The Cost Of Color As You Walk Down The Candy Isle

The Cost Of Color As You Walk Down The Candy Isle
The Cost of Color As you walk down the candy isle, you see all these bright, brilliant colors from chocolate bars to gob stoppers, Laffy Taffy, to
suckers, multi–colored gum, jelly beans, and the list could go on and on. Research suggests that it's our eyes that lead the way when it comes to our
senses and our tongues that merely follow, but if we only knew the dangers we were flirting with every time we put a brightly colored piece of candy
or food into our mouth it may be a different story and we most certainly would think twice. All these bright, brilliant colors we eat contain more than
what meets the eye and what makes our mouths water. They contain chemicals that are linked to numerous negative side effects that potentially cause...
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To solve these problems, there are numerous other countries that have decided to take action. Austria and Norway have chose to ban artificialfood
colorings altogether. The British government urged the food and restaurant industries to remove the six artificial food colors by December 31, 2009.
(Four of the six– Red 3, Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6– can be used in food in the United States.) What 's more, the European Parliament passed a
law requiring a warning notice (may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children) on foods that contain at least one of the six dyes"
(Color Us Worried, 2010). Also, big companies like Kraft, Coca–Cola, Mars, McDonalds, even branches of Wal–Mart in other countries have already
taken action. These companies have removed artificial food colors from things like Kraft Macaroni and Cheese (yellow 5), Fanta (Red #40 and
Yellow36), as well as McDonalds fruit and yogurt parfaits that contain Red#40 in their strawberries, because they don't want to have to put a warning
label on their products. Although these companies have left them in products here in the United States because they aren't under the same strict
guidelines. Big companies such as Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and Nestle have already chosen to be health conscious by beginning a movement here in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dye As An Alternative To...
In general all dyes were natural substances, derived mainly from plants and animals in ancient days. In the 19th century natural dyes obtained from the
plants and animal parts were the main colourants for fabrics. The natural dyes present in plants and animals [1] impart colour to the fabric materials.
The awareness about the ecology and environment is increased nowadays. There is a greater need today to revive the importance of natural dye and
dyeing techniques as an alternative to synthetic dyes. In the present scenario, the interest in the use of natural dyes has been growing rapidly due to
severe environmental standards resulted in avoiding the synthetic dyes, causing ill effects. These standards are framed by many countries in response
to toxic and allergic effects associated with the synthetic dyes [2].
But the common drawbacks of natural dyes are their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bleached silk fabrics were dyed with dye extract. The wetted out silk samples were put into different dye baths containing required amount of dye
extract and water. After 10 minutes required amount of sodium sulphate was added. After 20 minutes required amount ofsodium chloride was added.
The dyeing was carried out for one hour at 50В°C. The dyed samples were taken out, squeezed and used for treatment with metal salts process. The
dyed silk samples were treated with different metal salts using 1–3% of any one of the chemical mordants, such as aluminium sulphate, nickel sulphate,
potassium dichromate, stannous chloride, copper sulphate and the myrobolan, at 60В°C for 30 min in material–to–liquor ratio of 1:20.
In all the above three methods, after the dyeing is over, the dyed samples were repeatedly washed with water and then dried in air. Finally, the dyed
samples were subjected to soaping with 2gpl soap solution at 50В°C for 10 min, followed by repeated water wash and drying under sun.
Determination of surface colour strength (K/S

Chemistry Essay: The Chemistry Behind Hair Dye
The Chemistry behind Hair Dye
Hair dye is one of the most popular hair products that are used today. People of all kinds, different ethnic groups, and different hair types, dye their
hair many colors such as jet black, red, blue, brown, purple and blonde etc. Now, most young people that get hair extensions installed, get a popular
style which allows the person to color the ends of their hair any color they want. This technique is called Ombre. Although, there was many attempts to
create color dye. Eugene Schueller was one of two most successful people who invented it. Eugene Schueller created the first SAFE hair dye that
people can use. Yes, there are countless chemicals used in hair dye products, but hair dye stems from one major chemical.... Show more content on
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Henna, formerly known as Lawsonia Inermis, is a form of orange–red dye. This creates a stain that becomes camouflage and blinds in with your natural
hair color. Now, most hairdyes are made with chemicals, but, years ago hair dye was made by using extracts from minerals and plants. Those
minerals that were obtained were used as hair colorants. Dying of the hair became so popular in the 1900's, everyone followed the trend. Recently,
there has been a world wide range of famous people who has dyed their hair plenty of times throughout their career. Such as, Katy Perry, Chris
Brown, and Christina Aguilera etc. Therefore, the people who idolize these celebrities will try hair dying products. It's kind of like, free advertising.
It's becoming more and more popular now with upcoming generations because more chemicals that help with the color of hair are being found year
after year by chemists who major in the chemical reactions of cosmetics. Surprisingly, there are hair dye's that are only consumed of organic suppliers.
But, most people stick with the chemical infused dye, because with the hair dye being organic it may not correctly produce the hard hitting color you
prefer. Although, hair dye can be wonderfully clean smelling, organic, and easy on

Crime Scenes: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Essay
As seen on many crime shows and in real–life crime scenes, it is necessary to be able to identify DNA. Most of the time, this is done using a
technique known as gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate the macromolecules that make up nucleic acids, such as DNA
and RNA, along with proteins. Gel electrophoresis is significant because it has given scientists insight on what cells cause certain diseases and has led
to advancements in DNA and fingerprint identification. My experiment will use gel electrophoresis to compare the separation of food dye in different
agarose concentrations. The background for this experiment includes the following subjects: inventors, real–world uses, necessary components,
separation, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This theory was formulated in 1970 and is one of the most recent on the topic of gel electrophoresis. The National Academy of Science states, "The
behavior of macromolecules in gel filtration and gel electrophoresis may be predicted from Ogston's model for random mesh work of fibers. This
model has been generalized to apply to non–spherical molecules and to several gel types. The theory defines conditions for optimal separation and
optimal resolution in gel electrophoresis and gel filtration" (Unified Theory for Gel Electrophoresis and Gel Filtration). There are a few
components that compose a gel electrophoresis chamber. First of all, there is a chamber used to contain the gel. The gel used in my experiment will
be made from agarose. In order to create an electric field, there are positive and negative electrodes attached to a power source. My experiment will
use alligator clips as the electrodes and nine–volt batteries as the power source. A buffer solution, in this case a 1% solution of baking soda,
submerges the gel to allow the ions to carry through and maintain the stability of the Ph levels. A comb is used to generate wells inside of the gel to
hold the samples. The comb will be made of styrofoam (Forensic Science: Building Your Own Tool For Identifying DNA).
Proteins, or nucleic acids, are isolated and separated within a gel. The gel is cast in a thin, welled slab. In this particular experiment, the gel will be

Mutagenic Chemical, Tris-B8, In Children's Pajamas
That was scary that to read how they use mutagenic chemical, tris– B8, in children's pajamas. The interesting thing they use this chemical in the U.S,
but not in the Europe. Ames argues that all the permanent hair dyes were mutagenic because they contained aromatic amines, which are often
chemicals. Sadly I dye my hair so often. Sometimes I feel like knowing too much stuff doesn't help. Now every time I go to hair saloon I'll think about
this. Ames argues that when we buy organic foods we are getting 10,000 more toxic chemicals–nature's pesticides–than man–made pesticides. Because
the plant has naturally pesticides to kill insects, animals and other hunters. I buy organic foods and still believe that many of natural pesticides better
than man–made

Food Dyes Lab Report
Meagan Nakamoto
Group Members: Rudy Sykora and Jack Tyler
CH 232 Laboratory
Group 4 Section 035
February 16 2018
Colorful Wavelengths of Mouthwash
Abstract:
The main purpose of the food dye experiment was to identify the different food dyes; red, blue, and yellow; and their concentrations that make up the
given liquid and use that data to recreate the liquids color profile. The liquid that was to be tested and recreated was Listerine mouthwash. To determine
the food dyes present in the mouthwash use a UV–visible spectroscopy which will give the absorbances of each wavelength. With the absorbance find
the concentration of each color dye by using Beer's Law. To find the volume need for each dye use the equation M1V1=M2V2 to recreate the

Part 2: The Environment
Part 2: The Environment
1. Explain the environmental impact that your designs will have. E.g., pesticides, dyes, chemicals, reduction of resources, waste, etc.
Dyeing and finishing is the way to make my garment. Dyeing and finishing process, due to inefficient.dyeing, each year more than 200,000 tons of dye
loss. However, the environmental legislation allows the industry to remove the pigment from the.dye–bearing wastewater before it is discharged into
the water. Also,.the demand for textiles has also increased, the comparability of their products is rising, and the use of synthetic fibers is also rising
too. Dyes are.working together to tackle the sewage one of the most important sources of the.severe current pollution problems. The

Personal Narrative: Katy Perry
I was a massive fan of the singer, Katy Perry throughout my childhood, especially at the age of 10. The radio always seemed to crank up whenever
her songs came on. I searched up all her music videos on Youtube to watch them for hours and even started a two member fan club with my sister,
Kaitlyn. Once her album "Teenage Dream" came out, I took my Katy Perry obsession to an extreme. I spent my 2012 summer days watching and
listening to her music videos at home, as if it was my first time seeing that music video each time I viewed it. One day, I stumbled upon the music video
for her song, "Wide Awake" and came up with an idea. Katy Perry has purple hair in the music video so I believed that if I dyed my hair, it would be
magnificent, like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In that same moment, I heard the crunching and rumbling of gravel as my mom pulled up into our driveway to bring us lunch to eat. I covered the
stain with a blanket from the couch and ran to the door to greet my mom. I combed out my smooth, velvety feeling hair with my fingers as I
nervously conversed with my mom. My plan was made to be foolproof, but once she reached the living room, she saw the blanket on the ground and
picked it up to put back on the couch.
My mother's eyes filled with fire, her stern face turned a light red, "What is this from?"
My shoulders tensed up, I felt my heart swiftly drop to my stomach, "It was me! I was dyeing my hair and I forgot it was still in my hair when I was
laying on the ground. I'm sorry!"
With a slightly more gentle tone, my mother said, "It's okay. We planned on deep cleaning the carpets soon anyways. However, since you didn't listen
to me and tried to dye your hair anyways, I'm taking away your internet privileges for a week and you will be helping your dad and I clean the carpets."
My shoulders sank back down and relaxed. A wave of relief washed over me when I realized my mother wasn't as mad as I thought she would be.
However, I was a bit bummed when I wasn't allowed to watch Katy Perry music videos for a week. Needless to say, I learned my lesson after that and
never attempted to dye my hair by myself

The Health Of The Common American
The health of the common American is almost guaranteed at the center of every joke; from sly comments about Americans only eating fast food, all
the way to the chemicals contained in the food. However, the health of one of the leading nations in the world isn 't a laughing matter and it should be
taken as seriously as a heart attack. With certain foods Americans have such high stakes against them health wise, a gambling addict wouldn 't bet
against it. Red 40, yellow 5, maltodextrin, disodium guanylate/ disodium inosinate and thiamine mononitrate; these ingredients make up the recipe for
the Cheetos Flamin ' Hot Crunchy chips that an incredible amount of students take pleasure in snacking on these chips. Such a large quantity of
students enjoy these hot chips that even after reading health risks there will still be faithful Hot Cheetos eating students yearning for a bag to munch
on. Firstly, the dyes red 40 and yellow 5 are common additives in a lot of American snacks like Cheetos Flamin ' Hot Crunchy chips, but does that
mean it is good for the consumer or does that indicate Americans have to do some changing to what they choose to snack on. On CSPI, a nationally
recognized source on health issues for more than forty years, insist for change against these harmful dyes have been made multiple times. Red 40 can
cause hypersensitivity in some people, while red 40 may induce swelling around the mouth, and it may also cause hives. The colorant might contain
contaminants that

Health Risks Associated With The Additives
You Are What You Eat Do you read the labels on the products you buy? Do you know what is put in the food you consume? There are many health
risks associated with the additives in products. Most Americans are unaware of the risks that are linked with the additives in commonly purchased
products. My daughter was one year old when I realized she was allergic to artificial coloring. One morning we woke up and I made us a toasty
bagel. I topped the warm crunchy bagel with light pink, strawberry, cream cheese. We enjoyed our bagel as we watched Sunday morning cartoons.
Suddenly I noticed her face was as red as a cherry. In a panic I took her to the bathroom to check for other symptoms. She was red from head to toe
with red raised bumps all over. I immediately called the doctor, who advised me to take her to the emergency room. After the doctor examined her
she told us it was a food allergy. I realized she broke out after eating food that contained artificial coloring. Once I started to look at labels, to avoid
buying harmful products, I realized almost everything contained added coloring. Many manufactures over use artificial coloring in the United
States, which can lead to serious health problems. Americans need to become aware of what is added to our food, and ban artificial coloring. How
can we find a solution to a problem, if most of us are UN aware that a problem exists? First, we must find out what is in artificial colors. Artificial
color, food color, and

Unit 2 Making Food Dye Lab
Lab II: Making Food Dye
By:
Alexander Medina
Lab Partners:
Maxwell Yurs, Eugene Floersch, Masih Harri
Abstract
In this paper, an artificial food dye will be made to mimic the color of Full Throttle. To determine what food dye are needed, Full Throttle will be put
through a spectrometer to determine what wavelengths are absorbed. Specific wavelengths absorbed will correspond to specific colors absorbed. It
was determined that yellow 5 and yellow 6 will be used to make our artificial food dye to mimic Full Throttle. Using Beer's Law, it was determined
that a concentration of 0.0000236 moles of Yellow 5 and a concentration of 0.0001494 moles of yellow 6. Using our line of best fit from the
absorption graphs, it was determined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When making the absorption graphs for the yellow 5 and yellow 6, the lines of best fit were giving numbers that were extremely small. After help
from the TA, it was found that our concentrations used where twice as small of a concentration compared to what was actually used for Full Throttle.
To correct this the molarity's were multiplied by ВЅ. For example when finding the x value in our equation y=2.044x+0.2067 the answer is x = 7.28–5
moles. To correct this, that number is multiplied by 0.5 to get the correct value of 3.64*10^–5. This new number is what was used in the equation
c1v1=c2v2. After the solution was made to mimic Full Throttle it was discovered that the beverage only had one food dye. The experiment was
intended to have a beverage with two food dyes present. To make up for this, orange PowerAde was used and the experiment was repeated for
orange PowerAde. The solution was made for the orange PowerAde and its absorption graph was compared to that of the diluted orange PowerAde
solution. Comparing the two graphs, have the same peaks although these peaks are at different absorption levels. Since the two graphs have the same
peaks it is safe to assume that the same food dyes are present in both solutions. It is important to note that there are two peaks in each graph despite
only seeing one peak. This is because both peaks are located so close to each other that they merge as one overall peak. When comparing the two

Azo Dyes Lab Report
The dye studied in this experiment comes from a group of dyes called azo dyes. These dyes are arranged as two aromatic rings connected by two
double–bonded nitrogen atoms (R–N=N–R). The two nitrogen atoms being double bonded together cause the color that the dye produces. Azo violet
is also used in labs as a pH indicator because of the fact that it turns from an yellow–orange color in acidic and neutral environments (and also when
used as a dye) to a deep purple in basic environments. The amount and locations of double bonds in the molecule determine the color given off. The
electrons have a lower threshold to overcome when changing energy levels if the double bonds are numerous and located close to each other. As a
result of these energy changes that occur when the double bonds are added, different wavelengths are absorbed and reflected by the molecule. It is
these wavelengths that are reflected that can be observed by the human eye as color. Whenever the wavelength that is reflected from a molecule is
outside the visible light spectrum the product appears colorless. Luckily this is not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a two–stage operation. The first step is the creation of an azide salt. Mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate with p–sulfanilic acid does
this. This step is called a diazo sedation. The main observation with this step is that the leaving group is so good that several products are obtained.
Then the leaving group can alter the p–sulfanilic acid, which is an aromatic amine in this experiment, into differing functional groups. For this
alteration to take place a second aromatic element is added to the reaction mixture. In this experiment that addition aromatic compound is
N–N–dimethyl aniline. When this compound is added, diazonium coupling takes place and an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction takes place.
This reaction leads to the formation of a para– product methyl orange

Danger Of Colored Food
The Dangers of Colored Food
What is naturally blue? The only one that comes to mind is blueberries, but are there any more. In contrast the list of yellow and red fruits and
vegetables is copious. So how can anything blue be naturally colored when blueberries are the only pure food blue?(Gilman) Colored added to food is
one of the most regulated food ingredient; any color added to food is passed by the Food and Drug Administration. But why are all these food dyes so
bad. Color additions are what make food look appetizing; "It is said that we 'eat with our eyes as much as with our mouths'".
The Dyes
Dyes are organic chemicals derived from petroleum or formerly derived from coal tar. (Kobylewski 1) Petroleum is most commonly used due to cost
efficiency, attractiveness, and more chemically... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The suggested ADI is 2.5 mg/kg bw/day. With thisdye the dosage for a 30–kg child is 75 mg/day. It was found in the study with the rats that 94
percent was excreted from the dogs. The Genotoxicity studies turned up negative 6 out of 9 times and was only found to cause "increase in bladder
transitional cell/ urothelial neoplasms and testes Leydig's tumors in high dose males". (Kobylewski 21–23 )
Orange B
The FDA approved Orange B in 2008 for usein only frankfurter and sausage casings. The casings contain up to 150 ppm in the finished product. It
was proposed to be banned by the FDA on October 3, 1978 but was never finalized due to that companies stopped using it anyways. (Kobylewski 24)
Red 3
The U.S. Department of Agriculture approved Red 3 in 1986 for use in food and drugs. It is a water–soluble dye with about a 58 percent iodine
content. The suggested ADI is 2.5 mg/kg bw/day. With this dye the child's dosage is 75 mg/day for a 30 kg child. The Genotoxicity studied turned up
negative 8 out of 12 times.Red 3 is an animal carcinogen. (Kobylewski 25,27 )
Red

Lab Report On Dyes And Chemicals
3.1. DYES AND CHEMICALS
Six reactive azo dyes namely, Reactive Violet 5, Reactive Red 2, Reactive Orange 16, Reactive Blue 4, Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Green 19A were
generous gifts from Colors India Inc. Pvt. Ltd. Ahmedabad, India. All these dyes were of industrial grade and are widely used in textile industries.
Reactive Violet 5 (vinyl sulfone as a reactive group) and Reactive Red 2 (triazin as a reactive group) were used as model azo dyes in this study. All
required chemicals and solvents used in the study were of analytical grade and were procured from popular chemical firms (SRL and S.D. Fine
Chemicals, Mumbai, India). Biochemical and physiological test kits were obtained from Hi–media, Mumbai, India. The TLC plates were purchased
from Merck India limited.
3.2. PREPARATION OF MEDIA AND REAGENTS
The Mineral Salts Medium (MSM) was prepared as per Brilon et al., (1981) with some modifications. The MSM contained of following
constituents (g/l): Na2HPO4.2H2O (12.0), KH2PO4 (2.0), NH4NO3 (0.50), MgCl2.6H2O (0.10), Ca(NO3)2.4H20 (0.050), FeCl2.4H20 (0.0075)
with 10 ml of trace element solution per liter. The trace element solution was prepared as follows (mg/l): ZnSO4.7H2O (10.0), MnCl2.4H2O (3.0),
CoCl2.6H2O (1.0), NiCl2.6H2O (2.0), Na2MoO4.2H2O (3.0), H3BO3 (30.0), CuCl2.2H2O (1.0). Further, MSM was blended with different
concentrations of Reactive Violet 5 (100 mg/l) and Reactive Red 2 (300 mg/l) and used throughout the study as a test medium and uninoculated flasks

Real Textile and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Novel...
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an upsurging technology in the field of bio–energy generation along with wastewater treatment. The microbial fuel
cell generates energy with the help of microbes that makes it green future source of energy. In MFC, anaerobic microbes degrade organic matter and
produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e–) at the anode. H+ ion diffuses through the proton exchange membrane (PEM); and e– are transported
through an electrode via an external circuit to the cathode. At a cathode, e– and H+ ions combine with oxygen to form water (H2O), this results in
power generation [1]. MFC has limited open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.14 V because of the standard redox potential of NADH/ NAD+ and O2/H2O of
–0.32 V and +0.82 V ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment process includes physical extraction of dyes by
adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion–exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another process
to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical
degradations are uneconomical and unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic, microbial culture. But
purely anaerobic digestion of azo–dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result
in high amounts of sludge [12–14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a solution with the
advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].
Real textile wastewater (RTW) has low biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, which implies chemical
treatment is required. RTW also has greater color appearance; high total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solids (SS), high temperature and variable
pH (from 5 to 9) depending on dye. On the other hand, domestic wastewater has almost neutral pH, high BOD, normal temperature and high volume as
well. Gingell and Walker [17] proposed two–step mechanism for degradation of azo–dyes Step 1 is the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Diazonuim Salts
Introduction:
Diazonuim salts are unsaturated compounds which have a trible bond.
There was a scientist his name was Griess, this scientist gave Diazo name to diazonuim salts as he thought that two hydrogen atoms in the benzene
ring will be replaced by two atoms of nitrogen.
Diazonuim salts divided into two types of salts:
Aromatic diazonuim salts and alephatic ( non– aromatic) diazonuim salts.
Non aromatic salts are less important than aromatic.
Under normal conditions, diazonuim salt is highly unstable.
Dizonuim salts have some properites such as shock–sensitive, decompose violenthly when heating and they can conduct electricity, for this reason they
are considered one of the electrolyte compounds.
There are a lot of types of diazonuim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a type of reaction in which Nitrogen atom doesn't realese from the salt. This type of reaction is called reduction reaction, it done by using
SNCl2 or Na2So3 to give hydrasin derivatives.
There is another type of diazonuim salts reactions which lead to the formation of azo dyes compounds, this reaction is done by adding some
compounds to the salt such as, aromatic amines, compounds which have keton group in its structure like aceton, compounds which have OH group like
phenol or naphthalen and hetrocyclic compounds in two steps:
– Step 1:
Formation of diazonuim salt.
– Step 2:
React diazonuim salt with coupling component which may be phenol or any type of aromatic amines so, a stable azo dye will be formed.
Azo dyes compounds have different structures as most of them contain only one azo group, but they may contain two or three or more azo groups.
Another methods of reactions
. SN1 reaction.
. sandmeyer reaction.
. gattermann reaction.
. baltz–schiemann reaction.
1– SN1 reaction:

On heating, diazonuim salts decompose into nitrogen and aryl cation which is could be attacked by any nucleophile due to its

Azo Dye Research Paper
Dyes are a critical part from claiming society that have been utilized for the reason of adding color to art drawings, hair, faces, and clothes. Colors
add a unique and ascetic quality that acquires life and more energy. Before of the finding and perfecting of synthetic dyes, there might have been a
restricting amount of dyes color that was concentrated from various plants. The unintentional revelation of synthetic dyes in the 1850's trailed toward
the disclosure of azo dyes might transform the color industry forever. Synthetic dyes permitted to a set reach of colors that might make of service to
industry. Azo dyes represent half for overall dye production and would utilize within textile, leather, dyeing, food production, cosmetics, paper

Dyeing Studies of Wool Fibers with Madder
In this study, the dyeing behavior of wool fabrics with madder has been studied. Also, the effect of different mordants (potassium dichromate, stannous
chloride, alum, ferrous sulphate, lime, copper (I, II) sulphate, cobalt chloride, and nickel chloride) as well as three mordanting procedures namely pre–,
meta– and post–mordanting on color characteristics of the dyed samples has been investigated. The adsorption isotherm of madder on wool fibers was
found to follow Freundlich type of adsorption. The addition of salt and acid (pH 4.5) to the dyebath resulted in an increase of adsorption. In relation to
mordanting tests, the use of different mordants and mordanting procedures gave various color characteristics on dyed wool fabrics. The results showed
that all the dyed samples, mordanted and unmordanted, were in the first quadrant of CIEL*a*b* color space. Mordants such as potassium dichromate,
ferrous sulphate and copper (I, II) sulphate led to the darker and lower chromaticity compared to unmordanted dyed sample while mordants stannous
chloride, alum resulted in the lighter and higher chromaticity values. Mordanting with the chlorides of cobalt and nickel showed the minimal color
difference (в€†E) with the unmordanted dyed sample. The fastness properties indicated that in general wash and light fastness of the mordanted
samples were higher than the unmordanted one.
Key words: wool, madder, mordant, fastness properties, natural dye.
Introduction:
The use of natural dyes for

The Decolorization Potential of Microorganisms
The decolorization potential of microorganism was assessed by examining its ability to degrade various textile dyes. All 10 dyes monitored
showed decolorization as follows: Reactive Yellow 84 (complete decolorization in 5 h), Reactive Green 19A (95% in 24 h) , Reactive Red 120
(complete decolorization in 6 h), Reactive Blue 160 (complete decolorization in 3 h), Reactive Red 31(complete decolorization in 6 h), Solvent Red
24 (complete decolorization in 8 h), Basic Green 4 (80% in 24 h), Diamond Green 4 (complete decolorization in 24 h), Pigment Orange 31 (complete
decolorization in 3 h) and RO16 (complete decolorization in 2 h), while in sterile, cell free medium decolorization did not occur up to 48 h of
incubation suggesting the absence of abiotic decolorization. As RO16 showed complete decolorization in 2 h, this industrially important toxic azo dye
was taken for further studies. Lysinibacillus sp. RGS could decolorize RO16 rapidly and thus was found to be better than the bacterial consortium
DAS reported by Jadhav et al (2011). To confirm the decolorization, UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis was carried out. The absorption spectra of RO16
before and after treatment by Lysinibacillus sp. RGS in visible range were taken. Peak responsible for absorption maxima of parent dye (495 nm) were
completely disappeared in the sample obtained after decolorization (Fig.S1) confirming the complete removal.
Establishment of optimum operation conditions for the decolorization study of RO16

Food Dyes : History And History Of Food Dyes
Food Dyes
In the late eighteenth century food manufacturers started to use synthetic dyes as a marketing strategy to sell more food and earn more money. The
reason that they make a large amount of money selling their food is because the dye covers the natural color of the food. People don't find the natural
color of the product as appetizing as to when it contains the synthetic dye. They would change the color of the product because that was the only factor
that they could control other than smell, texture, etc.
First we will start off with a brief history about food dyes. Before synthetic dyes Egyptians used saffron, indigo and cochineal as their main source
to color their food. These ingredients were derived from plants and organic minerals and every ingredient was used to color something specific. But
after many years of using these natural ingredients the first synthetic dye was created. In an article written by Ai Hisano he states, "In 1856, British
chemish William Henry Perkin succeeded in processing the first synthetic dye, mauve," (par.11). Mauve is a pale purple and it was named that
because it was named after the mallow flower. Color is a powerful communication tool used to appeal to the eye of the customer. These colors attract
the children in wanting their parents to buy them the product and this increases the sales for that company. When buying food the customer always
looks at the appearance of the product and it is a fact that about 85% of the customers

A Speech On Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is a term of two words: the first word is "Nano" and derives from the Greek word "Nanos" and it means "Dwarf" or something very
small. The second word is "Technology" and it means applied application of knowledge in a certain field. So nanotechnology is the technology of very
small substances, and it specializes in treating the substance on the Nano measure to produce new, useful, and unique resultants in its properties
[22–23].The Nano is a unique measuring unit and from the physical and mathematical point of view, the Nano equals one part of a billion of the
measured unit. The nanometer (nm) equals a part of a billion part of a meter. Thus, it is 10–9 of a meter. The Nano is used as a measuring unit for very
minute particles [24–26].
In environmental field it is used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By changing the properties of the liquid phase (e.g. concentration, temperature, pH) adsorbed species can be released from the surface and
transferred back into the liquid phase. This reverse process is referred to as desorption. Since adsorption is a surface process, the surface area is a key
quality parameter of adsorbents.
Engineering adsorbents are typically highly porous material with surface area in the range between 102 and 103 m2 /g. Their porosity allows
realizing such large surfaces as internal surfaces constituted by the pore walls. In contrast, the external surface is typically below 1 m2 /g and
therefore of minor relevance. As an example, the external surface of powdered activated carbon with a particle density of 0.6 g/cm3 and a particle
radius of 0.02 mm is only 0.25 m2 /g.
However, adsorption is one of the promising methods to remove the dye pollutants from aqueous system completely. It was, therefore, thought
worthwhile to develop highly efficient and effective adsorbents for the removal of dye from the textile

Organic Dye Research Paper
Any grocery store you walk into you can see a wide variety of colors, but the sad fact is most of which are most likely artificially made. He in the
United States we use about fifteen million pounds of artificial colors in our food, hair products, and even vitamins. We started using dyes in our food
in the mid 1800s when Henry Perkin made the first synthetic organic dye, now we are mass producing the dyes and the industry is booming at an
alarming rate. These dyes are now in most of our foods; wether it be candy, chips, and juices. These fascinating colors may be attractive to the eye; but
they have no real benefits in our food, they can be extremely harmful to your body, and there are plenty of natural alternatives.
There is no real reason why the FDA has approved some of these artificial food dyes to be in our food. They have absolutely no value to our bodies
whatsoever. Whatever dye it is, none of them have nutritional value. The FDA actually stated on the website that they are only there to... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These natural dyes come from fruits and vegetable and are good for your body. They may not be as vibrant as the artificial ones, but they still look
very appetizing. Not only are there substances for every dye, but there are many different sources for one color of dye. Lets say we want to put a
yellow dye in our macaroni and cheese; instead of a petroleum based dye we can use carrot powder, saffron, ground turmeric, and even paprika. The
color combinations you can create are virtually endless! Using natural substitutes is the healthier choice in the long run. These natural substitutes carry
a variety vitamins and minerals that can help keep your body strong. Although these are a better choice then artificial dyes, they still have a downfall.
These colorants are foods themselves too; so if you use a lot of these colorants, you could alter the taste of the food you are

Harry Parr Essay
Harry Parr Towards the close of 1951, the artists working in Cheyne Row were asked to vacate their studios, the owners, in wanting to utilise all
the buildings on the site. Harry Parr conceded that at the age of seventy, it was time to retire from modelling and sculptural work in general. When
the time came for Parr to clear his studio during the last week of January 1952, Malcolm Parr, at home on leave from the Cameroons was there to
lend a hand, recalling, It was one of those awful grey days, when my younger sister Bridget, and I helped Pa to smash all the plaster piece–moulds,
he'd zealously kept over the years to make his beautiful earthenware figures. When we begged without much hope, that he should save some of them, he
defended his act... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1964, at the Royal Academy, one of the paintings he sent in was Morning and Evening: Chelsea Reach (RA726), this was his last work shown
there. Furthermore, Harry Parr, in the tradition of pottery figure making, had staked his claim by his superlative craftsmanship, and his work in the
genre, was recognized by the knowledgeable figure–collector. However, he made even fewer thrown vessels than his meagre output of figurative
work. It would appear that Parr and his work are under–researched or ignored by the modern commentator of studio pottery, and a greater effort than
this author can provide is required to restore him to his position in the vanguard of the early twentieth century studio pottery movement, now is the
time for further research into the life and work of this much neglected artist. In his final years, his youngest daughter Janet Parr cared for him at the
family home, he had become increasingly frail, and after a brief illness, admitted to St Luke's Hospital Chelsea, where he died aged eighty–four on
12th September

Hyperactivity In Bateman's Study
Results Olivia Stack Megan Sidaway
The effects of a double–blind, placebo–controlled, artificial food colorings and benzoate preservatives challenge on hyperactivity in a general
population sample of preschool aged children
In Bateman's study, the results derived from the experiment supported the hypothesis that was created before the experiment was conducted. Table 1
exhibits the characteristics of the children involved in the study, specifically relating to their hyperactivity and atopic levels. In the preliminary test, the
children diagnosed as hyperactive displayed worse scores in the measures of impulsivity, attention, and action than the non–hyperactive children.
Figures 2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Food dyes and prenatal stress given to rats does in fact influence behavior. An experiment conducted on the rats confirmed that the stressed rats during
the last days of pregnancy were more hormonal than the unstressed rats during pregnancy. However, hormonal differences did not vary between the two
groups during non–stress days. The amount of liquid consumed by the rats and the rats' body weight showed no signs of being affected by whether or
not the rats consumed dye or tap water. Scientists found that even though one group of rats were given both stress and food dye, both variables did
not affect one another. The rats that were given dye ingested an average of 1.71 milligrams of each dye per day. During the open field task, scientists
observed that both age and amount of stress of the rats affected the distance travelled. However, stress, age, and amount of dye consumed did not
interact with each other. At the ages of 1.5 months and 13 months, stress on the rats affected both distance travelled and amount of time spent moving,
and at 1.5 months but not 13 months, the amount of dye consumed affected only movement time. At 7 months of age, there was no correlation between
any of the factors. As shown by Figures 2A and 2B, at the age of 1.5 months and 13 months, distance travelled and movement time of the stressed rats
were

Tie Dye Lab
In this lab, we dyed a white shirt with a modern technique and chemically enhanced dyes. Dyeing fabrics has been an ancient process that has been
used by people since the Neolithic Period, which was a time when humans were just starting to create tools using stone and wood. In 715 BC, wool
dyeing was an actual craft in the booming city of Rome. In 1507, Germany, The Netherlands, and France began the cultivation ofdye plants as an
industry. We can conclude that the craft ofdyeing fabrics has been popular with people for a very long time. "Tie–Dye" is a modern term that was
created in the 1960s when the style became popular. Janis Joplin and John Sebastian were two of the major musicians that brought the style of tie–dye
to the public. Tie–dye

Feasibility of the Extract from Sibukaw (Caesalpinia...
FEASIBILITY OF THE EXTRACT FROM
SIBUKAW (Caesalpinia sappan) WOOD
AS TEXTILE DYE
PRESENTED IN THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
(SCIENCE CURRICULUM)
ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ILIGAN CITY
SUBMITTED TO:
MRS. ANNALLEE Q. ARON
RESEARCH TEACHER
SUBMITTED BY:
Ibrahim, Mahalia Taskeen R.
Cabugatan, Fahad M.
Lomansoc, Jake G.

Miano, Ryan I.
Surmion, Paul Jeffrey S.
ABSTRACT
Dyes known to the ancients came from plants such as indigo and madder or from the shells of mollusks; today most dyes are made from coal tar and
petrochemicals. The chemical structure of dyes is relatively easy to modify, so many new colours and types of dyes have been synthesized. Natural
dyes are used as an alternative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today, nearly all dyes are made from compounds obtain from petroleum or coal, this dyes are called synthetic dyes– as opposed to natural dyes
obtained from plants, animals, and mineral sources which were exclusively used in the past.
The Researchers will try to produce natural dye using Sibukaw Wood to promote the usage of natural dyes and to lessen the production of synthetic
dyes, which are very expensive.
Statement of the Problem
Can the extract of the sibukaw wood be an effective textile dye?
Sub–Problems
1. Can the extract from the sibukaw wood be used to color the clopman cloth?
2. Is there a difference in the intensity of the color the extract gives to the clopman cloth using a mordant and without mordant?
3. Will the intensity of the color of the dye with a mordant changed after the:
a. Sunlight test
b. Washing test
c. Bleaching

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dyes
1)Low water consumption and dyeing time:–
With increasing concern of the energy consumption environmental issues, machines should have made with even lower M:L ratios (lower water
requirements for processing and a reduction in the amount of efп¬‚uent generated) with water recovery options and energy (heat) reuse systems. It was
expected that machines like 'Beam Jigger' which is a combination of autoclave and jigger machine, will reduce the dyeing time about 50%, with a
similar reduction in water and energy consumption. Electronic equipment used for automation and controlling in dyeing machines. Brazzoli of Italy
developed beam jigger machine. This open–width batch dyeing machine was a combination of autoclave and jigger. It decreases the dyeing time about
40–50% with water consumption about 35% to 40% and also the energy needs, and is the machines which provide optimum interaction between fabric
and liquor, this machine leads to even faster dyeing processes.
2)Dispersant–free disperse dyes:– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For better results and increase the solubility, dispersion stability, levelling and fastness properties of the dyes additional dispersing agents added. These
dispersing agents have a reducing effect on the dye during dyeing process and after dyeing they add to the COD and BOD of the efп¬‚uent. To
overcome these types of environmental concerns, DyStar introduced a range of 'Green' disperse dyes under its econп¬Ѓdence program which have
ecofriendly chemicals. The issues caused by the use of dispersing agents is being settled with the invention of disperse dyes having temporarily
solubilizing groups. Another way of eliminating the use of dispersing agents during dyeing process, is dyeing with microencapsulated

Synthetic Food Dyes By Jackie Plum
Synthetic Food Dyes
Jackie Plum
Devry University
When my now six–year–old son was three, he was very hyperactive. He could not sit still and was always very emotional. Often, it would take a lot
of effort to get him to do anything he was told. There were several times where he needed to be physically restrained in order to get him to calm
down. After a few episodes at his preschool, one of the administrators suggested that we monitor his diet and remove synthetic food dyes from it.
After 3 days of him not having any food with any synthetic dyes in it, he was a different child. He was calm, easy to handle, and his teachers said he
was a real pleasure to have in school. After several months of him not having any synthetic food dyes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, 22% of 92 children that are diagnoses with ADHD are wrongly diagnosed (Lilenfield & Arkowitz, 2013). Many of these false diagnoses
and other harmful side effects could be avoided if synthetic food dyes were eliminated from our food and cosmetics. Synthetic food dyes have been
shown to cause hyperactivity in some children; as well as, proven to cause some types of cancers in rats and/or mice. The Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) should ban the use of all synthetic food dyes in food and cosmetics
Food dyes are additives that help to give food and other items a more colorful and appealing look. Originally, food dyes were made out of natural
ingredients such as fruit juice, vegetables, and in some cases, bugs. However, as time went on, other ways to make food dyes were created. Natural
food dyes lead to synthetic coal tar food dyes, and eventually synthetic coal tar food dyes led to petroleum based synthetic food dyes. Synthetic food dye
colors certified for food use are Food Drug and Cosmetic (FD&C) Blue No. 1, FD&C Blue No. 2, Citrus Red No. 2, FD&C Green No. 3, Orange B,
FD&C Red No. 3, FD&C Red No. 40, FD&C Yellow No. 5, and FD&C Yellow No. 6 (Kobylewski, 2010). Using just these nine dyes, there are over
360,000 different color combinations available.
In order for a synthetic food dye to be used, it must first be tested and approved by the Food and Drug Administration. In

Electrochemistry: Diazonium Scarce Reactions
In this experiment, stereochemistry was observed. Azo violet is a compound that contains an azo group. This group is comprised of a N=N double
bond. Therefore, due to its extensive conjugation within the molecule, it is highly colored and used in the textile industry as a dye frequently. For this
experiment, the azo violet will be synthesized and a diazonium coupling reaction will occur. A diazonium coupling is an electrophilic aromatic
substitution where the electrophile is the terminal nitrogen atom of the diazonium salt. The diazonium salt from p–nitroaniline will first be
synthesized. This is achieved by reacting the p–nitroaniline with HCl and nitric acid. Secondly, the azo violet will be prepared from the electrophilic
aromatic substitution... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These dyes are made from a N=N double bonded to another nitrogen with two aromatic rings. Many different functional groups however could be
added to different positions on the rings to create a large variety of different dyes. The conjugation present between these aromatic rings is caused by
the N=N double bond. With the presence of extended conjugation, it causes the colors of the visible spectrum. The formation of azo dyes occurs in two
steps. The first step is the process of the diazotization which is converted into an aromatic amine, p–nitroaniline, which combines with sodium nitrite
and HCl to form an azide salt. In the second step, diazonium coupling occurs which is an electrophilic aromatic substitution. In the presence of the
second aromatic ring along with the azide salt, resorcinol forms. Resorcinol attacks the azide to product the only product possible, azo violet. Only
one azo violet dye is produced due to the configuration of the hydroxy groups present on the ortho para directors, so the alcohol groups both point to
the exact same carbon. Substitution cannot occur since excessive steric hindrance is present. Since only one product can be formed, there is no reason
to perform recrystallization and only the nonreacted reactants must be

Preparing Azo Dyes Using Combinatorial Methods For The...
The purpose of this experiment was to prepare azo dyes using the combinatorial approach to show the principles combinatorial chemistry. Using
combinatorial synthesis, an array of chemicals can be synthesized by using a parallel synthesis to identify potentially valuable compounds. This
electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction involved multiple steps to complete, however, no major techniques were used; only the use of a hot place
and an ice bath. The specific azo dyes produced in this experiment used the coupling partners 1–naphthol and 2–naphthol with 3–aminobenzenesulfonic
acid. The azo dye for the meta reaction of 1–naphthol with 3–aminobenzenesulfonic acid yielded a very dark red color. The azo dye for the meta
reaction of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Less energy is required to raise the energy levels of aromatic azo compounds with less conjugation and therefor, less high energy waves are absorbed
and the dye appears increasingly blue/black.
Figure 1: Conjugation levels of various common aromatic azo compounds. As a class, we were able to compare and contrast the colors of the aromatic
azo compounds from several different coupling partners as well as different substitution patterns for each (i.e. ortho, para, meta). This type of
synthesizing molecules to create an array of potentially useful compounds is known as combinational chemistry. In combinatorial synthesis, when using
a compound with multiple points of diversity, or R groups which can be substituted, a substantial number of possible structures can be found depending
on the number of substituents utilized. Laboratories can use automated technologies to perform these types of reactions on an industrial scale but
scientists can also utilize these methods to synthesize and compare a select few molecules [2]. More specifically, the type of combinatorial synthesis
utilized by our lab is known as "parallel synthesis". In parallel synthesis, a number of reactants are available to react individually with a number of
substrates which produces a substantial number of unique and potentially useful compounds. One way of organizing the information about these
reactions is to create a table with the reactants

Disadvantages Of Natural Dyes
Since the pre–historic era, natural dyes are common for their use in coloring of food substrate, leather, wool, silk and cotton. The use of this
eco–friendly, non–toxic and non–allergic natural dyes have become important in order to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes. However, given that
the synthetic dyes are easier to use, cheap and widely produced and available, the usage of natural dyes continues on decreasing since the 19th century
(Samanta, 2009).
Natural dyes produce very uncommon, soothing and soft shades as compared to synthetic dyes. It is known that natural dyes produce unusual colors
that appear to be harmonizing. On the other hand, synthetic dyes are widely available at a reasonable price and produce a variety of colors; these
dyes however produce toxic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Let the dye bath simmer for about an hour. Turmeric dye is famous in
India because for them yellow is a sacred color. They said clothes dyed with turmeric are pure.
Dyeing Process
One of the key factors in the trading of successful textile products is the dyeing process. This helps to beautify and enhance the fabric. Usually the
consumers look to some basic characteristics of product such as good fixation. This is to ensure to maintain the properties, the substances that give
color to fabric must contain high affinity, resistance to fading and be economically feasible. First, drain the vinegar mixture then pour the turmeric dye
over the fabric into the pot; heat over medium–low flame. As the fabric left longer in the turmeric dye, the more vibrant the color. Then afterwards,
wash the fabric.
Rinse Well the Cloth Then Dry the Fabric.
Drain the turmeric dye then rinse the cloth under running water to remove excess dye. Remember the dye can stain porcelain so rinse the cloth on a
stainless steel sink or even at an outdoor tap. Then let the fabric dry overnight to see better

The Ability Of Pleurotus Citrinopleatus And Aspergillus...
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The ability of Pleurotus citrinopleatus and Aspergillus niger exposed to two doses of gamma irradiation (1 and 2 KGy) and immobilized on wheat
straw to decolorize the dyes had been studied. Table 2 shows peaks of wavelengths of different types of dyes before and after decolorization. Peaks of
reactive red 6 BX, direct brown BN, direct yellow 5 G, disperse orange 2RLS, disperse violet 3RS, sulpher black Br and sulpher brown SG were at
295, 240, 400, 444, 499, 220 and 250nm were disappeared respectively after decolorization with tested fungi.
Table 2: Wave lengths (О») of different testeddyes
Dyes
О» max (nm)
Bofore decolorization
After decolorization
Reactive red 6 BX
295, 545
545
Direct Brown BN
390, 240
390
Direct Yellow 5G
400, 250
250
Disperse Orange 2 RLS
444, 288
288
Disperse Violet 3 RS
499, 281
281
Sulpher Black Br
220, 290

290
Sulpher Brown SG
278, 250
278
Awan et al., (2011) reported thatAspergillus niger is a potent producer of many industrially important enzymes and may genetically be improved by
exposure to gamma rays. The mutants recovered after treatment by gamma rays were found to be effective producers of enzymes (Awan et al., 2011).
Mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger by using chemicals has been reported earlier to improve many industrially important enzymes and other products. The
cells of Aspergillus niger were subjected to mutagenesis by ultraviolet irradiation, resulting in 45.4% activity of cellulase (Junwei and Shuyun, 1988).
Non

Straight Hair Vs Clean Hair
People who dye their hair commonly have straight or slightly wavy hair. I have seen numerous people with straight hair get highlights, streaks, or
even color their whole head. But one thing that is uncommon, almost rare is people with colored my type of hair. My type of hair can be described
as curly, kinky, frizzy, natural, or even as afro hair. Growing up I have seen very few people with color their afro hair. Not only in my hometown, but
nearly everywhere I have been to and even in the media. I want to know why dyed straight hair is more common than dyed afro hair. Whether that must
do with the effects hair dye has to natural hair. Or the price and extended effort of taking care of dyed hair. Or even the way hair trends are
portrayed in the media and by celebrities When dyeing darker hair, bleach is needed to lighten the color for the actual hair dye to color the hair.
Bleach is harmful to the hair as it causes dryness and breakage. Natural hair is usually dark and would need to be bleached if it were going to be
dyed, but the last thing it needs is more dryness. From experience, my type of hair dries out easily and needs numerous other products to keep it
moisturized. Hair dye is purely chemical which might affect curl patterns and the overall look of the hair. Convenience stores don't always carry the
best quality products for an at home treatment and don't have the best selection of products for different hair types. While going to the salon is an
option for people

Tartrazine Experiment
In eighth grade, while on a school–run food interest trip, I learned the significance of ingredients and nutrition in food. One of the activities was to
differentiate between fresh ramen noodles and instant noodles by scrutinizing the ingredients and nutritional labels as well as by taste testing. Upon
inspection, there were several recurring ingredients such as the coloring agent tartrazine. Later that day, a bolt of curiosity surged through me, and an
Internet search on tartrazine forever changed the way I looked at food.
What I found shocked me. Articles full of evidence indicated the harmful effects of the coloring agent, ranging from allergic reactions to hyperactivity
in children. As a result, I was compelled to probe further into the

Ammonia-Free Hair Coloring
Hair dye can give us endless options when it comes to hair color, but at what cost to our hair? Ammonia–free hair coloring is a breakthrough in hair
color technology that provides vibrant color without damaging your hair. Used at the best hair salons, ammonia free hair coloring is designed to make
the color process safer and to reduce the risk of allergies.
The Albert Amin Salon in New York's Upper East Side is proud to use ammonia free permanenthair color products that help bring your hair color ideas
to life. With over 20 years experience in the hair industry, the Albert Amin Salon was named "The Best Hair Color Salon in NYC," as well as "Best
Balayage Highlights & Ombre Hair Color."
If you're coloring your hair for the first time, or

Essay Lab Study Guides Study for Lab Test 1
Study Guide to Help with
Laboratory Exam 1
Microbiology 1214
A partial study guide only. Not intended to replace the review sheets or the "Know the following" sections on your labs.
These slides are not presented in any particular order.
Name this
Procedure
Identify the two types of bacteria present by shape and gram stain.
In a gram stain what is the primary stain?
The mordant? The counterstain?
How does this differ from a simple stain?
Identify the shape and gram stain of the bacteria present in this gram stain.
Identify the shape and gram stain of the bacteria pictured. Think on this one!
Name the gram stain and shape of the bacteria pictured.
Name the genus of the organism pictured.
Note the size when determining the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This plate was made from a swab obtained from the bottom of a shoe.
Can you differentiate between bacteria and fungi?
How do we tell the two apart?

This technique is performed after my smear has dried. What is the name of this technique?
Give two reasons why it is performed?
If I am doing a gram stain and leave out the mordant, what color will all of my bacteria end up being?
Identify this stain procedure.
What are we looking for with this stain?
The presence of a capsule increases the __________ of the bacterium.
What composes a capsule?
What staining procedure is this?
What are the green structures?
What type flagella is pictured?
Why do we use oil on the oil immersion objective?
Because it has the same _______________
_______________
as glass.
What is the proper method of storing a petri dish in an incubator. Give two reasons why it is important to store by this method.?
By the way:
Name some acid dyes, some basic dyes.
An acid dye stains the _____ while a basic dye stains the _____.
Given a staining procedure be able to tell me whether a dye used in it is acidic or basic. Name a gram negative bacteria studied in lab. Name a gram
positive bacteria studied in lab. Bacteria or
Fungus?
Identify the hemolysis indicated by the arrow.
Identify the hemolysis at the arrows.
Identify the shape of the bacteria pictured at the arrows. (It isn't bacillus!)

Assuming we are on oil, what is the size of one coccus of the

Methyl Orange Synthesis Lab Report
Experiment 11B consisted of synthesizing methyl orange, a synthetic dye, and testing this dye's coloring quality and effectiveness as a pH indicator.
Methyl orange is an acid–base indicator. In a pH of greater than 4.4, it becomes a yellow solution with a negatively charged sulfonate ion. When
submerged into a solution with a pH less than 3.2, the dipolar red ion (helianthin) predominates. Methyl orange is a type of azo dye, which is commonly
found in food, fabric, paint, and other brightly colored products. The general structure consists of the N5N functional group sandwiched between two
aromatic species. Azo dyes are brightly colored because of their extensive conjugated system which gives rise to a strong chromophore. The exact color
depends on both the nature of the aromatic group and the substituents. Methyl orange is synthesized through an azo coupling reaction between a
diazonium ion and N,N–dimethylaniline. An electrophilic aromatic substitution causes the positively charged diazonium ion to act as the electrophilic
species. In the first step of azo coupling the diazonium intermediate is synthesized. This process is called diazonation, in which the diazonium
intermediate is formed by the reaction between sulfanilic acid (an aromatic amine) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After this we added .5g of NaCl and allowed the solution to cool to room temperature then placed it into an ice bath. The reaction mixture turned into
a lighter shade of yellow and began to crystallize. The crystals were filtered through a Buchner funnel and rinsed twice with saturated aqueous NaCl
solution. The reaction mixture was placed in a boiling water bath in order to dissolve most of the dye and all the contaminating salts. It was then
cooled in a ice bath and filtered using a Buchner funnel. The product obtained was shiny and a metallic gray–gold color. The product weighed in at
.207g of methyl orange, giving us a percent yield of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Membrane Filtration
The increased cost of water consumption and wasteful require treatment process that is integrated with the circuits of water on the ground rather than
as a subsequent treatment (19). From this point of view, membrane filtration offers a potential application. The processes that use membranes offer
exciting possibilities for separation of dyestuffs and dyeing auxiliaries that reduce simultaneously hydrolysed color and biochemical oxygen demand /
chemical oxygen demand of wastewater; generally used to treat effluent reactive dye bath, that could potentially reduce the volume of waste and
recovery simultaneously salt (20). On the other hand, can be separated into two or more components the flow of fluid to its molecular size. The
advantages of membrane filtration are because, it is fast with low space requirement and saturation can be reused. The disadvantage with membrane
filtration method has a limited lifetime before it happens fouling of the membrane and the cost is also excessive (21). The choice of the membrane
process, in the case of reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultra ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maintain nanofiltration membranes of low molecular weight organic compounds, divalent ions, large monovalent ions, Hydrolyzed reactive dyes and
dyeing of auxiliaries. Harmful effects of high concentrations of dye and salts in dye house outflows have often been reported (33, 34, 35). In most
published studies on dye waste water, the concentration of mineral salts is not more than 20 g / l and the concentration of dye does not exceed 1.5 g / l
(36). In general, the wastewater is reconstituted with only one dye (37), and the volume studied is also low. The treatment of waste water by
nanofiltration is one of the rare applications that are possible for the treatment of solutions with highly concentrated and complex solutions (38). An
important problem is the accumulation of dissolved solids, which eliminates the treated discharge outflows in water currents

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