Science And Science Of Science

Science And Science Of Science
It's crazy to think my science education began over 15 years ago. Science has played a role in my life for as long as I can remember. My first
memories of science began with me playing in the dirt, picking flowers for my mom and chasing butterflies. I remember picking raspberries in the
backyard, keeping a ladybug as a pet, and the long days at camp spent fishing and hunting with my dad. On the contrary, the start of my science
education also included some negative experiences. I got stung by a bumble bee, fell off my bike and scraped my knee, and left a container of
worms open inside our fridge. This taught me at an early age that science is fun, but also complex. These childhood experiences were the base of
my understanding and knowledge of science. While most of my science experiences started at home, many took place in school as well. Through
my elementary school years, I was not as interested in the subject of science as I am today. We learned science often during these years, however,
only a few of these memories stand out. I seem to have a vivid memory of dissecting a sheep's eye in second grade, drawing the oceanic environment
in third grade, dissecting a pig's lung in fourth grade, and the creation a water purification system in fifth grade. I suppose I can't forget about the time
my best friend broke her elbow right in front of me. In addition to these memorable science experiences, I remember planting seeds, the water cycle,
the solar system song, and our
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The Cost Versus Return Trade Off
CONTEXT
The only thing I ever thought to be in life was to build a business like my father and take it to new heights. For this reason I have an inclination
towards my father's business. So I thought I should make full use of my MBA and apply the models and concepts I am learning here to our own
business.
So the problem I have chosen for my DMD Term Paper is to make optimum utilization of the resources and get the maximum returns on the money we
are investing in our business. The case will help me determine and understand the cost versus return trade–off. The case will help us realise that what
are the maximum benefits we could reap out of our business if we utilise our resources to an optimal rate. There is a constraint on the costs as ... Show
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Our company manufactures four different formulations of drugs of the same brand–name and in the final part of the manufacturing process there are
three major operations namely mixing of salts, pelletizing and packing and packaging of drugs into strips. For each variant the time required for these
operations is shown below (in minutes) as is the profit per strip sold.
ProductMixing of Salts(min)Pelletizing
(min)Packaging
(min)Profit per product strip(min)
A2321.5
B4232.5
C3323
D7454.5
пѓ As per the current scenario of the labour working in our company, we estimate that, each year, we have 1,00,000 minutes of mixing, 50,000
minutes of pelletizing time and 60,000 minutes of packaging time available. How many of each variant should our company make per year and what
is the associated profit?
пѓ Suppose now that we are free to decide how much time to devote to each of the three operations within the total allowable time. How many of
each variant should we make per year and what will be the associated profit?
Now simply solving the question using common sense: xi be the number of units of product variant i (i=A,B,C,D) made per year
Tmix be the number of minutes used in mixing per year

Tpel be the number of minutes used in pelletizing per year
Tpac be the number of minutes used in packaging per year
Where xi >= 0, i=A,B,C,D and
Tmix, Tpel, Tpac >= 0
Operation time
Tmix = 2xa + 4xb +

Recycling Essay
Recycling
During the early 1970s, as communities across the United States saw their landfills filling up, attention turned to alternative methods of garbage
disposal, such as incineration and recycling. While incineration proved to be a thorny issue due to its toxic ash byproduct, recycling was embraced by
Americans as an effective way to offset rising garbage production rates.
Today, demand for recycled products is beginning to match supply, and the percentage of waste going into landfills and incinerators is decreasing
steadily. In 1970, when Americans produced 121 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW), three–quarters went directly into landfills, one–fifth
was incinerated, and less ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many if not most of the products we use on a daily basis are made of recyclable materials, including glass, aluminum, paper, steel, plastic, scrap tires
and used oil. And the demand for goods made from recycled products, despite a lot of ups and downs during the 1980s, has never been higher thanks
to a combination of well–conceived industrial/commercial applications and much needed government purchasing mandates. Indeed, the existence of
markets for recyclables has contributed significantly to recycling's success as a waste disposal alternative.
What makes recycling especially unique is its implementation by local people for local people. In regards to MSW management, the federal
government is relatively hands–off, and state governments have focused more of their attention on landfill and incineration options. As a result, local
communities have come together to initiate recycling efforts; the percolation of their enthusiasm has led to the widespread acceptance and even
encouragement of recycling at both the state and federal levels.
With recovered materials demanding higher market prices and curbside collection and commercial recovery on the rise, it is not unrealistic for
Americans to expect to see nationwide recycling rates of thirty–five to fifty percent by the turn of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Solid Waste
2. METHODS
The main technological choices available for processing/ treatment and disposal of solid waste are composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion
/ biomethanation, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also called as pelletization and
sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery. Not all technologies are equally good. Each one of them has benefits and disadvantages.
2.1 COMPOSTING :–
Composting is a technology known in India since times immemorial. Composting is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganism in warm,
moist, aerobic and anaerobic environment. Farmers have been using compost made out of cow dung and other agro–waste. The compost made out of
urban heterogeneous waste is found to be of higher nutrient value as compared to the compost made out of cow dung and agro–waste. Composting of
Solid Waste is, therefore, the most simple and cost effective technology for treating the organic fraction of solid waste. Full–scale commercially viable
composting technology is already demonstrated in India and is in use in several cities and towns. Its application to farm land, tea gardens, fruit
orchards or its use as soil conditioner in parks, gardens, agricultural lands, etc., is however, limited on account of poor promoting.
Main benefits of composting include improvement in soil texture and augmenting of micronutrient deficiencies. It also increases moisture–holding
capacity of the soil and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nifedipines
INTRODUCTION1–4
Nifedipine is calcium channel blocker widely used clinically, in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension and angina pectoris.1.
It has poor aqueous solubility, resulting in variable dissolution rates and often–irregular bioavailability.2 The combination of low aqueous solubility and
rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract leads to its classification into class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System3.
Pellets are agglomerates of fine powders or granules of bulk drugs and excipients single most important factor responsible for the proliferation of
pelletized products is the popularity of controlled release technology in the delivery of drugs. When the pellets containing active ingredient are
administered in–vivo in the form of suspensions, capsules, or disintegrating tablets, they offer significant therapeutic advantages over single unit dosage
forms, since pellets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When formulated as modified release dosage forms, pellets are less susceptible to dose dumping than the reservoir–type single unit formulations.4
Micropellets technology delivers almost perfectly spherical particles exhibiting a very narrow particle size distribution and excellent flow properties
and these are characterized by a smooth surface free of dust and thus provide optimal conditions for subsequent film coating. Controlled release pellets
are manufactured either to deliver the bioactive agent at a specific site within the GIT or to sustain the action of drugs over an extended period of time.
While these results have been traditionally achieved through the application of a functional coating material, at times the core pellets themselves have
been modified to provide the desired effect. This further enhances the role of pellets in oral dosage form

Disadvantages Of Hydroxyapatites
A mineral compound known as Hydroxyapatite (HAP) or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is the primary inorganic component of hard tissues, like bones and teeth,
found in humans and other vertebrate animals [1]. One of the most known properties of HAP is that it is bioactive. It has the capability to assimilate in
bone structures and reinforce bone ingrowth and osseointegration. However, it is thermally unstable and putrefies at temperature ranges between
800п‚°C–1200п‚°C. Also, the mechanical strength of HAP is not that good making it unsuitable for long–term load bearing applications. [2] It is tough
but very brittle and weak in tension [3].
HAP can be synthesized starting from calcium carbonate and a variety of orthophosphate sources e.g. sodium and ammonium dihydrogen,
orthophosphoric acid, orthophosphates, and potassium [4]. A natural source of HAP includes human and animal bones. The Weston A. Price
Foundation said that the most effective calcium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ceramic hydroxyapatites entail nanocrystals cluttered into particles and merged together at high temperature to produce stable ceramic
microspheres. It comes in two types, Type I, with a high binding capability and medium porosity and Type II, with a lower binding capability but
larger porosity. Since Type I has a relatively high protein binding capability, it also has a much nobler competence for applications that involves acidic
proteins . Although Type II has lower binding capability, it has a finer and better resolve on nucleic acids and certain proteins. Type II is also expressly
fit for the cleansing of various species and class of antibodies or immunoglobulins. Fluoroapatite, on the other hand, is made by fluoridating HAP and
encompasses an "insoluble fluoridated mineral of calcium phosphate". Nonetheless, exposing native HAP and fluoroapatite to soluble calcium without
phosphate produces calcium–derivatized apatites.

Using Solar Energy For Functional Working Of Machine
Biomass pellets are used for residential heating and for industrial scale combined heat and power production. The market for pellets is still relatively
young but rapidly growing in terms of usage and capacity building. For Energy saving& cost reduction. We will use solar energy for functional
working of machine.
V. METHODOLOGY One of the basic factors that affect the choice of a project is the availability of materials, selection of materials, and the cost of
the materials for the design or fabrication of the project. The materials selection for the design function depends on the following:
i)The availability of these materials in our local markets. ii) The strength of these materials iii) The cost of the materials iv) The possession of simple
mode of the operation iv) The appearance of these materials
v)The ability of these materials to serve the purpose for which the project is intent to be designed.
A.Metallic Gear
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque, in most cases with
teeth on the one gear being of identical shape, and often also with that shape on the other gear. Two or more gears working in a sequence (train) are
called a gear train or, in many cases, a transmission; such gear arrangements can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be
considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source.

Feed Machine Advantages And Disadvantages
There are advantages and disadvantages that will be exist if we using the feed machine instead of not using any machines. The advantages that we
can observe is save time and energy. This is because every machine that had been invented is high technology and can do a various function for a
long period of time. Since that the machine can do a various function, we can say that we can save a lot of time because the machine can produce a
lot of feed in a short period of time and the feed also can be produced fast and in economic way. In the aspect of energy, we can also save the energy
since that there are reduction of workers that will be used because of the machine can do their activities by their own without any disturbance from
other things. Besides... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The animal performance also can be improved when the feed are more uniformed in size and shape compared to powder diet, so they can be taken
easily by the animals due to their high density. The feed also become more compact of the nutrients and energy that will make the size of the animals
become increased rapidly. The size of thepellet become uniform in size and shape is due to the feed pellet mill that functions as to make the
ingredients to become a pellet. The feed machine also function to decreased feed wastage because of the pelleting process prevents the segregation of
ingredients in a mixing, handling or feeding process, so animals can take in all the nutrition contained in the feed. Other than that, the heat generated
from the pelleting process in conditioning and pelleting make the feedstuffs more digestible by breaking down the starches. From this situation, the
pellet will become more palatable to the animals. After that, feed machine also can reduce the selective feeding among the animals because of most of
the ingredients of the formulation had already in the

Contributions Of The Pelled Density Profile
In tokamaks, the inverted density profile (i.e., a radially increasing density profile) appears in association with the pellet injection for core fueling (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 1–3 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) or control of the edge localized mode (ELM). (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 4 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) In several devices, the pellet injection has been known
to induce a high–confinement mode (H–mode). (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 5–8 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––)
Actually, the inverted density profile sometimes appears spontaneously during the low to high confinement mode transition. (–– removed HTML ––)
(–– removed HTML ––) 9 (–– removed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 22–24 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) In an early publication, Tang (–– removed
HTML ––) et al. (–– removed HTML ––) demonstrated that an inverted density gradient does not eliminate the TEM entirely. However, it has a strong
stabilizing influence by rendering ineffective the destabilizing resonances from the trapped electron precession drift, which is insensitive to the density
gradient, while the sign of mode frequency changed. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 22 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) Hahm and Tang proposed an analytic theory of ITG mode instability in plasmas with the inverted density profile under the assumption of the
adiabatic electron response in sheared slab geometry. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 23 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed
HTML ––) They showed that the ITG mode becomes unstable when the ion temperature gradient exceeds a threshold value even when the density
profile is inverted. Adam and co–workers have reported that the density inversion can result in an inward particle flux, which may be beneficial for
particle confinement. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 24 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––)
(–– removed HTML ––) In recent years, modeling and simulations of tokamak experiments featuring inverted density profiles have been performed on
FTU, (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 25

Planning a Solid Waste Management System
Waste Management
Studies have shown that the amount of waste has been increasing dramatically due to the increase of the worldwide population. There are various
types of wastes, such as municipal solid waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, sewage waste and many more. As a result of these wastes, necessary
precautions have been taken by the waste management to prevent an environmental impact, which might cause serious damage for the future
generations.
In the present paper, a framework for the design and the implementation of system B is proposed to ensure the services quality of urban solid waste
management. It comprises a1 B gea–rcrerenced Spatial Database, inherent the earth of a Geographic Data Framework (CIS), which contains all
required parameters for waste management. They include point sources of waste accumulation, road network and related traffic information. In
expansion dynamic information for populace thickness, time plan of work specialists, transportation facilities areas measured by Worldwide
Positioning Framework (GPS), and are acknowledged. Spatial–worldly examination is executed to speak to the interrelations between urban
developments, and thusly, increment of squanders and the collection–transport–transfer subsystems 01 waste administration. The spatial database is
entered through a graphical client interface facilitating segment entering and system operation reenactment and observing. The user has the ability to
include all obliged parameters, also

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Domestic Waste: Become A...
Executive Summary:
Waste has become a global problem. It has become very necessary to address this problem, so that energy problems can be solved. 50 million tonnes
of domestic waste is produced every year, and this is a health hazard. Domestic waste is nothing but paper, kitchen waste, and plastic.
Plastic is the common term for a wide range of synthetic or semi–synthetic materials used for a huge and growing range of applications. We can find
plastic in most of the items that we use today, such as our clothes, utensils, toys, bottles etc.
It is a known fact the plastic is a non–biodegradable item. Non–biodegradable means that it cannot be decomposed by natural processes. As a result,
plastic products persist and hence harm the environment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
into the atmosphere.
ADVANTAGES OFRECYCLING PLASTIC:
Protects Environment: The most important benefit of recycling is that it helps in protecting the environment in a balanced manner. For example, by
using recycled paper, we can reduce deforestation to an extent. A number of other natural resources can be reused this way.
Reduces Energy Consumption: A large amount of energy is consumed by processing raw materials at the time of manufacture. Recycling helps to
minimize energy consumption, which is crucial for massive production, such as mining or refining. This also makes the production process very
cost–effective for manufacturers.
Reduces Pollution: Industrial waste today is the main source of all types of pollution. Recycling of plastic helps to cut down pollution levels
considerably, as these materials are re–used.
Reduces Global Warming: Recycling helps to alleviate global warming and its ill effects. Recycling ensure that the burning process is minimized and
any waste is re–generated as a useful product with minimal harmful impact on the

How a Steel Mill Works
How A Steel Mill Works
The principal consumables employed in steel production are iron ore, coal, scrap metal and electrical energy. The importance of each of these
consumables depends upon the technological processes adopted at each mill. In a classic integrated mill, coal and iron ore are the main consumables.
In semi–integrated mills, scrap iron is the mainstay.
An integrated mill comprises four basic operations – reduction, refining, solidification, and rolling – to convert iron ore into semi–finished or finished
(rolled) steel products.
Reduction The objective is to convert iron ore – naturally occurring in the form of ferrous oxide – into pig iron.
In this operation, a coker converts coal into coke that is
then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among these are refractories, electrodes, and alloying elements.
Refractories are materials that work as thermal isolators and are used to coat critical steel mill equipment such as blast furnaces, ladles, and converters.
Their main function is to protect the equipment from extreme temperatures and to minimize wear and tear.
Electrodes constitute an important input in the operation of electric steel mills.
Alloying elements Metals such as zinc, tin, chrome and aluminum are employed in steel alloy production.
A steel mill uses industrial gases extensively. In addition to the jet of oxygen–fed converters in integrated mills, oxygen is frequently injected into blast
furnaces and electric furnances to improve overall operating conditions. Given the volume of oxygen utilized, steel mills usually house one or more
oxygen producing units. This used to be integrated vertically into the steelworks themselves. However, in recent years, initiatives have been widely
employed to outsource this operation to specialized companies.
There are also non–integrated manufacturers which operate via a single processing phase: reduction or rolling.
In the first case are pig iron producers, the so–called ironers, that utilize coal in blast furnaces to make pig iron. In the second case are the re–rollers of
plates and billets acquired from integrated or

Farnsworth Paper Works Case Study
Farnsworth Paper Works, Inc. would first like to request a future permit to begin the pelletizing and packaging of 300 to 500 tons of fly ash for retail
sale. Along with this request, we would like to request a second permit allowing us to continue disposing of any remaining fly ash in a Type III
landfill, which we have been taking advantage of on our property for the past two years. The amount of fly ash disposed of on our own property will
range from 500 to 700 tons.
According to our recent research and analysis, pelletizing our fly ash waste and selling it to the public as low–grade fertilizer would rid us of
approximately 500 tons a year. However, we do have the capacity to dump this harmless fly ash on our back 40 acres, an area of land that was
classified as a Type III landfill in 1979. Due to a crackdown on the general public and their free dumping on our lot, our forty acres were not approved
for fly ash, but now 35 years later the 40 acre landfill is safe and ready for use with no liability to be seen by the Department of Natural Resources
(DNR).
Farnsworth is aware of all precautions that the DNR must take to ensure ecological safety in all of the regions it governs; however after some general
investigation and discussion with similar companies in our region, we have noticed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As far as dumping goes, Tom Fleshman of the Richter Corporation, which happens to be located in the same DNR region as Farnsworth, has assured
me that they have seen no repercussions for continuing their dumping practices regardless of the sanctions placed on them. Like Farnsworth, Freedom
Power Company dumps wood fly ash on their own property. The difference is that freedom compacts their waste before disposal, but the DNR was
not aware of this before writing them a permit to legally do

Plastic Pellet Accident in Hong Kong
Energy and Environment
Group Project
Is plastic pellet spill incident in HK waters solvable?
2012/2013 Sem 1
Class: 88–167–01–08
Cheung Hin Long(10548963)
Cheung Chi Cheung(10549999)
Mak Chi Kit Oscar(10550937)
Energy and Environment Project
Is plastic pellet spill incident in HK waters solvable?
Table of Content
1 Introduction.....................................................................3 2 Process..............................................................................3 3 What is the plastic
pellet................................................4 4 Properties.........................................................................5 5
Usage.................................................................................5 6 Misconceptions............................................................... 6 7 After
photodegration......................................................7 8 The responsibility.............................................................8 9
Suggestions.......................................................................9 10 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That makes PP can be applied in many sectors.
Lastly, PP has a good resistance to fatigue, which means, even PP products had been used for a long period of time, they will not have a structural
damage easily. That makes the products of PP have a high durability.
5. Usage
From the properties I have mentioned above, we can conclude that PP has a lot of advantages. And because PP is very cheap, so it has a widely use in
our daily lives.
As PP has a high melting point, one of the major usages of it is to produce dishware or food container, it can also put into microwave for heating
without the risk of being melted or release toxic substances.

Moreover, because PP is very tough, many plastic furniture are also made up of it. Compare to the furniture made up of metal, PP's furniture can
avoid corrosion. And it is more comfortable than metal furniture because metal will become hot if u sit on it for a period of time, but PP's furniture is
relatively cooler as it is plastic.
Lastly, due to the resistance of fatigue, PP will also use to produce auto parts or industrial fibers, so it can ensure the risk of breaking down due to
fatigue is minimized, and the cost is also lowered.
6. Misconceptions
From the response of the general public to the plastic pellet incident, we can see that most of us may have some common misconceptions towards the
plastic pellets or PP.
Firstly, the PP itself is non–toxic. If PP is toxic, then why

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pdf
RDF(refuse derived fuel)
Abstract
If we focused on solid waste management (SWM) the waste produced was collected and dump in dump yard which causes many environmental
pollutions and health hazards. In solid waste management land filling is a major problem. Many difficulties arise while extending the land for land
filling. In order to overcome those problems Refuse–Derived Fuel (RDF) is one of the best options. Refuse–Derive Fuel is obtain from municipal waste
and it is one of the alternative fuels. It is the process of converting waste into useful energy. By doing so the problem with solid waste management
get reduces and RDF can be substituted for coal in boilers. This paper deals about the manufacturing and application of RDF in India. Solid Waste
Management is collection of waste which is generated by every person in the society. Mainly the solid waste consists of Household waste, Industrial
waste, Agricultural waste and Bio Medical waste. Those wastes consist of biodegradable waste, recyclable waste, inert waste, electrical and electronic
waste, composite waste, hazardous waste and toxic waste. Those wastes must ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then it is converted into pellets into required size and shapes normally 30mm capsules. A refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellet having about 11% or more
particulate calcium hydroxide which is utilized in a combustion able mixture. The pellets are used in a particulate fuel bring a mixture of 10% or more,
on a heat equivalent basis, of the RDF pellet which contains calcium hydroxide as a binder, with 50% or more, on a heat equivalent basis, of a sulphur
containing coal. Combustion of the mixture is effective to produce an effluent gas from the combustion zone having a reduced SO.sub.2 and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon content of effluent gas from similar combustion materials not containing the calcium

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