Essay On The EU

Essay On The EU
During his State of the European Union address on September 13, European Commission President
Jean– Claude Junker called for additional inclusion of the Balkan group of member states, stating
that "It is high time to bring Romania and Bulgaria into the Schengen area" and that the "EU must
offer credible membership prospects to Western Balkans." This, however, seemed only to be the
begging of his intention for certain countries, such as Bulgaria, which is heavily vetted to become a
member of the Eurozone. This effort seems to be supported by Euro–zone leaders, such as Macron
and Merkel. They both manifested their interest in helping Bulgaria join the ERM–2 mechanism
(commonly referred to as the "waiting room" for the Euro) during Bulgarian ... Show more content
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When comparing these to Bulgaria's data, there is a striking compliance, given its fairly low
inflation, small fiscal deficit, and an extremely low public debt mark. Bulgaria's HICP inflation
levels are well within the range of the eurozone average, and its budget is in surplus at 1.6 per cent,
compared to the limit of 3% of deficit stipulated by the Maastricht criteria. Moreover, its debt ratio
is at 29%, which is excellent when compared to the 60% peg given by the Euro requirements. The
country's bonds are showing interest rates within the 4% required as well, and most importantly
perhaps, as much as Bulgaria has not yet triggered the ERM II (exchange–rate mechanism) process,
it has pegged its national currency, the lev, for almost 20 years. The lev was first pegged in 1997 to
the German Mark, and later in 1999 to the Euro until now, with a constant rate of 0.511494. Given
such compliance, it comes to little surprise that Junker stated: "I have to say bully that Bulgaria is
ready [to join the euro group]. And if Bulgaria is applying I support this heartily." There are
unfortunately some additional things to consider from Bulgaria's status in the EU. Skepticism may
come from the country's status as being the most corrupt country in the EU according to
Transparency International. Additionally, its status as being the poorest
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A Study On The Eea Agreement
The EEA agreement is a trade agreement which came into force on the 1st of January 1994, and was
aimed at bringing together the EU member states and the three EEA EFTA states (Iceland,
Liechtenstein and Norway) into a single market known as the "Internal Market" (EFTA, 2017). The
EEA agreement facilitates the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital throughout the
31 EEA states. It also encourages cooperation in other common issues such as education, the
environment, social policy, tourism and culture, and consumer protection. When the agreement
entered into force, there were 17 member states. 13 others joined in subsequent years. The focus of
this paper will be on a subset of pioneering states. This provides for a reference ... Show more
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The data captures the yearly migration of people who intend to be residents in the receiving
countries. Hence the measure does not capture temporal migrants, students and others who travelled
for tourism– or business–related reasons. They also collected data on time–varying immigration
policies that regulate the entry of immigrants in the destination countries. Controlling for these
immigration policies may be considered, however, among the European countries in question, these
controls would not be significant. The final set of variables for the analysis was the set of indicators
on other trade agreements within the group of countries, including the trade agreement of interest,
eea. Mario Larch's Regional Trade Agreement Database from Egger and Larch (2008) was the
source of this data. The database includes all multilateral and bilateral regional trade agreements
(RTAs) as notified to the World Trade Organization for the last 66 years from 1950 to 2015. The
indicators capturing these agreements turn from 0 to 1 as soon as two countries are simultaneously
members of the trade agreement. Some of these controls however, were not applicable because they
do not change for any of the countries (or country–pairs) throughout my duration of interest. The
indicators capturing other trade agreements that do not include the 10 countries were not included in
the analysis. 3.3. Data summary The panel data gives information

The European Economic Area ( Eea )
Chapter 1
1.1 CE Marking The vast majority of the products that are engaged in commerce inside the
European Economic Area (EEA) share a common characteristic, the conformity marking CE. The
CE marking (which is the abbreviation of the French phrase ('Conformité Européenne – European
Conformity) indicates that the product baring it was designed, produced and inspected in a way that
meets the requirements set by the European Union (EU) legislation . The CE mark has very strict
image rules and it is placed on a visible place preferably on the product, and where this is not
feasible on its packaging, manuals or other supporting documents.
Directive EEC/90/385, ANNEX 9
CE CONFORMITY MARKING
'– The CE conformity marking shall consist of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CE marking is proof that the manufacturer produces and merchandises the product in
compliance with the EU legislation, and implies that he takes responsibility for the conformity of
the product. Therefore it is the manufacturer's duty to place the sign. The visual of the mark is
specifically described in the EU law and must be affixed in a visibly way preferably on the product.
Only the products that are required by the community's harmonisation legislation should bare the
mark, which should avert the affixing of other markings that can foment the functions of the CE
marking .
1.2 The legal regime of notified bodies
1.2.1 The designation procedure The conformity assessment of the goods baring the CE marking
can only be effective in a transnational level between the member states of the EU and EEA. Under
the scope of the relevant EU Regulations and Directives each member–state, or any other state that
has concluded a Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRAs) and Protocols to the Europe Agreement on
Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products (PECAs), can delegate competent
Authorities (notifying authorities ) with the duty to designate notified bodies, and further on be
notified by the European Commission . For example in the UK the Medicines and Healthcare
products Regulation Agency (MHRA) is the designating authority for NBs

Benefits Of A New Electric Model For The Chinese Car Buyers
To increase sales, and help realize Winterkorn's vision, VW invested 18.2 billion euros in building
larger manufacturing facilities to satisfy the demand (Appendix D). Additionally, VW decided to
manufacture new electric models to cater for the Chinese car buyers. Both initiatives worked fine,
until the Chinese economic downturn hit, and VW sales started slowly dwindling in China. C. For
the US Market: Along with China, the US market is considered among the largest auto markets in
the world. Just in 2015, around 7.7 million cars were sold, and 4.35 were locally produced. VW
board enlisted the company on a mission to increase its US units sold to 1 million by 2018 from
very modest sales (324,000 vehicles sold) in 2007. The numbers improved in 2012 reaching
438,145 Vehicles, slipped back down to 366,970 by 2014, and recovered well up until September
2015. To cater for the US auto market trends, VW invested 1 Billion dollars in an assembling plant
in Tennessee to design new sedans. The company also decided to bring its successful and European
designed, 'BlueTDI Clean Diesel" car to the US market. III. International Growth Strategy
Implications The above international strategic moves, required VW to serve different market
segments which have different regulatory compliances, entry barriers and market trends. It also
meant that VW needs to compete strongly against GM in China, ensure that the European market
downturn doesn't slow its growth, and heavily increase its

The Establishment Of The European Union ( Eu )
How significant has been the development of the EU's policies concerning the protection of the
natural environmental and climate change? What problems have confronted policy–makers in–
framing and delivering such policies?
Introduction
The establishment of the European Union (EU) enabled them to handle transnational activities
among the member states, including environmental policy. Its significance situates within its powers
which can manage any other organisations among the member states by virtue of the laws within the
European Union (Baker, 1996, p.215). As a result, it is broadly perceived that there is an increasing
impact from the EU on policy making in the member states. This tendency is particularly recognised
in environmental policy makings, because national standards in law needed to be questioned and
harmonised and policy developments at the European level influences the national aims, content and
settings of environmental policy within the member states (Heinelt et al., 2001). The area of
environmental policy was not established until the first Environmental Action Programme in 1973
as the major aim for the European Economic Community's agenda was to build a common
institutional framework for mostly economic issues (Jorgensen, 2012). In the next decades, the
development of the area of environmental policy making was accelerated by the the Single
European Act and by the support from the public who tends to have an increasing concern towards
environmental

Persuasive Essay: Britain Should Leave The European Union
Whether UK should leave or stay with EU has recently become one of the most widely debated
subjects and British citizens will soon have to decide their future in the EU as Prime Minister David
Cameron has promised a referendum on 'leave or stay' question to the British people by 2017. This
came at the time of Eurozone crisis when most of EU citizens including British are losing faith in
EU, making the distance between EU institutions and EU citizens ever greatest. The reason for
British people's resentment is the lack of democracy: EU dictatorship, too many unnecessary laws
and regulations to follow. Of course, there are Brexiteers who call for the UK to quit in order to
regain national sovereignty and to be more democratic than they are now and those who want to
stay. The essay to expresses disagreement to the statement that UK would be more democratic if it
votes to leave EU. There are various factors behind the possible leaving the EU. There is a growing
concern among the Brexit when EU exists as a superpower and the status of Britain is threatened.
Questions also arise as what benefit Britain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The UK should participate as the role of the originator for European democracy improvement and
make use of its role to the benefit all its citizens. The serious democratic deficit is not only at
European level but is also a particular problem in Britain. Being part of the EU, all the 28 member
states will have a substantial role to play in order to improve political participation and
disengagement in any country including Britain. Political disengagement shall not be limited to
national scene –in particular when EU faces pressing challenges to democracy deficit. Leaving EU
will not make Britain more democratic instead staying with EU Britain can do more good and will
help to strengthen democratic institutions both in Britain itself and the EU (Buruma,

The Global Stage Of The European Union
The statement that a Belgian Minister once quoted indicated his thoughts of the global stage of the
European Union (EU) which included, "the European union was a little more than an economic
giant, political dwarf and military worm." With this being said, I can confidently say within my six–
week summer long semester into the history of the European Union, I agree with the Belgian
Minister's statement primarily due to their economic trading power, weak political power, but I think
their military is not no worm. According to the Europa.eu (1), The European Union is one of
strongest economic areas in the world. There is an estimated five hundred million people. Europe
also make up of seven point three percent of the world 's population, ... Show more content on
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The concept is carefully related to those of economic globalization which integrates national
economies into the international economy. Such incorporations have been achieved through capital
flow, trading of goods and services, and foreign direct investment. Since the primary link has been
the European Union, which has become a major alliance amongst the European nations. With the
EU's focusing on globalization their economic power has gone up. I feel that with the EU having a
single currency and free trade of goods and services is a major contribution to having a strong EU.
The world is becoming a tighter community through high–tech developments around the world.
With technology becoming so advanced international travel becoming more common. Making
communication and collaboration with other countries around the world easier and now a common
occurrence. Some world leaders envision a global community that would lead to a one–world–order
to include government and commerce. Globalization has been on the rise but is not shared and
accepted by all. Nationalism continues to play a significant part in international interactions. With
Europe's goal of
European alliance for economic purposes, the European Union can be used as a model for economic
globalization. The EU restructured their government to have political power by incorporating the
European parliament, supranational fiscal union, and the European Commission. The Parliament is
the only institution where

Common Law : The Treaties Of The European Union
Regulations have binding legal force throughout every Member State and enter into force on a set
date in all the Member States. Directives lay down certain results that must be achieved but each
Member State is free to decide how to transpose directives into national laws. A directive is a legal
act of the European Union, which requires member states to achieve a particular result without
dictating the means of achieving that result. It can be distinguished from regulations which are self–
executing and do not require any implementing measures.
1.5.1 Primary Legislation: Treaties of the European Union The first sources of Community law are
the three Treaties (ECSC, EURATOM and EEC) with the various annexes and protocols ... Show
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The SEA was significant in its institutional and substantive reforms. For example, it gave a formal
legal basis to European political cooperation. A Court of First Instance (CFI) was provided for to
assist the European Court of Justice. The European Parliament was also given a power of veto over
the accession of new Member States and over the conclusion of agreements with associate States.
Some saw the SEA as an economic charter, while others saw the social and environmental policy
amendments to Community law as a very significant conferral of autonomous Community
competence in these fields, and not merely as side–effects of its market integration goals.
c) The Maastricht Treaty on European Union (1993) After various revisions, the Treaty on European
Union (TEU) was eventually agreed and signed by the Member States in Maastricht in February
1992. Although it was initially rejected by the Danish population in a national referendum, several
concessions were secured by the Danish Government. The Treaty thus entered into force in
November 1993. The EEC Treaty was officially renamed the European Community (EC) Treaty.
d) The Amsterdam Treaty (1999) The Amsterdam Treaty, which amends the EC Treaty, was declared
to be about consolidation rather than extension of Community powers, about improving processes
and enhancing effectiveness rather than expanding competence. The

The Pros And Cons Of BREXIT
A vote to leave the EU would start a long and complicated process that would result in a
fundamental change in the UK's relationship with other members of the EU. There are pros and cons
should BREXIT were to follow through. At present, there's a lot of uncertainty surrounding
BREXIT, what is certain is that there will be an increase in restrictions and introduction of political
borders should BREXIT were to happen which will result in an increase in cost of trade and
services. EU remains the largest market for Britain's exports, constituting 40–45% of its exports. As
such, UK's primary goal would likely to retain access to the EU's internal market, but in all
likelihood it would be difficult to gain liberal trade terms from the EU if BREXIT

Reasons For The Expansion Of The European Union
Introduction
Karen A. Mingst in her book "Essentials of International Relations" gives a definition "European
Union (EU) is a union of twenty–five European States, formerly the European Economic
Community; designed originally during the 1950s for economic integration, but since expanded into
a closer political and economic union."1 In 1951, the European Union initially called the European
Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) formed as a pact between six countries (Belgium, West
Germany, Luxembourg, France, Italy and the Netherlands), in order to obtain economic and political
corporation. Originally concerned with coal and steel, the states hoped to ensure a serene outlook
for Europe.2 The European Union has expanded to include a wide range of ... Show more content on
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European Union subsides can aid farmers in upgrading their equipment in order to compete with
larger European businesses.13 The continued expansion of the European Union will eventually
assistance every member, both new and old. However, big businesses may feel threatened by the
increase of competition through the continued expansion of the Union. On the other hand, advantage
of continued expansion would include 300,000 new jobs to be developed by the European Union
9 Belt, Don. "Europe 's Big Gamble." Page 1
itself.14
Short Comings
Current members are concerned Entering nations also have many doubts concerning a loss of newly
founded nationality and competition in business. The broadening of the Union to include newly
nationalized states would create a sense of instability that might threaten the Union as well as the
individual states. However, the increase of capital, jobs, and pure opportunity seem to outweigh the
doubts of prospective members. Newly admitted countries are not as developed as older members in
areas of productivity, income, and health; therefore, progression in these three areas

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The European Union
In this essay, I will be discussing why and how the European Union was set up and the advantages
and disadvantages of membership in its historical context.
The European Union was built in the aftermath of the Second World War. This was to create peace
and end frequent and bloody wars between neighbouring countries that culminated in the Second
World War. "Autarky and protection, fragmenting Europe's economy, had caused economic malaise
and political antagonism." This portrays how fragile the European Union was during the Second
World War especially with the conflict between France and Germany. These two super giants had
gone to war "three times in less than a century and twice had been at the centre of terrible world
wars." There was a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Countries that were not effected as highly economically combined with the United States to
contribute gold and currency to those among the EU to fund for basic government needs and help
pay of their debts. This was an immensely positive gesture as it had come with no repayment plan.
The Marshall plan was introduced by an American general named George Marshall. Its aims were to
spark economic recovery within the EU. Although this plan had channelled over $13 billion to help
economic recovery between 1948–1951 the Soviet Union had refused to participate. This was due to
the Soviet Union portraying this to interfere with internal affairs between states. This had led to the
Soviets refusing Poland and Czechoslovakia to interfere. However, although the Soviets decided not
to interfere the United States had taken the opportunity to remake the European economy in the
image of their own.
During 1949, the Americans along with 11 other states had decided to form a pact which was then
named NATO. The Soviets then decided upon themselves to form their own pact with other allies in
eastern Europe and rival NATO thus it introduced the Warsaw Pact. Nearly every European country
was divided into one of these two pacts and this had created political division. NATO had continued
expansion of their pact beyond the cold war and it had grew bigger with more member states joining
during the

Essay On European Economic Economy
ern Capitalistic views in.
The European Economic Community
Ever since the treaty of Rome, the 6 members of the now European Economic Community had been
experiencing economic prosperity and a rapid development in all areas of society.
Politically, the EEC aimed to reduce tensions in the aftermath of World War II. In particular, it was
hoped that integration would promote a lasting reconciliation of France and Germany, thereby
reducing the potential for war.
EEC governance required political cooperation among its members through formal supranational
institutions.
To reduce the risk of there being political separation (some groups supporting communism, others
supporting other ideas E.g. capitalism, Western Politics Etc.) the EEC ... Show more content on
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With the construction of the berlin wall, Khrushchev confirmed that the GDR would still be in
existence. It also meant that Western powers would have to acknowledge East Germany, pretty
much ignoring the ideas in the Hallstein Doctrine. With people unable to leave East Germany, it
meant Ulbricht could develop a New economic system which was supposedly meant to
'revolutionize' the GDR'S economy and gain acceptance for socialism.
The Berlin wall shifted a large amount of focus onto Berlin and Europe. During this time the EEC
stayed relatively quite as they still were only involved with west berlin, not east berlin.
The European Economic Community Turing into the European Community 1967.
Members revamped the organization several times in order to expand its policy–making powers and
to revise its political structure. On July 1, 1967, the governing bodies of the EEC, ECSC, and
Euratom were merged. Through the Single European Act , which entered into force in 1987, EEC
members committed themselves to remove all remaining barriers to a common market by 1992.
After the European Economic Community turned into the European Community in 1967, other
countries soon joined. In 1973, the European community 'opened up' and let in a few more countries
such as the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland (see illustration). The small group of six
countries was slowly growing.
The EEC turning into the EC could be seen as the true start

What Is The Business Cycle? Essay
1.1 What is the 'Business Cycle '
The business cycle is the oscillation in financial action that an economy encounters over a
timeframe. A business cycle is essentially characterized in terms of periods of development or
subsidence. Amid expansions, the economy is developing in genuine terms, as prove by increments
in indicators like business, industrial production, sales and individual earnings. Amid recessions, the
economy is contracting, as measured by abatements in the above indicators. Development is
measured from the trough (or base) of the past business cycle to the pinnacle of the present cycle,
while recession is measured from the top to the trough. (n.g., What is the 'Business Cycle ', n.g.)
1.2 Iceland GDP growth
The GDP in Iceland progressed 3.7% per year in the second quarter of 2016, abating from an
upwardly modified 4.4% development in the past quarter. Net exchange contributed contrarily as
fares hindered while imports expanded more on the positive side, quicker development was
accounted for: private utilization, government spending and gross altered capital formation. On a
quarterly premise, the economy extended 2.1%, taking after a 0.8 % expansion. Gross domestic
product (GDP) Annual Growth Rate in Iceland found the middle value of 3.15% from 1998 until
2016, achieving a record–breaking high of 13.40 % in the main quarter of 1999 and a record low of
– 9.30% at the final quarter of 2009 (n.g., Iceland GDP Annual Growth Rate, 2016). Iceland 's
economy

Brexit Literature Review
Literature review: In September 2017 Thomas Sampson from The London School of Economics and
Political Science wrote a Literature on Brexit. The title of the literature was Brexit: The Economics
of International Disintegration. In this literature review I will briefly summarise the literature wrote
by Thomas Sampson.
Brexit is a term commonly known as Britain exiting from European Union membership. The
historic referendum on the UK and EU membership held on June 23, 2016. Although majority of
Londoner wanted to stay with EU, 52 percent voters voted to support the leave campaign to leave
European Union. Since World War two the world saw a rising trend of economic development and
globalization in Europe. Brexit has ended this trend. Since United ... Show more content on
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For example, every country has different currency and different legislation. They follow different set
of rules and the value of currency differs from one country to another. According to EU's rule and
regulations member states don't pay extra tax because they are a part of single access market. But
for example another country outside of EU needs to pay tax and there is cost involved when the
products or goods cross borders. Since Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein are not European Union's
member states they pay higher tax to enter in European Union area moreover they are entitled to
follow their rules and regulation and their own tariffs. If UK decides to not to be a part of EEA or
single access market they will be subject to trade barriers. As a result Britain will loss vast amount
of profit which they made when they were part of EU.
Due to Brexit London Stock Exchange crashed and it saw trillions of pounds wiped off from UK's
share market. The share market became volatile. The investors of UK's share market decided to
move their funds to other European share market in Germany and Ireland and France. As a result
pound lost its exchange value for the first time in last 15

Gender Equality : The Six Areas Of Gender Inequality
The gender equality model includes eight areas: work, money, knowledge, time, power, health,
multiple inequalities and violence. The first six areas form the main gender equality index. The
remaining two are additional areas that were not included in the main index because they describe
phenomenon that belongs not for the whole public, but rather to a specific group of society, such as
violence against women or gender inequality in specific groups of society, such as people with
disabilities, single parents, etc. Each area is divided into following: areas of work: participation in
the labour market and segregation, quality of working conditions; monetary area: financial resources
and economic situation; the field of knowledge: achievements and segregation, lifelong learning,
etc. The gender equality index in the area of employment analyses the level of employment of
women and men and their distribution in so–called "female" occupations (education, health, social
care). Another important aspect is considered and evaluated and that is working conditions, quality.
This is an important area of gender inequality, as women generally have fewer opportunities to raise
qualifications and take care of their professional career due to family and job conflict, and this
situation results in even greater segregation in the labour market. This is despite the fact that in the
Treaty of Lisbon the Member States have committed themselves to achieve equality between men
and women in the labour

Essay On International Business Trade
This report will outline the competing perspectives on Britain's continuing trade outside of the
European Union membership, will also be considering at least one other EU members national
perspective on the management context of European/International business trade.
It will summarise the impact of the EU integration on business, discussing possible proposal of
recommendations for problems, and finally discussing the important economics models with
examples.
The British individuals have settled on the most critical decision for a generation by voting for
Brexit on the 23rd June 2016. According to BBC news, "leave won by 52% to 48%". In order for
the UK to leave the EU it needs to conjure an agreement called Article 50 of the Libson Treaty ...
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Therefore, as you can see, from the table above these countries each have their own agreements with
the EU, a few options that the UK could consider are explained in detail below (Fig:1)
For example; Norway is in the single market, and have freedom of movement and makes EU budget
contribution. Switzerland is partially in the single market, accept free movement of people, they do
contribute to the EU however they pay a smaller amount than Norway. Canada have tariff trade
deals, as well as WTO and Turkey, however Turkey does not on industrial goods.
1). Norwegian Model
The choice to leave the EU has pushed the UK into uncharted trading territory. The main alternative
frequently supported by supporters of Brexit, is joining the European Economic Area (EEA) which
was founded in 1994 to provide European nations that are not part of the EU an approach to become
members of single market.
The UK have got themselves in a messy situation but the way forward may not be. There are few
alternatives they can choose from. One of the options is the Norway option, the Norway option
gives the country full access to the single European market without being a fully paid – up member.
The Norway model will also mean that Britain becoming members of two key European
organisations, the European Economic Area (EEA) and the European Free Trade Association
(EEFA).
Joining the EEA would mean the UK would still contribute to the EU's budget. Additionally, the UK
would

What Are The Competing Perspectives On Britain's...
Introduction
This report will outline the competing perspectives on Britain's continuing trade outside of the
European Union membership, will also be considering at least one other EU members national
perspective on the management context of European/International business trade.
It will summarise the impact of the EU integration on business, discussing possible proposal of
recommendations for problems, and finally discussing the important economics models with
examples.
The British individuals have settled on the most critical decision for a generation by voting for
Brexit on the 23rd June 2016. According to BBC news, "leave won by 52% to 48%". In order for
the UK to leave the EU it needs to conjure an agreement called Article 50 of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This means British goods and services subject to WTO tariffs. A soft Brexit would leave the UK
relationship with the EU still close and staying in single market (SEM) and customs union.
As part of the EU, the UK is in the single market, this enabling tariff– free trade between members.
As you can see, from the table on the right some other countries have their own agreements and this
can give an idea of what is to come for the UK.
For example; Norway
Norwegian Model
The choice to leave the EU has pushed the UK into uncharted trading territory. The main alternative
frequently supported by supporters of Brexit, is joining the European Economic Area (EEA) which
was founded in 1994 to provide European nations that are not part of the EU an approach to become
members of single market.
Britain have got themselves in a messy situation but the way forward is not. There are few
alternatives they can choose from. One of the options is the Norway option, the Norway option
gives the country full access to the single European market without being a fully paid – up member.
The Norway model will also mean that Britain becoming members of two key European
organisations, the European Economic Area (EEA) and the European Free Trade Association
(EEFA).
Britain would mean joining non–EU– countries like Liechtenstein, Iceland and Switzerland, with
the facilities of free trade between all four. They

The War Of The Cold War
Following World War two it was the beginning of a new era between the Soviet Union and the
United States of America both engaged in the Cold War. With Europe divided, there were major
difficulties with creating stability politically and through the economy. As a consequence of the war
the Allies created the United Nations which attempted to avoid a third world war eliminating the
further risk of war between European countries which had twice in the same century already created
two world wars. During 1946, Winston Churchill the former British Prime Minister, gave a speech
calling for a "We must build a kind of United States of Europe" which gave an enormous impact and
gave "important credibility to the federalist movements, despite the ... Show more content on
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Firstly, it is going to look at how post–war integration started through the prevention of war and to
create peace throughout the European States. Secondly this essay will discuss the economic changes
and influence it had on creating a political union. Then it will discuss how this created political
unity along with how it affected integration and finally created the European Union. While lastly
coming to a final conclusion as to what motivated integration after the war.
Firstly, the main factor towards European Integration after World War II was to keep peace between
neighbouring states within Europe and to prevent war. After the war in 1945 there remained an
ongoing tension between the Allied and the Axis powers as well as the dominance of the Russians in
the East. Along side Berlin now being divided into four zones influenced by the US, France, Britain
and the Soviet Union. This meant that other nations such as Poland, East German and Romania had
no control and the continent was more divided than ever before with "The idea of the all–powerful
nation state had been discredited and the key players of the mainland; namely France and Germany,
were keen to build closer relations."
Carleton shows that "World War II was more brutal, and bloodier than anyone who survived the
Great War could have imagined. The Second World War caused the deaths of around 60 million
soldiers and civilians" along with 6 million Jews providing subsequent evidence for the need for

Brexit Disadvantages
UK farmers have resented several articles of 1107/2009, desiring a more risk–based approach that is
science–led, similar to the one carried out by the US Environmental Protection Agency, where more
actives and products would be available through a faster and more pragmatic process. Nick von
Westernholz, CEO of the Crop Protection Association (CPA), believes that Brexit is the golden
opportunity to enforce pesticides regulations that support UK farmers and allow them to trade on a
global scale. Furthermore, Dr. Colin Ruscoe, President of the British Crop Protection Council
(BCPC) expresses his faith in Brexit as being the UK's time to "take back control" (Loughlin, 2016).
Farmers and the pesticide industry believe that the current hazard–based approach is too stringent,
placing the EU in a position of being economically unattractive in respect of the development of
new active substances and new plant protection products (Chapman, 2014).
As a result, safer alternatives are emerging while many active substances are being revoked with the
ban on neonicotinoids being the most significant. This represents a severe obstacle to European
farmers and will endanger their ability to produce the variety of plant produce to which consumers
have become adapted (Chapman, 2014). Simultaneously, the reduction in plant production products
generates a major risk to UK trade and competitiveness, with the NFU manifesting its concerns over
UK crop production "flatlining" (House of Commons Library, 2016) and to food security. On the
other hand, it could also be contended that a closer affiliation to US legislation could suspend UK
trade with the EU as they would no longer conform to their strict regulations (Baker and Knight,
2017). Thus, abolishing would offend NGOs or international trading partners within the EU as the
EU represents 60% of UK agri–food exports (Pesticide Action Network UK, 2017).
Modify
The UK has, at no time, implemented a policy intended to reduce the utilization of pesticides in the
agricultural sector. Instead, under 1107/2009, the principles of "acceptable risk" have been ratified,
focusing on mitigating the potential destruction of pesticides by setting restrictions on the methods
of application (PAN UK,

Essay On The Decision To Leave The Ireland
June 23rd, 2016, 51.9% of the UK electorate voted to leave the European Union. The then French
Prime Minister, Manuel Valls, described the decision to leave the EU as an "explosive shock" and
stated that "now is the time to invent another Europe" (BBC news). What has followed since is a
period of economic "turmoil and uncertainty" (Mazars). However, this "explosive" decision could
be used to Irelands advantage and as a tool to "invent" another Ireland. Ireland presently has all the
means and resources to capitalise on the multinationals that are sure to move out of the UK
following Brexit. Ireland is in a prime position as a relocation spot for these multination's due to its
attractive corporation tax of 12.5%, one of the lowest in Europe, ... Show more content on
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In 2016, it is reported (by The Irish Times) that a mere 2,076 houses were built in Ireland. That
figure becomes even more shocking when we exclude one–off properties built during this period.
That reduces the number to an incredulous 848 apartments and estate houses built in 2016. A far cry
from the 8,729 estimated by the Department of Housing (The Irish Times). As for Irelands city–
regions, well in Dublin city and surrounding area, the nation's capital and core business centre
where more than half a million people already call their home, a disbelieving 336 apartments and
estate houses were completed. Only sixty–eight of those were actually built in Dublin city according
to figures in The Irish Times. In Cork city, Irelands largest county and an already well–established
base of many major multination's, out of the 848 apartments and estate houses only twenty–one
were built in Cork city. So where does new Minister for Housing, Eoghan Murphy, expect incoming
multinational firms to house their employees? Perhaps in a hotel or B&B, increasing the ridiculous
figure of €39 million that has already been spent on housing Dublin's homeless families in these
hotels and B&B's. Or maybe he'll house them in the other forms of private emergency housing
which has already drained nearly €10 million from the Irish economy in the last year. However,
these dismal figures representing the lack of housing being built in city–regions is not even the main
issue Irelands faces at

The Impact Of Brexit And Some Solutions Resolve These Issues
Negative impact of Brexit and some solutions resolve these issues
Brexit is the name of the process of Britain leaving the European Union, which is the primary
concern of the modern global political situation. During the referendum on the UK membership in
the European Union, the main argument for leaving the union was that it would provide the country
with better system and tools of protection from the immigrants. UK citizen was concerned that
immigrants would bring to the country 's unemployment rate, lower quality of life and other
economic problems. The statistics say that almost seventy percent of the immigrants from the EU
came to Britain because of work related reasons or to study ( ONS , 2016 ).The purpose of the this
essay will analysis negative impact of Brexit on economic Britain and find some solutions resolve
these issues.
Trade:
The first and the most unfavorable outcome of Brexit is that the UK would lose the trading
agreements with its largest trading partner – European Union. The membership in this organization
meant the decline of the transaction costs and fees on trading operations between the members of
the union. In fact, European Union members have the free trade agreement, which means the free
flow of goods and services between the countries. According to BBC (2016) Britain has the negative
trading balance with the rest of the EU, which means that it exports more

Strategic Formulation Of International Management
Strategic formulation in international management
Strategy looks at the long term directions for an overall goal in a firm. The short term decisions
creates a long term direction, to achieve competitive advantage, short term this means Fonterra
formulising how to maximises its utilities to the best use of resources. Using strategic formulation in
the global market helps to insure their goals happen with minimal risk and to the best potential, the
ideology of formulation is key to incorporating the core values and perspectives of the firm into the
long term market, and preparing to reduce any risk before making foreign investment (jkmurphy,
2014).
Europe has the highest GDP globally. As of 2010 with a net worth of $19 trillion in monetary value,
displaying that Europe has a large wealth in imports and exports (World Bank, 2014). What makes
Europe so unique, that gives it this highest ranking in GDP, is what initially gave Europe wealth, the
coal and steel mining community. As of 1949, six founding countries decided to create a trading
system that allowed the countries to work together, to create efficiency in resources (European
Union, 2014). This created a possibility frontier curve between the countries resources, which is
what increased the monetary value through efficiency.
Fonterra's current Global strategy is largely to allocate their resources efficiently. In this case the
strategy is through supplying dairy products to large restaurant chains (Asia, 2014). Short

Norway 's Economy And The European Trade Union
Although Norway's economy is integrated in the market of the European Union [EU], it is still one
of the countries not formally included in this organization. Previously known as the European
Economic Commission in 1972, Norway did not join the EU. In 1994, Norway once again rejected
membership to the European Union based on a referendum: 47.6% voted yes but 52.4% voted no to
membership of the EU. Instead, Norway signed the European Economic Area Agreement (EEA).
This Agreement guarantees the internal market's four freedoms: the free movement of goods,
people, services and capital. Signing this agreement was a smart and calculated choice because
Norway has benefited from trade advantages while averting regulation enforced by the EU, and ...
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Norway also trades with many of its EU neighbors such as Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the United
Kingdom, and Greenland. Norway is the EU's fifth most important partner for trading goods such as
metal, seafood, oil, and the 32nd largest export economy in the world (Norway par 2). According to
the World Bank Report in 2015, this country is one of the ten countries friendliest to business.
Prosperous and developed, Norway has one of the world's lowest unemployment rates at 4.6% in
2015 (doing Business in Norway 3). Since the discovery of oil beneath the North Sea located to its
southwest, Norway has been the world's seventh largest oil exporter and gas exporter, with
petroleum as the country's largest industrialized sector. Abundant oil indicates that Norway will
enjoy continuing wealth. Moreover, petroleum revenue received by the state's government is
transferred to the Government Pension Fund, thus assisting Norway in providing generous Social
Services.
The EEAAgreement does not cover Common Fisheries Policy, the COmmon Commission POlicy,
and the Economic and Monetary Union. Common Fisheries Policy guarantees EU fishing fleets
equal access to any EU waters and fishing grounds. Norway benefits by managing and controlling
its own fish stocks and waters, and not being required to share these with other nations' fishermen
besides the EFTA states who are also in the EEAAgreement. Nearly surrounded by open

Leaving The Eu Essay
On June 24, 2016, a referendum was passed that resulted in Great Britain's withdrawal from the
European Union. The decision to exit the EU was a controversial and has significantly affected
current social, political, and economic constructs on a local and global scale. Given the importance
of this decision, one would expect in depth, professional media coverage; however, this would not
be the case from the UK news company, Daily Mail. Following a meeting between the First
Minister of Scotland and the British Prime Minister, both of whom are females, the Daily Mail ran a
cover titled, "Never mind Brexit, who won Legs–it!". Next to the title was a picture of the two
diplomats sitting next to each other during their meeting, both dressed in ... Show more content on
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The media response that bombardment of Daily Mail, however appropriate and necessary it was,
distracted citizens from the real political conversation that should have taken place following the
meeting. Daily Mail not only diverted the public's attention away from topics that concern their own
interest, but simultaneously insulted Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May. The Daily Mail did not
portray the two women as respected dignitaries, or intellectual leaders. Instead, they defined the two
women by the lower halves of their bodies, and told the public to ignore the women's conversation.
By doing so, the Daily Mail blatantly objectified Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May, stripping away
their right to speak on important topics. Nicola Sturgeon responded to the publications by stating
that the Daily Mail was "taking Britain back to the 1970's". Nicola Sturgeon's position has First
Minister of Scotland exemplifies how effective feminist movements in the past have been, yet the
Daily Mails actions and her comment illustrates how necessary feminist movements still are today.
The dismissal of the women's political conversation is similar to the dismissal that the women in
Trifles, a play written by Susan Glaspell in the early 20th century, experienced. During the play, the
men are attempting to solve a murder case, and value their wives' help very little, and often demean
the women's conversations without

The European Union : An Erroneous Assumption
There is an erroneous assumption in the world that the concept of the European Union, the notion of
having a shared currency, and borderless pan–European continent is a relatively new idea. However,
the idea of a pan–European identity as it is known today through the European Union was
established after the end of the Second World War, as the need for a united Western Europe was
needed to combat the possible threat of war with the Soviet Union. The policies of the European
Union went through a long review through the establishment of multiple pan–European
organizations, primarily the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European
Economic Community (EEC), which provided the backbone of the modern European Union,
through a number of treaties that encouraged European cooperation. It is through the combined
efforts of the ECSC and the ECC that Churchill's dream of a united Europe in 1949 eventually
culminated in the creation of the European Union (E.U), an organization whose role is to protect the
economic interests of aligned nations as outlined by the mandates of the ECSC and ECC.
It was Churchill who started the campaign for the unification of Europe, calling for a "United States
of Europe" to be formed in response to the threat the Soviet Union posed post World War II . In
1949, the Council of Europe was formed in an attempt to create a European parliament that would
help aid European integration, as a means to prevent the threat of a war arising between

President Tusk 's Statement : An Informal Gathering
What does not come over from the media reports, but is extremely evident from President Tusk 's
statement, is that the meeting in Brussels yesterday of Heads of States and Governments (HSGs)
was an informal gathering which had no official status whatsoever.
The gathering, from which the UK was excluded, was not meeting as the European Council (even
though it was using – or abusing – Council facilities) and had thus no authority to make decisions or
policy on behalf of the European Union. Effectively, this was an exercise in letting off steam.
On the receiving end of the messages, we assume that the "colleagues", individually and
collectively, are talking to us. This isn 't always the case, and sometimes it isn 't the case at all. For
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Properly defined, the Single Market is a common regulatory area. A country is either part of it, or it
is not. If it is not, then it can trade with the countries forming the Single Market, on defined terms.
But for the most part those countries which have trading privileges are not required to accept the full
freedoms.
The more one explores this subject, though, the more anomalies are thrown up. For instance, it is
common to talk of the Single Market acquis is if it was a monolithic block, common to the entire
area. Yet, that is not the case. There is unrestricted trade in agricultural products between the EU–28
but not within the EEA. The Efta states are not part of that market.
Thus, while all Single Market legislation supposedly has the description, "EEA Relevance"
appended to it, this is not the case with laws governing agricultural products. We can see that from
this example. Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein do not apply these standards (through the EU).
The point that emerges from this is that the Single Market is actually quite flexible – more so than
would appear. It can be modified according to circumstances, and different versions of it exist, in
different areas. There is no reason in principle, therefore, why the UK should not negotiate its own
specific version of the supposedly Single (but actually "variable") Market.
And that very much appears to be the case with freedom of movement. It actually matters not what
the HSGs say in an

Leaving The Eu Case Study
Introduction
On Thursday 23rd June, 2016, the UK held a vote on whether to leave or remain within the
European Union. The decision made as a result of the vote was to leave and subsequently the SMEs
located within the UK were left to consider what challenges and opportunities could emerge from
this monumental event that was dubbed by the media 'Brexit'. They realised that by voting to leave
the European Union, the UK will face serious consequences which could present challenges in
facilitating localised and globalised entrepreneurship opportunities (Chalmers and Menon, 2016).
When Theresa May triggered Article 50 in March, 2017; she ruled out any hope of the government
the deadline for Brexit. She expressed that she is determined to make ... Show more content on
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Whilst not being outside the EU does not mean that the UK will be excluded from the single market,
it would be within the UK's best interest to negotiate a favorable trade agreement. Exclusion will not
be a barrier to trade but rather an inconvenience, that if approached strategically could enable the
UK to broker a unilateral free trade policy that allow for speedier negotiations with other countries
outside the EU. Possible tariffs on exports to the EU could be a challenge however the upside is that
there is an opportunity to trade with other countries.
According to an government commissioned review conducted by industry chief Jürgen Maier,
Brexit could put the UK at "the forefront of technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence, 3D
printing, augmented and virtual reality" (Monaghan, 2017). The 246 page review contains a detailed
plan of of measures that will boost UK growth and productivity through the manufacturing sector
which will increase exports and earning potential, ushering in the 4th industrial revolution worth
over £455bn over the next decade (Monaghan, 2017).
Human Resources Brexit could alter the dynamics of the relationship with the rest of the world as
the EU is one of the world's largest markets comprising of £11 billion worth of trade stemming from
its advanced technologies and highly skilled & educated workforce (Baldwin and Lopez–Gonzalez,
2015).
Immigration spurs entrepreneurship (Fairlie and Lofstrom, 2015) and with the knowledge

White Goods Case
INTERNATIONAL MARKETING CASE II– SOLVED
NAVAF ABOOBACKER
1221418
LMN–MARKETING
SITUATION ANALYSIS:
European 'white goods' market is ideally large but its fragmented into many different small markets.
The difference comes in the form power connections, consumer tastes etc. The only constant aspect
is the product size , that is, its relatively small in consideration to U.S and Australia. There is a
significant change in the tastes of consumers but the size is small.
With the emergence of European Union(EU) as a single market, the 'white goods' industry is
equipped with:– * Standardization which in turn cuts cost . * Reduced barrier to internal trade. *
Reduced difficulties in cross border advertisements.
Whirlpool ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondary problem:
Industry profit margins are much lower as a result firms have no benefit to do R&D and bring
in a new product.
SWOT Analysis: Strength: * Improving market shares through the acquisition of Philips Industries.
* The company has products for all segments ( income groups). Weakness: * Profit margins in the
region are much lower. Opportunity: * The EU consumers are of the type of who spend a high
proportion of their income on appliances and there exists value gap when compared to the
counterparts outside Europe, this opportunity of value gap can be fruitfully utilized by the company
as there is significant cost reduction through acquisition of Electrolux, this amount saved due to cost
reduction can be utilized for R&D and in due course if good product is invented, the company
can charge a premium on these products and solve the problem of low profit margin.
Threat
* The major threat is from the competitors namely Electrolux not only in the EU market but
globally. Electrolux is growing in size
Character Analysis:
John Baker:. Is an English expatriate, was 45 years old and served his 23 years with Continental Ore
in many different parts of the globe. A man with lot of experience and an understanding about the
industry .A man with a strong passion of using his expertise in companies in developing countries
.He believed that he had an innate knack in dealing with the regional staff. He

British Exit Essay
The British Exit
It is in work for on Friday, March 2019, for the UK has voted to leave the European Union.
Discussion has been on going on how the "Brexit" or British exit on three major aspects; what the
United Kingdom owes the European Union, what will happen to the Northern Ireland border and the
select United Kingdom citizens living elsewhere in the EU, but not the United Kingdom. Though
the UK has decided to the leave the UK, they're in talks of a smooth transition over the next few
years. But all other remaining companies refuse to not discuss this with them until the future when
they have felt enough progress has been made to plan. England voted for their exit by a vote of
53.4% to 46.6%. Wales also helped England with their exit ... Show more content on
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But predictions of immediate chaos were predicted wrong. With the UK economy growing by a
margin of about 1.8% in 2016, second only to Germany's 1.9% among the world's G7 leading
industrialized nations. The UK economy has consistently almost had the same rate for all of 2017.
Inflation has risen since June 2016 to stand at 3.9%, but unemployment has continually fell to a
stand at a 42 year low of 4.3%. Yearly house prices increasing have taken a toll and have fallen from
9.4% in June 2016 but, were still at an inflation–beating 5% in the year to August 2017, according
to official ONS figures. Now what will happen to citizens of the EU living in the United Kingdom?
A 15–page proposal has been revealed by Theresa May but, has yet to be agreed upon. The 15
proposals are; those granted settled status will be able to live, work, study, and claim benefits just as
they can now, the cut–off date for eligibility is undecided but will be between the 29th of March
2017 and 29th of March 2019, family members of EU citizens living abroad will be able to return
and apply for settled status, EU nationals in the UK for less than five years at the specified date will
be able to continue living and working in the UK, once resident for five years, they can apply for
settled status, those arriving after the cut–off point will be able to stay temporarily, But there should
be "no expectation" they will be granted permanent residence, a period of "blanket residence

Effect Of Brexit On Uk 's Domestic Economy
Introduction On June 23rd 2016 the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. This
referendum is one of the most significant votes of a generation and will have substantial political
and economic consequences for the UK and the wider world. Since the result of the vote, very little
information regarding the terms of Brexit has been disclosed by the UK government. This has
caused considerable economic instability, resulting in fluctuating currency markets and significant
drops in consumer and investor confidence. Despite the general consensus that Brexit will have a
negative impact on the UK economy in the long term there may be some benefits for the financial
sector, such as a decrease in the stringent financial regulation that ... Show more content on
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When considered in light of the political climate, the falls in the pound are not good news for the
UK economy. British consumer confidence dropped sharply in the aftermath of the referendum. In
the political and market instability that followed the vote consumer confidence suffered one of its
biggest drops in history. The biggest deterioration concerned the general economic outlook in the 12
months following Brexit; 60% of participants felt that the economy would deteriorate, up from 46%
prior to the referendum . Consumer confidence is a vital economic indicator and can have
significant implications for investor spending decisions. If consumers within an economy are
nervous about their future economic prospects, companies will often cut back on production and
employment; in terms of the future economy, consumer confidence can act as a self–fulfilling
prophecy. In the short term, the instability that has been generated by Brexit is likely to supress
business and consumer spending, resulting in lower growth. Initial Effects of Brexit on Global
Markets The Brexit result sent shockwaves throughout the financial world; in the hours following
Brexit the Asian stock indices fell by approximately 10%. However, markets tend to overact and the
initial fall in global stock markets may have been a hasty judgement on the potential impacts of
Brexit on the global economy. Although Brexit is a significant global event, the

EEA 3 Permanent Residence 06 14 Essay
Application for a Document Certifying Permanent Residence EEA3 To be used by European
Economic Area (EEA) or Swiss nationals residing in the UK and their EEA or Swiss national family
members. It is not mandatory to complete this application form. However it will assist in dealing
with your application more efficiently if this form is used. Please read the guidance notes at the
front of this form before making your application. Document Certifying Permanent Residence
Version 06/2014 Please note there is a fee of £55 for each person applying for a document certifying
permanent residence. You must pay this fee even if you choose not to use this application form. If
you do not pay the fee, your application will be rejected. For ... Show more content on
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For Amex the security code consists of 4–digits and is found on the front of the card. AMERICAN
EXPRESS AUTHORISED SIGNATURE 4567 123 CVV 123 CVV 1234 1234 123456 12345 1234
If you do not provide the CVV number, we cannot take your payment and your application will be
rejected as invalid. A16–A17 Cardholder's signature – the person named on the credit/debit card
must sign and date these sections. Consideration process If the payment submitted does not cover
the full cost of your application, it will be an invalid application and the form, together with any
documentation submitted, will be returned to you. The fee charged is for the processing and
consideration of the application. This fee will be payable once the application form is received by
the Home Office or its payment processing agent, regardless of the outcome of the application. We
cannot begin the consideration process until the payment has cleared. We allow 5 working days for
payments made by cheque to

The United Kingdom Is An Island Nation Off The Coast Of...
The United Kingdom is an island nation off the coast of the continent of Europe. The nation is
comprised of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The Country has a total area of
93,628 square miles. The total a total population of the United Kingdom in 2015 was 65,092,000
people, which is comparable to its neighbor France. A majority of the population are located in
urban areas, only 17% of the population live in rural areas. The average life expectancy for its
citizens is 80 years ("United Kingdom" Encyclopedia). The nation has had a long journey after
World War 2. During in which the government owned and operates many different companies. The
United Kingdom's economy was recovering a sluggish pace. In the 1970s the UK joined the
European Economic Community which has assisted them in getting them to where they are now. In
addition the election of Margaret Thatcher as the prime minister in 1979, who ushered in capitalist
polices which have shaped the United Kingdom's modern economy. Arguably without Margaret
Thatcher's polices and admission in the European Economic Community the United Kingdom may
still be trying to recover from World War 2.
In 1979 when Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister she began to privatize state owned
companies and to sell some off. Before she became the Prime Minister the government controlled
all telecom services, utilities, and some of the oil companies (Seymour, Richard). In addition she
also passed legislation, which took away some

International Business Of The United Kingdom Essay
This is a research paper on international business in the United Kingdom. This paper will show
investors everything about the UK and if they wish to invest in the country. Before any person
should invest in any place that is unknown to them, they should conduct research like here before
you. The following paper includes research like culture, background, trading, business ethics, recent
events. An understanding of this information will help you decide on investing.
Keywords: international business, culture, background, trading, business ethics
Business in the United Kingdom International business today has exceeded more than any person
has ever thought it would, countries are doing more trading and importing now than ever.
International business can affect everyone, from small business owners to big companies all over the
world. A country that comes to mind that does a lot of international business is the United Kingdom
(UK). This paper will include the following: the background of the country, economic environment,
government policies, international economic integration and business environment, and current
events. By the end of this paper you will be able to know everything about the UK and if you want
to construct business or take business out of this country. To start a business anywhere you must
first conduct research and find the background information of the country that you are planning on
starting up. In this case it 's the UK, and what exactly

European Union Foreign Policy In A Changing World Summary
The second edition of Karen E Smith's book European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World is
another installation of the series started in 2003. The second installation is an update and expansion
in which she offers a crisp and different outlook on the intricacies of the contemporaneous European
Union's foreign policy. Karen expounds on EU foreign policy by not only examining what the
European Union is but also what it does. The book has nine chapters that delve into different aspects
of the European Union policy but all focusing on the union's foreign policy objectives.
In the introduction chapter, Karen introduces the five pivotal foreign policy objectives that the
European Union strives to achieve. These are:
i.Advocacy for regional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The European Coal and Steel Community body was created post war second world war not only to
achieve peace but also to solve the economic difficulties that the countries were facing. To achieve
this, six countries agreed t the Treaty of Paris in effect forming an area of free trade. The book also
looks at the the European Economic Community, a body created in 1958 to build a common market
that had no tariffs or bottlenecks to the movement of goods and labor. This chapter looks at the
transformation of the European Union through a number of political reforms and is depicted through
the evolution of three distinct pillars:the European Communities, The Common Foreign and
Security Policy (CFSP) and the The Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Council. This evolution is
tracked to what Smith describes as 'the world's largest unified market and trading bloc that conducts
economic and trading relations with virtually every country'(Smith, 21).
The next chapter looks at the policy instruments that are available to the European Union. These
policy instruments are economic, diplomatic and military. In the evaluation of each of these policy
instruments Smith looks at certain policy tools are assessed. Some of the policy tools that are
evaluated under economic instruments are trade and cooperation agreements with third world
countries, development aid to those countries is evaluated, regional associations are also presented
coupled with their share in the 2007 European Union

Politics C : The United States And The European Union
POLITICS C: THE UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
In this essay I will analyse to what extent the E.U. impinges upon the national sovereignty of its
member states. In order to arrive at a conclusion my answer will provide analysis and evaluation of
the powers and functions of the EU Commission, the council of ministers and the EU parliament.
The nature of the relationship between each of the above institutions and the nature of the
relationship between the European union and the individual member states with regard to national
sovereignty. The European Union was established by the Maastricht treaty in 1993. It provides an
economic and political union between 28 European countries which makes its own policies in
regards to the members' societies, laws, economies and to a certain extent security. The European
Union embodies the key principles of freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law as well
as the values of equality, social solidarity, sustainable development and good governance (Knud
2013). There are many key articles within the EU including article three which states that it is the
unions aim to promote peace the well being of there people and their values. Furthermore, article
four highlights that in accordance with article five competences not conferred upon the unions
remain with the member states. The EU institutions are responsible for employing over 40,000
people within the 28 member states. In addition, the European unions economy estimated at

Persuasive Essay On Scottish Independence
Scottish Independence – Good or Bad Scotland is at a turning point. The 300–year old Union is
some say no longer fit for purpose. Some say it was never designed for the 21st century world and it
is well past it's sell by date and is holding Scotland back. The Scottish people voted to move
forward, with a new, more Scottish approach from an SNP government. But many oppose these
views saying that Scotland needs the rest of the UK and that the economic and social problems
caused by independence would be catastrophic to the relationships between Scotland and the rest of
the UK. In any case the government has published a white paper setting out a vision of
independence and responsibility in the modern world. But is this idea beneficial to our country?

Consequences Of Brexit
Estimating the effects of Brexit
To forecast the consequences of the UK leaving the EU, we must make assumptions about how
trade costs change following Brexit. It is not known exactly how the UK's relations with the EU
would change following Brexit, which means that there is a lack of clarity over the consequences of
Brexit for trade costs between the UK and the EU. To overcome this difficulty, we analyse two
scenarios: an optimistic scenario in which the increase in trade costs between the UK and the EU is
small, and; a pessimistic scenario with a larger rise in trade costs.
The optimistic scenario assumes that in a post–Brexit world, the UK's trade relations with the EU
are similar to those currently enjoyed by Norway. As a member of the European Economic Area
(EEA), Norway has a free trade agreement with the EU, which means that there are no tariffs on
trade between Norway and the EU. Norway is also a member of the European single market and
adopts policies and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trade can have positive effects through increasing competition, which reduces excess profits and
promotes efficiency. Competition, access to superior intermediate goods and a larger export market
can also stimulate innovation. Recent research finds that dynamic effects may double or triple the
size of the static effects reported in Table 1 (Bloom et al, 2014; Sampson, 2016).
An alternative way to evaluate the consequences of Brexit is to use the results of reducedform
empirical studies of the effects of EU membership. Baier et al (2008) find that after controlling for
other determinants of bilateral trade, EU members trade substantially more with other EU countries
than they do with members of the EEA or EFTA. Their estimates imply that, if the UK leaves the
EU and joins EFTA, its trade with countries in the EU will fall by about a

So the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in...
So the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949,US and twelve Western countries
joined it. It was a security pact, in which the states agreed in case of a military attack to one of more
of them to defend each others. The founding members were US,Canada, Britain,Belgium,
France,Italy ,Denmark, Luxembourg, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway and Portugal. First NATO
General Secretary, Lord Ismay, stated that the organization's aim was "to keep the Russians out, the
Americans in, and the Germans down."
To respond to NATO, in 1955 the Warsaw Pact was established. The pact was a collective defense
treaty between the communist states, and as NATO with UN, was the military counterpart to the
COMECON. It rappresented a Soviet reaction to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution of the problem came with the Schuman Plan. Presented in1950 by the French Foreign
Minister, It was about sharing European resources in a supranational union. on April 1951 the
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was instituted. It combined coal and steel resources of
France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands, and it reduced the chance of war
betwwen France and West Germany. During the Paris Treaty, the six states stateded that this date
symbolized the birth of Europe. The ECSC became reality in 1952, and was the first step in relation
to European integration.
After the born of ECSC, others proposals were made to integrate european states. Therefore to better
defend the continent from Soviet aggressions, the United States was demanding to re–arm West
Germany, but they found a strong opposition from the most of European countries, which were
scared of a re–establishment of German army. In these circumstnces the French Prime Minister in
1952, proposed to create an integrated European Army. The result was the European Defence
Community, which gathered together the military forces of West Germany, Italy, France and the
Benelux cuontries. This option was prefered more than the idea of Germany joining NATO. In 1952,
a treaty was signed by ECSC members but in 1954 the French National Assembly rejected it. After
this, during the Paris Agreement in 1954 the

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