Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion: A technological embeddedness perspective
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This document discusses international technology diffusion and explores its structure and how countries interact globally. Social network analysis was used to analyze patent and R&D data for 42 countries from 1997 to 2008. The results show technology diffusion has shifted from a cascade-like pattern to a more radial pattern, with countries occupying technological roles as generators, coordinators, followers, or absorbers. Countries' positions demonstrate technological embeddedness and important policy implications involve participating in international cooperation to grow technology capabilities.
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Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion: A technological embeddedness perspective
- 1. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion EXPLORING THE NATIONAL ROLE AND POSITION OF INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION: A technological embeddedness perspective Hung-Chun Huang, Ph. D III & NCNU, Taiwan PICMET ‘14 Conference Kanazawa , Japan MD-11.1
- 2. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Global Supply chain, Global outsourcing , Global R&D Globalization has highlighted changes in national technological capabilities. Blyde (2001) Keller (2004) Globalization! Diffusion Structure? Exogenous factors drive technological progress, as well as driving economic growth via international technology diffusion. International Technology Diffusion ?
- 3. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Introduction Innovation Technology Growth Technology Maturity Time Developed Country Other Developed Countries Other Developing Countries Technologyeffect Technology diffusion Technology diffusion DistanceDistance DiffusionDiffusion UtilityUtility 00 ∞∞ ∞∞ 00 DistanceDistance DiffusionDiffusion UtilityUtility 00 ∞∞ ∞∞ 00 Flying geese pattern Akamatsu,1962 IPLC Vernon,1966 Geographic localization ITD, Keller (2002) Cascade-like diffusion Global Supply chain, Global outsourcing , Global R&D ? Q1. What structure has the technology diffusion been existed? Q2. How they interact globally? What extent ? Global Network Globalization!
- 4. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Technology Diffusion - Embodies and disembodies technology Griliches(1979,1981,1990),Maskus(2004), Papaconstantinuous(2004): Embodies Form Technology Rent spillover (Passive) Disembodies Form Technology Pure knowledge spillover (Active) e.g. trade flows (eg. Grossman & Helpman, 1991; Smith &White, 1992; Coe & Helpman,1995; Xu & Wang, 1999,2000; Eaton & Kortum, 2001. Nemeth &Smith, 1985; Kick & Davis, 2001) e.g. Patent citations (eg. Griliches,1980; Austin,1993; Kong & Lin, 2003)
- 5. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Empirical Data 1997~2008 42×42 matrix USPTOUSPTO Patent Data USPTOUSPTO R&D Data Trade Flow Data SITC 7 Patent Citation Top 42 countries Social Network Analysis Disembodied Technology Diffusion Disembodied TD Matrix Disembodied Technology Diffusion Disembodied TD Matrix Embodied Technology Diffusion Embodied TD Matrix Embodied Technology Diffusion Embodied TD Matrix Embodies Form Technology Rent spillover (Passive) Disembodies Form Technology Pure knowledge spillover (Active)
- 6. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion DCBA D C B A 0.85 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.99 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.00 1010 0110 1111 0011 A B C D Image Map Image Matrix Measure Dichotomizing Network Block Model Blockmodeling Network Analysis Blockmodeling Row network Measurement Dichotomizing Pattern Matching
- 7. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion 1000 0100 0010 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0000 1000 0100 0010 Cohesive subgroup Centralized Hierarchy 0000 1000 1100 1110 0001 0001 0001 1111 Transitivity Center-periphery represent as a block represent as directive linkageInstruction: represent as a block with reflexive represent as bi-direction linkage Source: Adapt for Wasserman and Faust (1994) Results Center-periphery patterns 0000D 0011C 0111B 1111A DCBAEmbodied 0000D 0011C 0111B 1111A DCBAEmbodied 0000D 0011C 0111B 1111A DCBA 0000D 0011C 0111B 1111A DCBADisembodied
- 8. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion from Cascade to Radial Finding & Discussion 1 Radial-like diffusion Periphery Core Cascade-like diffusion Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Introduction Innovation Technology Growth Technology Maturity Time Developed Country Other Developed Countries Other Developing Countries Technologyeffect Technology diffusion Technology diffusion DistanceDistance DiffusionDiffusion UtilityUtility 00 ∞∞ ∞∞ 00 DistanceDistance DiffusionDiffusion UtilityUtility 00 ∞∞ ∞∞ 00
- 9. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Typological analysis: role and position identify Finding &Discussion 2 received by position (inter-block) High Low within position (intra-block) High Primary Isolate Low Brokers Sycophants Source: Burt (1976) Burt’s position Typology Outward linkage High Low Inward linkage High Transmitters Consumers Low Generator Isolates Source: Galaskiewicz and Krohn (1984) Galaskiewicz and Krohn’s typology
- 10. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Typological analysis: role and position identify Finding &Discussion 2 received by position (inter-block) High Low within position (intra-block) High Primary Isolate Low Brokers Sycophants Source: Burt (1976) Burt’s position Typology Outward linkage High Low Inward linkage High Transmitters Consumers Low Generator Isolates Source: Galaskiewicz and Krohn (1984) Galaskiewicz and Krohn’s position typology Technological Follower Technological Coordinator Technological Absorber Technological Generator
- 11. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Typological analysis: Role and position identify Technological Follower Technological Coordinator Technological Absorber Technological Generator Finding & Discussion 2 1997 ~ 2008 Disembodied Technology Generator Coordinator Follower Absorber EmbodiedTechnology Generator Canada France Germany Japan Korea South United Kingdom United States Australia China Hong Kong Netherlands Singapore Taiwan Coordinator Switzerland Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark Finland Italy Norway Spain Sweden Argentina India Mexico Poland Russia Turkey Portugal Follower Hungary Ireland Malaysia South Africa Greece Thailand Absorber New Zealand Chile Colombia Iceland Indonesia Philippines
- 12. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Conclusion 1. What structure has the technology diffusion been existed? The result of this work reveals the international technology diffusion pattern is radial-like diffusion rather than cascade-like diffusion. 2. How they interact globally? The pattern of ITD demonstrates technological embeddedness. Technological Generator, Coordinator, Follower, and Absorber; they work together. 3. Important Policy implication: Participating in international cooperation deploys their international relationship strategy to growth their technology capability. (Alliance Share R&D expenditure)
- 13. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Thank your Attention Hung-Chun Huang National Chi Nan University, Taiwan
- 14. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Country allocation Austria Belgium Canada China Denmark Germany Norway Spain Switzerland Australia Finland France Italy Japan Korea South Netherlands Sweden Taiwan United Kingdom United States 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Embodied betweenness Disembodiedbetweenness BrazilSpainSingapore 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 10000 NorwayThailand Russia IrelandIndia Malaysia Mexico Embodied Disembodied
- 15. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Data collection & Process By Griliches(1991) iijij RDrITD = USPTO Patent DataR&D Data Trade Flow Data 1997~2008 SITC 7 Patent Citation Top 42 countries 42×42 matrix Social Network Analysis Disembodied Technology Diffusion Disembodied TD Matrix Embodied Technology Diffusion Embodied TD Matrix
- 16. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Methodologies - Social network analysis Role and position analysis -REGE Blockmodeling Schweizer (1988) suggests that can precisely identify generic structural positions in a network.
- 17. PICMET’14 Exploring the national role and position of international technology diffusion Modeling analysis (REGE Blockmodeling) 2005~2006 DC 0.333 A AB 0.595 0.619 0.495 0.155 0.211 2003~2004 0.3240.868 Embodied technology diffusion 1999~2000 DC 0.400 A AA B 0.610 0.611 0.557 0.194 0.175 1997~1998 0.955 0.234 Disembodied tech 1999~2000 DC 0.889 A AA B 0.992 0.218 0.942 0.486 0.193 1997~1998 1.000 0.524 0.015 Em A B C D A 1 1 1 1 B 1 1 1 0 C 1 0 0 0 D 0 0 0 0 Disem A B C D A 1 1 1 1 B 1 1 1 0 C 1 1 0 0 D 0 0 0 0 0.0000.0000.0000.000D 0.0000.0000.0000.194C 0.0000.1750.2340.557B 0.4000.6110.6100.955A DCBAEmbodied 0.0000.0000.0000.000D 0.0000.0000.0000.194C 0.0000.1750.2340.557B 0.4000.6110.6100.955A DCBAEmbodied 0.0000.0000.0000.000D 0.0000.0000.0150.486C 0.0000.1930.5240.942B 0.8890.2180.9921.000A DCBADisemb 0.0000.0000.0000.000D 0.0000.0000.0150.486C 0.0000.1930.5240.942B 0.8890.2180.9921.000A DCBADisemb Density matrix Image matrix Reduced Graph