituted with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A flow chart can be as simple as a series of squares connected by lines with arrows indicating the
sequence. In each square, the student writes one part of the story, summarized into a sentence or
two. Even a student who is just beginning to learn English can draw a picture in each square (and
can get a buddy or the teacher to help write a sentence to match). You might want to limit the
number of squares students can use and model how to select only the important events of the story.
For lower grades, give them only three squares and ask them to show something from the beginning,
middle and end of the story. The visual nature of the flow chart helps the English learner better grasp
and remember the sequence of events.
Using note cards with flowchart. Often students can remember parts of a story but have difficulty
getting events in the right sequence. Give these students note cards to create their flow chart. They
write something they remember from the story onto a note card, one idea per card, and when
finished, they arrange the note cards into the correct sequence. This is an activity that can be done as
a whole–group exercise or in pairs with partners helping each other with the sequence. In addition to
arranging the cards in a flowchart, students can put them into columns labeled beginning, middle
and end.
Beginning Middle End
Trojans steal Helen Greeks sail to Troy
Long, long siege Greeks build Trojan horse and win

Safe Vehicular Drivers Essay
Becoming a safe vehicular user categorizes as the most important procedure of becoming a starting
driver. In addition, knowing the how to of driving could potentially save a driver's life as well will
prevent disastrous situations. This essay will cover two topics; however, there remains a plethora of
tasks to be pursued before and during driving. For one, a safety belt is very important when it comes
to the safety of the automobilist and for comfortability. Continuing on, this paper will cover how to
follow the speed limit of the specified road. For every vehicular user's security, these rules and
regulation must be specifically followed.
To begin, enter the vehicle into the desired seating position. Following that, using either the left ...
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Speed limit signs are on nearly every street throughout the United States. Some range from thirty
miles per hour to seventy based on the location. Being a new driver, this may appear like a difficult
responsibility to follow the speed limit. Along the side of the road, the signs stand tall with black–
and–white color ways with a very bold font. Simply adjust the speed of the vehicle based on the
speed limit in the designated location. Sometimes, due to hazards and weather, vehicles may be
required to continue at a lower speed than posted. Vehicle operators must follow specific laws
within individual states for speed if there isn't a designated speed limit sign posted. Following the
speed limit is a must, and as a new driver this should be deemed as a very important task while
driving.
In conclusion, driving a vehicle is a tremendous responsibility and can cause serious harm if used
improperly. Hazards on and off the road develops through all times of the day, and drivers should
always be ready to face danger. Drivers must rely on each other to follow the rules and regulations
of the road to have a safe trip to their destination. As a new driver, always follow every rule
presented and use extra caution when entering major roadways. Following these instructions would
assist in lowering the risk included with driving. At the same time, buckle up, it's the

Example Of Fibonacci Sequence
1. Introduction
Fibonacci sequence is one of the most famous and perhaps the most interesting number patterns in
mathematics. Far from being just a curiosity, this sequence recurs in structures found throughout
nature – from the arrangement of whorls on a pinecone to the branches of certain plant stems. Other
than nature, numerous examples of the Fibonacci sequence as well as its derivative, the Golden
Ratio can be found in art, a stock market, and other areas of society and culture. In the paper, some
of the interesting facts of Fibonacci number are discussed.
1.1. About Fibonacci
Fibonacci, the "greatest European mathematician of the middle ages", lived between 1170 and 1250
in Italy. Leonardo Pisano Bogollo was his real name and "Fibonacci" was his nickname, which
roughly means "Son of Bonacci". In 1200 he used the knowledge he had gained on his travels to
write Liber Abaci (published in 1202) in which he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.2. The Rabbit Problem and Fibonacci Sequence
Among many problems contained in Leonardo's book Liber Abaci, the most famous was his over
800 years old rabbit population problem which he stated as follows:
This is indeed a celebrated problem in mathematical biology dealing with how many pairs of baby
rabbits will be produced in a year from a single pair of adult rabbits. Consequently, the rabbit
population will grow rapidly provided no rabbit ever dies and in every month each pair reproduces a
new pair which becomes productive from the second month onwards. This problem led Fibonacci to
discover in 1202 a new sequence of numbers as
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377...
These numbers are called the Fibonacci numbers, which have been named by the nineteenth–century
French mathematician, Edouard Lucas (1842–1891), and the recurrence relation defines
with the two initial values and

Calculus 2 Research Paper
Welcome to calculus II. Calculus is a wonderful subject with very nice application in different area
of natural science. It is one of the important achievements of human thought developed in thousands
of years. This course Calculus II is another building of calculus after Calculus I and is deigned to
develop the concept integration techniques and their physical applications, sequence and series, and
linear algebra. Here, you'll learn not only to compute with these objects, but also what they mean.
And, how they are useful in the engineering, biological, social, and physical sciences.
The big important question is, what do you need in order to be successful in this course? There is
one thing that you need a lot of time to get success ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another branch of mathematics which has nice applications in business, engineering, computer
science and many fields of applied mathematics. We first introduce the concept of matrices, their
determinants. Then, there will be algebra of matrices such as addition, multiplication and finding
inverses. Next, we see some application of matrix algebra with some real world problems. Finally,
we move to linear transformation of vectors, and then calculation of eigenvectors and eigenvalues of
the matrices.
There will be four class tests after completing each of the three sections and a combine test for
sequence and series and power series. Eventually, when we're done with all five chapters, we'll get
to the final exam and, if you make it to the end, you will be done. It is by no means an easy path to
get to the end of this course; it is a difficult subject and is only learned by means of hard work. You
are going to have to work hard and persevere to get to the end. But I am confident that together, we
can make it.

Fibonacci: Controversy In Today's Modern World
Fibonacci Paper Intelligent design is a subject of controversy in today's modern world. Many simply
attempt to disprove this idea through the secular world, such as mathematics and science. Even so,
there are those who use these subjects to strengthen their resolve in the Lord. To look upon the
complex world, and limit it to mankind's perceptive laws, inhibits the potential walk with the Lord.
In an abstract science, like Mathematics, the world is quantified and observed. The Fibonacci
numbers, the Golden Section, and the structure of the human body are some of these quantities that
are observed. However, it is through mathematical theorems and observations that the idea
intelligent design can not only be found, but is strengthened ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of these is the Golden section. The Golden section is also referred to as the Golden ratio, which
is a irrational number which is approximately equal to 1.618. The Golden ratio is found in many
places in nature, however the most popular one is the gastropod shell, which is seen on snails and
other organisms. If you take several squares and give them the side lengths of the Fibonacci
sequence like 1,2,3,5,8 and 13 and the create a whirling rectangle using the squares and then if you
start at the 1x1 square connect the opposite corners of each square without removing your pencil
will create a gastropod shell (Freitag). The golden ratio comes into play when you divide the second
square length with the first and then the third with the second and so on, like the following 2/1 = 2,
3/2= 1.5, 5/3 = 1.666..., 8/5 = 1.6, 13/8 = 1.625. And as can be seen they approach 1.618 which is
the Golden ratio (Freitag). This beautiful structure helps supports intelligent design. One of the ways
is because a structure or art represents its creator. Art and buildings today do not just spring up out
of the ground without the hand of a creator. In the same sense it would be absurd to say that this art
found in nature happened by chance, without the intervention of a creator, which we believe to be

The Fibonacci Contributions In Indian Poetry
The Fibonacci numbers, also known as the Fibonacci sequence is a set of numbers where after the
first two numbers, every number is the sum of the two preceding numbers. The sequence is usually
shown in the following format; 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89...etc, although it has been shown to
start with zero. This sequence is an important mathematical figure that is seen in many other
theorems in mathematics and it was helped to push for a better form of mathematics by the man
whose name was eventually attributed to the number sequence and also the surrounding natural
world and attempts have been made to connect it with the human world, through anatomy and the
stock market. This sequence first appears in Indian mathematics and even in Indian poetry, this
quote by Gopala an Indian poet from around 1135 states that "For example, for a meter of four
lengths, meter variations of two and three being mixed, results in five this also works out with
examples eight and thirteen with gives twenty one, In this way, the process should be followed in all
mātrā–vṛttas". Gopala mentions the sequence of two numbers creating the next in the sequence, 2 &
3 to 5 and then 8 & 13 to 21, that the meters in Indian poetry add together just as it is in the
Fibonacci sequence. This sequence will spread throughout India passing between poets and
mathematicians and then outwards towards the Middle East and then on to Europe where it will be
taught to the man whose name becomes attached to this

In Brief Series: The Science Of Early Childhood Development
The early years, especially the first five years of life, are very significant and most rapid periods for
a child's development and learning. They are important for building the child's brain. Everything a
child does be it seeing, touching, tasting, smelling or hearing helps to shape the brain for thinking,
feeling, moving and learning. From the In Brief series: The science of Early childhood
Development, it is stated that Early experiences affect the quality of the brain architecture by
establishing either a sturdy or a fragile foundation for all of the learning, health and behavior that
follow.1 This is therefore a time of rapid cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional and motor
development.
The Developmentally Appropriate Practice DAP guideline (NAEYC, 2009) acknowledges 12
principles of learning and practice formulated from theoretical and empirical accounts of
developmental processes and socio–cultural influences. These are:
1. All domains of development and learning – physical, social and emotional, and cognitive are
important and closely related.
Children are interacting human beings. They move, think, feel, and in order to teach them, we have
to consider all domains. These developmental changes that happen in children's lives are
fundamental to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Child development therefore follows general, sequential patterns and is interconnected across all
domains. Knowing and understanding objectives and sequences of development in all domains is
essential. It is therefore important to use child development information for planning and identifying
activities, environments, experiences, and strategies to best promote growth and

A Novel Local And Global Similarity Based Feature...
A Novel Local and Global Similarity based Feature
Extraction Approach for Protein Classification
Abstract–In this article, a novel approach is proposed based on local and global similarity for
extracting features from protein sequences. The proposed approach extract only 6 features
corresponding to each protein sequence. These features are computed by globally considering the
probabilities of occurrences of the amino acids in different position of the sequences which locally
belongs to the six exchange groups [1]. Then, these features are used as an inputs for Neural
Network learning algorithm named as Boolean–Like Training Algorithm (BLTA) [2]. The
BLTA classifier is used to classify the protein sequences obtained from the Protein Information
Resource (PIR) maintained by the
National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBREF–PIR) [3]. To investigate the efficacy of
proposed feature extraction approach, the experimentation is performed on two superfamilies,
namely
Ras and Globin. Across tenfold cross validation, the highest
Classification Accuracy and Computational Time achieved by proposed approach is 94.323.52 and
6.54(s) respectively in comparison to the Classification Accuracies achieved by other approaches
[4], [5] and [6] are 85.420.55, 67.518.38, 51.410.27 with Computational Time 7.11(s),
10.13(s), 63.98(s) respectively.
The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach extract the minimum relevant
features for each protein sequence.
Therefore, it

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Case Study
The cornerstone of modern medicine is the ability to treat an illness in the absence of a concrete
cure. In the case of detrimental diseases such as cancer or HIV, the lack of a cure has not impeded
the progress of treatment and prolonging of life. However, there does exist a disease which until
recently had no significant treatment: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Modern gene therapy
has provided a chance to cure this illness. DMD is a sex linked disease affecting 1 in 3500 male
births. It is caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, which is needed for proper skeletal muscle
function. The Dystrophin Gene is the largest known human gene, located on the short arm of the X
chromosome specifically at the genetic locus XP21. It is composed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A simple but effective method is correctly designing gRNAs. Ideally, the target sequence must be a
unique and nearly perfect homology to the gRNA with as little to no homology at other points
within the gene sequence. Another potential strategy involves reducing the concentration of gRNA
and Cas9 that are expressed in cells. However, this strategy is considered inconclusive due to
inconsistent reporting. Some cell lines showed a large decrease in rates of off–target binding while
others showed no effect. An increasingly promising method for improving specificity involves using
a mutated nickase version of the Cas9 enzyme. This modified version contains only one catatylic
domain and is used as a single nickase system capable of cutting a single strand of DNA. This
results in a nick or single stand break rather then a DSB and is repaired by HDR. To further reduce
the risk of off target binding, a double or dual nickase CRISPR system can be implemented. This
system uses two nickases which bind to opposite strands of the target gene, generating a DSB. This
system closely resembles the Fokl enzyme activation used in TALEN, in that off target effects are
reduced because the probability of two off target nicks within the same region is very unlikely.
When the DSB is made, activation of NHEJ is initiated; to further increase specificity and reduce
off–target effects, the HDR mediated editing is advised for both nickase

Unit 3 Fibonacci Research
The ratio between two Fibonacci numbers is very close to the golden ratio, which is
1+521.61803399. The table and graph below demonstrate this. In the table, I found the ratios by
dividing a Fibonacci term by the one before it and then subtracted that from the golden ratio to find
the deviation. For example, consider the third Fibonacci term, 2, and the second term, 1. The ratio
between the two is 21=2. The deviation from the golden ratio is 2–1.61803399=0.38196601. These
ratios are plotted on the graph along with the line f(x)=1+52, the golden ratio, to compare them. nth
Fibonacci Number The table and graph show that as the Fibonacci numbers increase and n
approaches infinity, the ratio between two consecutive Fibonacci numbers converges ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because Phi and phi are irrational numbers and the program I used to do my calculations are
limited in the decimal places that it can calculate. And just like the last formula, this one is only
accurate when n2. A similar formula can be used to find the nth Fibonacci number, called Binet's
formula: fn=15((1+52)n–(1–52)n).Here's an example using n = 5: f5=15((1+52)5–(1–52)5)
f5=4.91934955 The table below compares the values from this formula to the Fibonacci sequence.
Again, there are rounding limitations and this formula only works when n2. This isn't a big problem
though because the first Fibonacci number will always be 1. During my research, I learned that there
is a close relationship between the Fibonacci and Lucas series, and that either of these series can be
used to find an equation for the nth term of the other. I put the first 15 terms of both these series in a
table to compare them and to find equations for the nth term. From this table, I notice that the sum
of alternate Fibonacci numbers (fn–1+fn+1) equals the Lucas number that's in between those
numbers (ln). The formula then for the nth Lucas number using Fibonacci numbers is ln=fn–1+fn+1.
Here's an example when n=4: l4=f4–1+f4+1 l4=f3+f5

Ifp Flipp Analysis
Various woks have been done on OFDM. In OFDM, as all the carriers are added using an IFFT
operation, this may lead to a signal with large peaks and dynamic range in time domain. For an
OFDM signal x (t), High value of PAPR is a serious concern when OFDM signal passes through
nonlinear devices such as in 4G systems where OFDM is a downlink method and on–board high
power amplifiers have non–linear input–output characteristics at high power values.
Reduction of peak–to–average power ratio is always a concern for researchers. Various methods
have been implemented to reduce PAPR like clipping and filtering, companding, SLM, PTS, tone
injection, tone reservation, active constellation extension and coding.
A large PAPR would drive PAs at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For M phase sequences [log2M], side N log 2 N information bits are required. In SLM, an N–point
IFFT involves 2 complex N log 2 N multiplications and additions; these are increased by a factor of
L if oversampling is performed. Computational complexity, PAPR reduction capability and avoiding
SI are the major issues associated with SLM. Various schemes are available in literature to modify
SLM. A scheme is proposed for removing SI in SLM where phase sequence could be easily decoded
at the receiver after a level is inserted with each candidate as an identifier tag and scrambling is used
to avoid any direct manipulation of SI at the receiver. Here only a small amount of redundancy
increases the cost of hardware implementation. In this scheme removal of SI is not proposed, only
representation is changed. A magnitude scaled–SLM method is proposed, where a set of envelope
function derived from Walsh sequences is used to scale the power profile of OFDM signal and at the
receiver envelope function along with a detection matrix could easily identify the used phase at the
transmitter. Another scheme proposed use of m–sequences for detection of SI at the receiver but at
transmitter SI is embedded in the sequences with the help of block partitioning and rotation, at the
receiver cyclic shifting of m–sequences which are derived from a Walsh Hadamard matrix is used to
choose phase factor. A lot of computations are required to choose best candidate for

Using Three Principles of the Global Business Standard...
Assignment Cover Sheet
200336 Business Academic Skills
School of Business
Student last name: | Limpradermthum | Student first name: | Kanokwan | Student number: |
17333971 | Unit name and number: | 200336 Business Academic Skills | Workshop day: | Tuesday |
Workshop time: | 12:00–13:00 | Workshop room: | EB.G.36 | Workshop tutor: | Ken Grundy | Title of
assignment: | Essay Development | Length: | 500 words plus references | Date due: | In Workshop
Week 11 (beginning 6 May) | Date submitted: | 7/05/13 | Campus enrolment: | Parramatta |
Declaration: * I hold a copy of this assignment if the original is lost or damaged. * I hereby certify
that no part of this assignment or product has been copied from any other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
| There are at least 3 arguments which: * Are somewhat related to the essay question * Support the
thesis statement * Use descriptive ethics and * Are ordered in a logical sequence. | There are at least
3 arguments which: * Are mostly related to the essay question * Support the thesis statement * Use
descriptive ethics and * Are ordered in a logical sequence. | There are at least 3 arguments which: *
Are directly related to the essay question * Support the thesis statement * Use descriptive ethics and
* Are ordered in a logical sequence. | /10 | | | | | | | | 0–2.5 | 3.0–4.5 | 5.0–6.0 | 6.5–7.0 | 7.5–8.0 | 8.5–
10.0 | Supporting evidence, evaluation and conclusion | Each argument does not have: * Supporting
evidence; OR * An evaluation that uses descriptive ethics OR * A conclusion. | Each argument has:
* Supporting evidence; or * An evaluation that uses descriptive ethics and * A conclusion which
may or may not link back to the question and/or the thesis statement. | Each argument has: *
Supporting evidence; * An evaluation that uses descriptive ethics and * A conclusion which may or
may not link back to the question and the thesis statement. | Each argument has: * Supporting
evidence; * An evaluation that uses excellent descriptive ethics and * A conclusion which links back
to the question and the thesis statement. | Each

Ice Sheets And The Ice Sheet Dynamics
Antarctic Subglacial Lakes
Underneath the Antarctic ice sheets exist subglacial lakes which scientist are discovering play an
important role to the ice sheet dynamics above them. The physical processes involved in the creation
of these lakes . Scientist's understanding of the hydrology between subglacial lakes and the
surrounding ice sheets is beginning to become more comprehensive with studies being carried out to
attempt to link the draining and filling of lakes with the velocity of the surrounding glacier.
The formation of the subglacial lakes in Antarctica is due to a mixture of physical processes which
are also responsible for maintenance of the lakes. Water is thought to come from basal ice rising
above its pressure melting point, helped by both geothermal heating below the ice and the thick ice
above. The topography of the land beneath the ice sheets allows for the created water to flow into
topographic basins and become a lake. Lakes can also appear on the flanks of mountains and at the
beginning of large ice flows. Because the formation of water relies on the basal ice reaching its
pressure melting point, it is found that most subglacial lakes have at least 3000m of ice above them.
(Siegert, 2000; Kennicutt and Siegert, 2011; Davies, 2014, Riffenburgh, 2007) It is also typical of
big lakes to have a flat ice sheet surface, as the basal ice's frictionless contact with the water beneath
removes shear stresses. (Siegert, 2000) It is common for the lakes to form where

The metals analyzed were Cadmium, Copper and Lead. All the...
The metals analyzed were Cadmium, Copper and Lead. All the selected metals were present in
water, sediments and fish samples from all the study sites.
The heavy metal concentration in water does not exceed WHO guidelines. This finding was in
agreement with (Ozturk., Ozozen., Minareshi., Minareshi, 2009).
Cadmium concentration from Florema, Sher Karuturi, Flamingo and Malewa River exceed the
WHO limits for sediments. Discussion already existing. The fish cadmium levels were lower than
the WHO standards but the samples taken from Oserian and Sher Karuturi were close recording
levels of 0.074 and 0.079 respectively. The finding is in agreement with the results of a study carried
out in Awassa and Koka Lakes in Ethiopia where the Cadmium ... Show more content on
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These high concentrations were attributed to increase in fishing vessels and trawlers that have
galvanized metal coating (Mitra., Mitra., Hazra., Chaudhuri, 2000).
The heavy metal concentration profile in fish followed the sequence, CuPb Cd which was a
similar sequence in heavy metal concentration in sediments. This finding is in agreement with the
results of the study on heavy metals in fish of Avsar Dam Lake in Turkey (Ozturk., Ozozen.,
Minareshi., Minareshi, 2009).
In fish do not exceed WHO in contrast with (Ozturk., Ozozen., Minareshi., Minareshi, 2009).
There was evidence of heavy metal biomagnification as the levels of heavy metals in fish exceeded
the concentration in water samples although the metal levels do not exceed WHO and USEPA
guidelines. This is in agreement with the findings by Olaifa et al, where the heavy metal
concentrations were within safe limits for human consumption. However, this finding is in contrast
with other studies, Usman (2011) and Muiruri, (2013) where the heavy metal concentration in fish
was beyond the permissible limits and therefore not fit for human consumption (Javed. Usman,
2011).
Dissolved oxygen levels below the critical 5mg/l for fish
Contrasting....The lower the salinity, the higher the rate of uptake. The toxicity of heavy metals in
fish is a function of the free metal ion concentration which is controlled by the chrolide content in
water. As the chloride

Phonological Store
According to Baddeley (2012), the phonological loop is assumed to comprise a short–term storage
system that holds information in phonological form (the phonological store) together with a control
process that maintains and rehearses information vocally or subvocally (the articulatory control
process). Furthermore, spoken words enter the phonological store directly however, written material
has to be recoding into phonological form before entering the phonological store (Repovs
Baddeley, 2006). In the phonological store, memory traces are assumed to decay in a few seconds
however, a function of the articulatory control process is to refresh this memory trace by reciting the
information subvocally which then re–enters the phonological store ... Show more content on
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Consequently, it was hypothesised that adults visually presented with full sequences of eight letters
would record higher recall accuracy scores for phonologically dissimilar letters than for
phonologically similar letters. An additional aim included the examination of the impact of serial
position on PSE.

Traditional Methods Of Genetic Improvement
1. Literature review 1 . 1. Traditional methods of genetic improvement Farmers have been making
mate selection decisions for the improvement of livestock for generations. Whilst progress was
evident, it was slow until the mid–20th century, when substantial gains in genetic improvement in
both livestock and crops was observed. A good example of this progress is the increase in milk yield
of US Holstein cattle which doubled from 6000kg per lactation in the 1960s to 1200kg per lactation
in 2000. Up to 50% of this improvement has been accredited to genetic improvement (Dekkers and
Hospital, 2002). These gains were brought about using quantitative techniques to estimate the
genetic and environmental components of traits, as well as an improved ability to disseminate
genetic material, such as cryopreservation of semen/embryos and artificial insemination. Whilst the
genetic architecture of a trait is presumed to be complex, it is not known (Hill, 2010). Best Linear
Unbiased Prediction (BLUP)methodology utilises a linear mixed model to combine phenotypic and
pedigree information to calculate an individual's estimated breeding value (EBVs), which is used as
a measure of an organism's additive genetic worth (Henderson, 1975). This technique was quickly
adopted as the standard method to calculate EBVs. Despite this success, BLUP does have
disadvantages. Without phenotypic information about an individual or it's close relatives it is not
capable of calculating EBVs. Genomic

George Miller Magic Number Seven Minus Two Summary
George A. Miller, one of the founders of cognitive psychology, is considered a pioneer who
recognized that the human mind can be understood by using an information–processing model.
Miller was also a leader in the story short–term memory. In Miller's most famous article, The
Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two remains one of the most frequently cited papers in the
field of psychology. In his article, Miller proposed that short–term memory is subject to certain
limits, including the span of information that can be stored at a given time. provides evidence for the
capacity of short term memory.
Most adults can usually store between 5 and 9 items in their short–term memory. This idea was put
forward by Miller, and he called it the magic number 7. He hypothesized that short term memory
could hold 7 (plus or minus 2 items) because it only had a certain number of slots in which certain
items could be stored. However, Miller did not specify the amount of information that can be held in
each slot. This leads into the idea of chunking. Chunking refers to the ... Show more content on
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Some examples of how we use chunking includes trying to remember number sequences. Take, for
example, the sequence 7–6–6–8–9–0–2–1–3–4–5–6. If you try to remember the numbers
individually, you will most likely falter on recalling the numbers because of the amount. However if
you chunk the numbers together as 7668–9021–3456, it will be much easier to recall. Another
example of chunking involves acronyms. One example of this is the acronym ROY G. BIV. Even
though this is mostly used for children's remembering of the colors of the rainbow, it makes it much
easier to remember them individually. Some examples of how we use chunking in our everyday
lives are in locker combinations and in phone numbers. In conclusion, chunking makes it much
easier to remember long pieces of information and places them into much more manageable

The Rna Guided Crispr Cas9 System
The RNA–guided CRISPR–Cas9 system has revolutionized genetic engineering by allowing
targeted genomic modification through the simple design of a 20 base pair guiding sequences. This
groundbreaking technology utilizes a short guide RNA (sgRNA) to direct the Cas9 nuclease to a
specific genomic locus through complementary base pairing. The guide RNA or sgRNA is
responsible for the specificity of the CRISPR–Cas9 system, and several consideration need to be
taken during its design process. In bacteria and archaea, the crRNA and tracrRNA form a complex
which acts as the homing device for directing the Cas9 nuclease to the invading foreign genetic
materials. The tarcrRNA 's scaffolding ability along with the specificity of the crRNA can be ...
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A higher GC stabilizes the RNA: DNA duplex while destabilized off target hybridization; (2)
Length: the length could be adjusted and ranged from 17–24bp. A shorted sequence leads to
minimized off target effects (17bp is the lowest limit on the length of the guiding sequence, any
sequence shorter that 17 has a statistical chance of targeting multiple genomic loci); and (3)
potential off target effects: Mismatch tolerance between the gRNA and target site is what leads to off
target effects of the CRISPR–Cas9 system and in general they depend on A) position of the
mismatch, B) number of mismatches on a given gRNA, C) the sequence of the gRNA, and D)
concertation of the gRNA and Cas9 transfected. For the purpose of creating a small indel mutations
through NHEJ, there are many possible target sites across any protein. Targeting closer to the N–
terminus of a protein coding region is more desirable, because of a frameshift is more likely to be
deleterious.
CRISPR is especially useful, because, unlike ZNF or TALEN, they rely on a guide RNA or gRNA
(though the bacterial immune system relied on two RNA strands – crRNA and tracrRNA), which
makes CRISPR much more versatile, cheaper and easier to use. ZNF and TALEN required synthesis
of specific parts of the protein so that a customized target sequence could be

Analysis Of Robert Wiene's Film Das Cabinet Des Dr. Calligari
Robert Wiene's 1920 film Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari) is a staple of
German Expressionist film. Following the experience of the World War I, the film reflects a distrust
in the figures of authority who have manipulated the common man. The figures of power are
represented by the hypnotist Dr. Caligari and the conditioned common man by his somnambulist
Cesare, who commits murders on Caligari's behalf. Through an engagement with this concept, The
Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is ultimately challenging the spectator's perception of the world. During Act
II there is a sequence where Caligari presents his somnambulist at a travelling fair. The sequence
shows Caligari on stage pulling back a curtain and revealing Cesare ... Show more content on
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The excess of Caligari's costume, consisting of a large dark jacket, top hat, cane and glasses, directs
attention to his character when juxtaposed against the lighter background. Similarly, Caligari is also
linked to the stage through his costume, which both feature unnatural stark angles and dark
shadows. The montage of the sequence, which cuts closer and closer to Caligari, peaks with a quick
cut of close–up shot of Caligari's gaze towards Cesare and long close–up of Cesare himself. The
dark vignette around Caligari's face on the close–up limits the viewer's perspective to Caligari alone,
and his gaze across to Cesare seems to manipulate before the spectators within the film and the
viewer's watching it. It is as if Caligari is directing the camera, manipulating it closer to his figure
and then across to Cesare.
Caligari is not only manipulating the spectator's experience, but also Cesare's every move. When
Cesare has awakened, Caligari directs him to walk forwards. The shot has expanded back to a wide–
shot showing Caligari and Cesare's full bodies to capture their performance. Cesare, whose costume
is all black, moves in a zombified manner, slow and uncertain steps. The duration of this shot
enhances the caution of Cesare who moves under the careful direction of Caligari. Low–angled
shots are used to firmly place Caligari in a position of power, solidifying Wiene's use of Caligari as a
symbol for authority while also positioning the viewer through the spectator's

Land Ethic: A Sand County Almanac
The Land Ethics
Aldo Leopold lies out his most enduring notion, in the land ethic, from A Sand County Almanac.
Land ethic is described as a moral responsibility between the natural world and humans. This essay
is extremely significant in today's society; particularly, topics in ethical sequence, community
concept, and ecological conscience are very critical.
An ethical sequence acts as a guide from the simplest ethics, which deals with the relationship
among individuals, to the relationship between the people and the various communities and the
interdependence of the humankind and the environment. Community concept directs people to
cooperate with each other for a mutual benefit that also has an impact on non–human elements like
water, soil,

Apple Scar Skin Viroid Case Study
Apple Scar Skin Viroid (ASSVd), a non–protein coding, single–stranded, circular RNA pathogen
limits the detection based on the immunoassay. In this study, a visible nanobarcoding assay for one–
step Reveres transcription loop–mediated isothermal amplification (RT–LAMP) was developed to
improve the LAMP selectivity and promote its diagnostic use in detecting ASSVd in plants. ASSVd
LAMP was accelerated by the use of loop primers and highly sensitive with a detection limit of 103
copies of ASSVd cDNA per reaction within 30 min. The real–time LAMP and melting curve
analysis could differentiate between the true–positive LAMP amplicons and false–positive non–
specific primer amplification products. The optimized RT–LAMP was then followed by the ... Show
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Thus, they cannot be available for rapid on–site detection, because of long time ((2 h) (5).
In particular, there have been an increased number of reports of viroid infection, which is mostly
latent and symptomless in plants and caused by the smallest RNA. Unlike viruses, viroids are not
coated with proteins, thus limiting the detection methods based on the immunoassay. Diagnosis and
discrimination of viroids are challenging, because a large number of nursery stock are introduced
frequently and distributed rapidly among growers. Apple scar skin viroids (ASSVds) in apple cause
the plant diseases including scar skin (reddish brown patches with brownish scar–like tissue),
cracking, and spotting symptoms. Because of these disease symptoms, viroid has caused serious
economic losses in the apple industry (6, 7).
Loop–mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and reverse transcription (RT)–LAMP have been
used to detect several types of infectious reagents with high sensitivity, efficiency, and rapidity
under isothermal conditions (5, 8, 9). The need for simple, visible, and rapid detection of LAMP/or
RT–LAMP amplicons has led to a great variety of end point and real–time/on–line monitoring for
field applications (10, 11). According to the general principles of LAMP amplification, 4 to 6
primers are designed to react to specific regions on the target sequences. When appropriate initiating
structure

Pseudocode Standard
PSEUDOCODE STANDARD Example Pseudocode is a kind of structured english for describing
algorithms. It allows the designer to focus on the logic of the algorithm without being distracted by
details of language syntax. At the same time, the pseudocode needs to be complete. It describe the
entire logic of the algorithm so that implementation becomes a rote mechanical task of translating
line by line into source code. In general the vocabulary used in the pseudocode should be the
vocabulary of the problem domain, not of the implementation domain. The pseudocode is a
narrative for someone who knows the requirements (problem domain) and is trying to learn how the
solution is organized. E.g., Extract the next word from the line (good) ... Show more content on
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Two keywords, REPEAT and UNTIL are used. The general form is: REPEAT sequence UNTIL
condition The sequence in this type of loop is always performed at least once, because the test is
peformed after the sequence is executed. At the conclusion of each iteration, the condition is
evaluated, and the loop repeats if the condition is false. The loop terminates when the condition
becomes true. FOR This loop is a specialized construct for iterating a specific number of times,
often called a counting loop. Two keywords, FOR and ENDFOR are used. The general form is:
FOR iteration bounds sequence ENDFOR In cases where the loop constraints can be obviously
inferred it is best to describe the loop using problem domain vocabulary. Example FOR each month
of the year (good) FOR month = 1 to 12 (ok) FOR each employee in the list (good) FOR empno = 1
to listsize (ok) NESTED CONSTRUCTS The constructs can be embedded within each other, and
this is made clear by use of indenting. Nested constructs should be clearly indented from their
surrounding constructs. Example SET total to zero REPEAT READ Temperature IF Temperature
gt; Freezing THEN INCREMENT

The Sun and Stars
Chapter 10: Review Questions 3) Seven features of the active sun are: 1. Sunspots: these regions are
darker and cooler than the rest of the suns photosphere; they are caused by magnetic fields that
protrude at that area of the visible surface. 2. Plages: These are bright areas in the chromosphere.
They are associated with magnetic fields emerging from the sun. 3. Solar Flares: these are ejections
of large volumes of gas. They can sometimes head our way causing radio interference and auroras.
4. Filaments: Dark Loops of magnetic fields that carry gas. 5. Prominences: These are filaments
viewed from the side. 6. Coronal Holes: Dark cooler portions of the corona that appear over
sunspots. They act as conduits for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this stage the star is now considered a main sequence star. 6) Thermonuclear reactions do not
occur on the surface of main sequence stars because the surface temperature is not hot enough to
fuse hydrogen. This requires a temp of about 10 000 000 K and is only present at a stars core. This
high temperature is created because of the enormous amount of pressure caused by the extreme
mass of a star pushing inward. 13) When we say a star moves on a H–R diagram we are not saying
that it is physically moving from one place to another, we are saying that it is transitioning from one
stage of its evolutionary life to another. For example we might say it is moving from pre–main
sequence to main sequence. This means that the star has moves from an early stage in its life to the
middle stage of its life. It has physically stayed in the same place in space. Chapter 13: Review
Questions 2) The force that causes a neutron star not collapse further is called Neutron degeneracy
pressure. When a white dwarf reaches a mass greater than the Chandrasekhar limit the electron
degeneracy pressure is no longer strong enough to prevent further collapse. Neutron degeneracy is
more powerful than electron degeneracy and can withstand greater pressure. Neutron degeneracy
refers to the principle that two neutrons cannot occupy the same space and therefore have a
repulsive force on each other. 7) A planetary

The Fibonacci Numbers
The Fibonacci numbers also known as the Fibonacci sequence is a set of numbers where after the
first two numbers, every number is the sum of the two preceding numbers. It begins in most
examples at one however it has been shown to start with zero, the first ten numbers in the sequence
are 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89. This sequence is an important mathematical figure that is seen
in many other theorems in mathematics and also the surrounding natural world. This sequence first
appears in Indian mathematics and even in Indian poetry, this quote by Gopala an Indian poet from
around 1135 states that For example, for a meter of four lengths, variations of meters of two and
three being mixed, five happens this also works out with examples 8, 13, 21]... In this way, the
process should be followed in all mātrā–vṛttas. To deconstruct this it is necessary to match the
numbers of the sequence mentioned in the quote with the numbers that exist in the sequence, Gopala
mentions the sequence of two numbers creating the next in the sequence, 2 3 to 5 and then 8 13
to 21, that the meters in Indian poetry add together just as it is in the fibonacci sequence. When this
idea travels outside of India it is first posed in the book Liber Abaci written by Fibonacci, whose
real name was Leonardo Bonacci. Leonardo was born in Pisa around the year 1175, his father was a
wealthy Italian merchant who bought along his son on his journeys around the Mediterranean world,
in these travels

Standard Coding Theory Project Report
EE – 653 CODING THEORY PROJECT REPORT REDUCING THE GAP TO CAPACITY OF A
RATE 1/3 CODE VIA CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING/DECODING ARUN PRAKASH
NACHIMUTHU MARIA HASHMI ABSTRACT In this project we are trying to minimize the gap–
to capacity of a channel given by Shannon's theoretical limit of a rate 1/3 code. This is done through
a convolutional encoding/decoding by varying memory elements for both soft and hard decision
decoding. The basic concepts associated with the convolution code with its encoding and decoding
schemes are used in this project. Using Shannon's optimal code we compare the gap to capacity of
the algorithm that is implemented. Finally we show that the gap – to capacity can be minimized with
respect to the sub optimal un–coded code word or a 1/3 repetition code. INTRODUCTION For a
given code rate constraint of R= 1/3, a binary input AWGN channel this project presents various
convolutional decoder and encoder of varying memory element sizes to reduce the gap to capacity
of a code with respect to Shannon's limit. SHANONS CAPACITY THEOREM AND CHANNEL
CODING Despite the presence of noise, the error performance of a data communication system can
be decreased to an arbitrarily low error rate, so long as the data rate was below a certain level (i.e.)
the presence of noise limits the data rate not the error rate. To improve the error performance of
communication system requires larger Bandwidth. If we are willing to accept erroneous data, the
capacity of any

Microbial Communities Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing...
Microbial Communities Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing
Background Information Microbial communities have been observed around wells that were created
using hydraulic fracturing. Shale beds, like the Barnett Shale in Texas, are believed to be sterilized
due to the thermogenic origin of the gas formations. The gas in the shale is entirely of thermogenic
origin and was generated during heating events that resulted in temperatures of up to 150 °C
(Montgomery et al., 2005). These temperatures are much higher than the currently established
temperature limit for life (122 °C) and likely sterilized the formation (Jones Lineweaver, 2010).
(Struchtemeyer, 2011) Microorganisms may be present due to microorganisms present in the water
used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Struchtemeyer, 2011)
Microorganisms Present in Hydraulic Fracturing
The microorganisms present in hydraulic fracturing fluids can vary widely. The microbial
community in SM frac pond water consisted primarily of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes,
Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, which accounted for 92% of
the total community (Fig. 2e). These five phyla/classes were also present at high abundance in CT
frac pond water (Fig. 2a), which also contained large fractions of sequences that were affiliated with
Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria (Fig. 2a). (Struchtemeyer, 2011) These are the microbes that were
present in the frac pond, before use.
Firmicutes and actinobacterio are both gram–postive class of bacteria, as well as bacteroidetes.
Proteobacteria contain an large variety of prokaryotes, it is the largest phylum of bacteria. It is
known that the alpha, beta, and gamma varieties are found around hydraulic fracturing well sites.
Lastly cyanobacteria were present, which are prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs containing
chlorophyll a and phycobilins. As can be seen, bacterial populations can be very diverse around
hydraulic fracturing well sites. Bacterial communities present in the flowback were not the exact
same as the original bacteria in the freak pond. In the Struchtemeyer paper there were two different
sites sampled, so there

Calculus C Are Largely Defined By Derivatives Of Vector...
The major topics explored in Calculus C are largely defined by derivatives of vector–valued and
parametrically defined functions, integration by partial fractions, improper integrals, series
convergence (Taylor and Maclaurin), L'Hopitals Rule, and numerous applications. All of the
following topics require a solid foundation in not only Calculus A but also Calculus B.
Vector–valued functions include mathematical functions of one or more variables whose range is
defined as a set of both multidimensional vectors and infinite dimensional vectors. Much of this was
expanded on by Newton and Descartes during the Enlightenment in Europe. Newton largely defined
calculus in his book Principia Mathematica whereas Descartes was the founder of analytic ... Show
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The derivative of a three–dimensional vector function can be differentiated by using standard
differentiating rules, taught in a standard Calculus A course, as it breaks up the components in the
Cartesian coordinate system.
Integration by partial fractions, or in other words commonly known as the partial derivative of a
vector function, is defined with a commonly used variable a, with respect to the frequently used
scalar variable q. A sub I is the scalar component of a in the direction of e sub i. Sometimes, it is
also called the direction cosine of a and e sub i, but it is also frequently known in most math classes
as the dot product. The vectors e1,e2,e3 form what is known as an orthonormal basis that is
commonly fixed in the reference frame in which the derivative of the partial is being taken. This was
also further expanded on by Newton in the 17th century in his famous book Principia Mathematica
and he often used the notation from Gottfried Leibniz, another 17th century mathematician.
Defined by Isaac Newton and Descartes, in calculus C, another frequently taught topic is what is
known as an improper integral. It is defined as the limit of a definite integral as an endpoint of the
interval or intervals of integration approach either a specified definite real number or infinity or
even in some cases negative infinity. In other cases both endpoints approach limits. Such an integral
is often written symbolically just like a standard definite integral,

Philosophy Of Piano Playing
A given instrumental performance exists as a gateway to the original work rather than being the
work itself and as such a given performance is two works rather than one. In Philosophy of Piano
Playing: Reflections on the concept of Performance Thomas Mark makes the claim that a
performance and a quotation are similar in concept, but performance requires an assertion. With the
nature of assertion this account of a performance of an existing work becomes two works of art
rather than one. However, while Mark is able to separate a performance from a quotation the nature
of quotations greatly limits a performance of a pre–existing work. Mark uses the idea of quotations
to explain the necessity of assertions in performances. Quotations, in regards ... Show more content
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In the musical sense a person can take Mozart's work and transpose it into a different key from the
original and add plenty of flourishes, but most audience members would still recognize that
particular song. This is the same linguistically because if someone were performing Romeo and
Juliet, but decided to make the words a little more understandable to children, many audience
members would still recognize the tragedy as Romeo and Juliet. This is a short coming because the
main claim about taking a piece of music and playing it as it is written means that there exists two
artworks stemming from the same piece of music; the music itself and the performance of it. The
quotation may not even be a necessary component to the performance work, but instead it just limits
the work itself, and makes the work strictly independent. An idea to remedy would be to adopt the
idea that a performance is equal to a paraphrase and assertion as it allows for more creative liberties
towards a

Our Diverse Stars Research Paper
Our Diverse Stars
When we think of stars, we often think that they are all the same. We often think that they are all just
big balls of gas burning up to billions of light years away. However, that isn't exactly true. The truth
is that stars are very diverse. Just like anything else in our Universe, stars fall into many different
classifications based on its defining characteristics. In this essay I will discuss several different types
of stars.
First, I will discuss protostars. A protostar is a very young star that is gathering gas from a giant
molecular cloud. The protostar phase of stellar evolution lasts about 100,000 years.
(www.universetoday.com) As time goes on, pressure and gravity increase, which therefore forces
tho protostar to collapse down. The energy released by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A red giant star becomes a white dwarf star when it runs completely out of hydrogen fuel in its core
and it lacks the mass to force higher elements into fusion reaction. The outward light pressure from
the fusion reaction stops and the star collapses inward under its own gravity.
(www.universetoday.com) A white dwarf was a very hot star once, so therefore it shines. A white
dwarf star will cool down until it becomes part of the background temperature of the universe. The
process takes hundreds of billions of years.
Sixthly, I will discuss red dwarf stars. Red dwarf stars are very common in our universe. They are
main sequence stars that that have such low mass that they are much cooler than stars like our sun.
(www.phys.com) Red dwarf stars are able to keep the hydrogen fuel mixing into their core. So to
their advantage, they can conserve their fuel much longer than other stars. Astronomers estimate
that some red dwarf stars will burn up to 10 trillion years. The smallest red dwarfs are 0.075 times
the mass of the sun, and they can have a mass of up to half of the sun.

Uncanny Essay
For the Uncanny final project, Jessica and I proposed to document the uncanny effects of social
media technologies. Our first discussion about what we wanted to portray led us to a difficult
decision on what uncanny effects to focus on. I suggested documenting the surveillance aspect of
social media and the way our technologies become uncanny when they begin to break down. Only
when our technologies begin to breakdown, do we realize our dependence on them; thus, making
social media devices uncanny. In the first shot, we decided to input colorful television bars that
indicate the television is not working in addition to a static sound effect. This was meant to set the
tone for the breakdown of technologies in the video. This shot then quickly ... Show more content
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In this scene we wanted to show how our phones can easily point us in the direction of where we
want to go, but to do this, our phones know where we are. Combined with this scene, the next scene
portrays me attempting to catch the bus that my phone had suggested to take to get to my
destination. In the next two shots, we used an overlay digital clock text to indicate the passage of
time thus indicating to the viewer that our technologies often are not reliable. This 'breakdown' of
the technology becomes uncanny because at this moment we realize that the technologies that we
use to make our lives easier actually show us how dependent we are on them when they do not work
properly. The final shot of this video is a long–shot in black and white meant to replicate a
surveillance camera. We increased the speed of this shot to indicate the uncanny effect when we
realize the uncanny effects of our technologies. Because the world is so fast–paced, we are prompted
to use technologies to keep up. However, when these break down, we in turn are slowed down. The
inability to keep up to a fast–paced society becomes uncanny because the technologies we use to do
so, break down are sometimes actually limit

Functional State Of Secondary Structures Essay
Functionally similar proteins (i.e. Orthologous protein BLOCKs) evolve to create amino acid
divergence at locus specific positions (Gaucher, Miyamoto and Benner, 2001; Wang and Gu, 2001).
Different BLOCKs evolve at a different rate. However, for a given family (or BLOCK) it is constant
(Dickerson 1971; Dayhoff and Schwartz, 1978). The divergence, although alters primary sequences,
sequence of secondary structure largely remains unaltered, the one that acts as a determinant for
functional state of proteins of homologous family (Shen, Jones and Mohrenweiser, 1998). The fact
that not all hetero–pairs (total 190) contribute equally to the evolution of a BLOCK (Figure 2, A1
and A2), characterizing their differential role in relation to its properties is of central importance.
Further, it remains a challenge to understand the acquired substitutions at the primary sequence level
and the maintenance of secondary structures for functional state. Present study is an attempt to gain
insight into the mechanism of substitutions based on observed hetero–pairs and positional diversity
in relation to protein's structure and function.
3.1. Observed homo and hetero pairs are sensitive parameters in the study of evolution
Henikoff and Henikoff (1992) pioneered the concept of BLOCK and developed BLOSUM series of
fundamental matrices that utilize observed hetero–pairs for computation of odd–scores. These
matrices (e.g. BLOSUM62) got wide application in Bioinformatics studies []. When identical

Research Paper On Bottleneck Analysis
Bottleneck analysis:
Bottleneck analysis is a technique to analyze the point of congestion of the work. Bottleneck creates
the longer cycler time. In this analysis we use any technique to improve the overall performance of
the system. Bottleneck limits the production capacity and we use some work force or workstation to
overcome that problem.
 Trend analysis
 Correlation
 Comparison
 Elimination drill down
 Pattern matching
MOST (Maynard operation sequence technique):
Maynard is a technique which is based on motion time system. It is used to set the standard time for
the industry in which a performer performs its task. In this system the motion is calculated in TMU's
known as time measurement units. 1 hour is equal to 100000 TMU.
An ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gain control over the tool manually
2) Put tool in place
Take the tool to the place where it will be used either directly or by moving the body
Place tool in usage position
3) Use tool
Apply some tool action
4) Put tool aside
Gain the tool for more use, put down the tool aside, return the tool to its original location or put it on
in new location either directly or by moving body.
Tool sequence model:
Get tool Put Tool Use Tool Put Tool Aside Return
A B G A B P * A B P A
(*) May be one of the following;
F=Fasten
L=Loosen
C= cut
S= surface treat
M=measure
R= record

T=think
For e.g. before welding two plates a welder obtains a square and check the angle that is correct the
square is located three steps away from the workstation. The time would be: A6B0G1 A6B0P1
M10A6B0E1 A0
(The sum of all values)*10=Normal

How Does It Affect The Basic Structures Of Chromosomes?
Discussion
From the image is can been seen that some bands are lightly stained and some are darkly stained it
might be of two reasons:
1 G banding techniques enhances the basic structures of chromosomes. The chromosomes consists
of 8 histones proteins molecules , each of which is wrapped around by DNA of 146bp long to form a
repeating units called nucleosomes, then successive nucleosomes are arranged to form a structure
similar to that of beads of a string which again coil themselves to form chromatin fiber.
Chromosome package is form when chromatin fiber are further loop and coiled.
2. the difference in staining might also be due to the difference in functional constituents of DNA in
different regions of chromosomes, since G–banding is carried out in the metaphase, it has been
shown in the studies of replication that regions of DNA that are replicating at similar time tends to
clustered together, this type of chromosome will stain darker as more basic dye will get attracted
towards this region as this area consist of higher concentration of DNA and DNA carries negative
charge. This proves that the dark G–bands replicate lately than the light bands as they have already
break the cluster and finish replicating in the S–phase. Moreover, it has been proven by in–situ
hybridization technique that dark G–band consists mostly of L1–type repetitive DNA sequences
which are rich in AT and are responsible for encoding few expressed gene while light G–bands
constituents are mostly

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