The Lexicon-Grammar of Portuguese Predicate Nouns with "ser de" in Port4NooJ. Generation of paraphrases

1. technology
from seed
THE LEXICON-GRAMMAR OF PORTUGUESE
PREDICATE NOUNS WITH SER DE
IN PORT4NOOJ
Cristina Mota1
Jorge Baptisa1,2
Anabela Barreiro1
NooJ International Conference - Palermo, Italy, 20—22 June 2018
1 INESC-ID, Lisbon
2 Universidade do Algarve

2. Port4NooJ 3.1
2
LG of
Support
Verb Fazer
2017
LG of
Human
Intransitive
Adjectives
2015
LG of
Support
Verb
ser de
2018
eSPERTo Smart Paraphrasing System
Port4NooJ
Genesis 2009: OpenLogos
ü Bilingual PT-EN
ü Morpho-syntactic Relations
ü Semantico-syntactic Properties (SAL)
ü Derivational Relations
ü Support Verb Constructions
ü Semantic Relations
ü SentiLex 2016
ü Stencil NER 2016

3. 3
eSPERTo Paraphrasing
Edgar, Virtual QA Agent
(Fialho et al. 2013)
SSNT Summarization
(Ribeiro 2011)
QA and Summarization
Applications
• .
eSPERTo Paraphrasing Applications

4. eSPERTo Interface
4
https://esperto.l2f.inesc-id.pt/esperto/esperto/demo.pl
Interactive language learning application – helps learners in producing and revising their texts

5. Predicate nouns with Vsup ser de
(Baptista, 2005)
5
• Lexicon-grammar of 2,085 predicate nouns which co-occur in constructions
with the support verb ser de (‘be of ’)
– Many correspond to adjective predicative constructions, so in those cases they are linked to a
corresponding adjective in the LG table
– Classified into 9 classes according to:
• number of arguments (1 or 2) selected by the predicate noun
• the syntactic (sentential/nominal) constraints
• distributional (semantic) selection constraints on the nominal argument slots (human/
non-human).
• Two special classes were established for:
– nouns selecting a body-part noun as their subject
– symmetrical constructions
• The process of integrating the LG of predicates with Vsup ser de into Port4NooJ
was very similar to integrating the LG of predicates with Vsup fazer

6. Predicate nouns with Vsup ser de Classification Criteria
Ser de
N0 ser de N N0 ser de N Prep N1
N0 =: Nhum
N0 =: Nnhum
N0 =: Nhum
N0 =: Nnhum
N0 =: Que F0 N0 =: Que F0
N1 =: Que FN0 =: Npc de Nhum
N1 ser de N Prep N0
9 classes

7. Predicate nouns with Vsup ser de Classification Criteria
Ser de
N0 ser de N N0 ser de N Prep N1
SdH1
328 19%
SdNH1
363 17%
SdH2
54 3%
SdNH2
30 1%
SdQ0
820 39%
SdQ1
308 15%
SdQ2
37 2%
SdNPC
30 1%
SdSIM 55 3%

8. Transformations based on noun predicates
with Vsup ser de
8
Negation Paraphrases
[in-N] O Pedro é de uma certa intolerância à lactose
Pedro is of a certain intolerance to lactose
[falta de N] ([lack of N]) O Pedro é de uma certa falta de tolerância à lactose
Pedro is of a certain lack of tolerance to lactose
Vsup Substitution Paraphrases
[Vsup=ser de] A Ana é de uma alegria contagiante
Ana is of a contagious happiness
[Vsup=ter] A Ana tem uma alegria contagiante
Ana has a contagious happiness
[Vsup=haver] Há na Ana uma alegria contagiante
There is a contagious happiness in Ana
[Vsup=ser de] A Ana é de uma alergia ao pó impressionante
Ana is of an impressive allergy to dust
[Vsup=faz] A Ana faz uma alergia ao pó impressionante
Ana makes an impressive allergy to dust

9. – Major challenges
² 50% of the predicate nouns already exist in Port4NooJ
Ø Old news: somewhat being addressed since we started integrating the LG
with Vsup fazer
- consolidate information from old entry and LG table
- solution is far from perfect
- needs thorough revision
² 55% of the cases where the predicate nouns have an equivalent
adjectival construction, the adjective is homograph of a human
intransitive adjective (HIA) already formalized in the LG of HIA
Ø New problem! Adjectives equivalent to predicate nouns are being treated
by derivation. Not sure how to harmonize those derived entries with the HIA
entries yet…
Integration of LG of Vsup ser de
9

10. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Mostly done automatically with various scripts
≠ scripts used to integrate the tables of Human Intransitive Adjectives
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
10
Port4NooJ
• Current version (CV)
• Version before
removing Npred that
derive from verbs (OV)
LG tables
npred_vsupserde
ü Check if noun exists in Port4NooJ:
ü If noun not in CV nor in OV
§ Create new entry
ü If noun in CV and (not in OV or CV=OV entry)
§ Merge1 the LG properties with current entry
ü If noun in OV only or (CV≠OV entry) then
§ Merge2 the LG properties with old entry
§ Remove nominalization from CV
ü Create FLX and DRV codes and corresponding rules as
needed
ü Check for missing FLX and DRV codes

11. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Representation of LG table properties
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
11
+Npred+Vsup
=ser
+Table=SdH1
+VsupteroNdeVinf0w=ter
Grammars take care of de
+Vsupter=ter
+N0Nhum
+Vsup…+Det…
+PfxNeg=in

12. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Representation of LG table properties
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
12
• DRV code is determined and formalized automatically by finding the radical
between the noun and the verb or adjective that are listed in a separate file
activ(idade) => N2A5= <B5>o/A
• FLX code of derived word is determined by consulting Port4NooJ
activo,A+FLX=ALTO+AV+state+EN=brisk+DRV=AVDRV01:RAPIDAMENTE
If the derived form does not exist, then its code is assigned automatically
+DRV=N2A5:ALTO
+Prep… +N1…

13. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
① Noun not in Port4NooJ (old or current):
ü Create new entry:
ü FLX code is assigned automatically given the ending of the word
ü Entries are checked for missing FLX codes and reviewed by a linguist
ü All other properties come from LG table
ü Add entry to new standalone dictionary npred_vsupserde.dic
airosidade,N+FLX=CASA+Npred+Vsup=ser+Table=SdH1+N0Nhum+N0Npabst+N0Ncl
asspessoa+DetEModif+DetUMModif+Vsupter=ter+VsupteroNdeVinf0w=ter+
DRV=N2A5:ALTO
13
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de

14. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
② Noun exists both in current and old Port4NooJ
A. If entries are the same do Merge 1:
ü Blindly add additional properties as specified by the LG tables to current entries
ü Add merged entries to npred_vsupserde.dic
14
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
aprumo,N+FLX=ANO+AB+prop+EN=aplomb
+Npred
+Vsup=ser+Table=SdH1
+Negfaltade
+N0Nhum
+N0Npc
+N0Npabst+N0Nclasspesso
a+DetEModif
+DetUMModif
+Vsupter=ter+VsupteroNd
eVinf0w=ter
+Vsuphaver=haver+DRV=N2
A16:ALTO

15. 15
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
– From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
② Noun exists both in current and old Port4NooJ
A. If entries are the same do Merge 1:
ü Blindly add additional properties as specified by the LG tables to current entries
ü Add merged entries to npred_vsupfazer.dic
aprumo,N+FLX=ANO+AB+prop+EN=aplomb+Npred+Vsup=ser+Table=SdH1+Negfal
tade+N0Nhum+N0Npc+N0Npabst+N0Nclasspess+DetEModif+DetUMModif+Vs
upter=ter+VsupteroNdeVinf0w=ter+Vsuphaver=have+DRV=N2A16:ALTO

16. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
② Noun exists both in current and old Port4NooJ
B. If entries are not the same do Merge 2 with old entries as shown in case 3:
ü Remove previous Npred related properties
ü Blindly add additional properties as specified by the LG tables to old entries
ü Add merged entries to npred_vsupserde.dic
ü Remove nominalization from CV
16
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
Entries in CV:
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+qual+EN=avidity
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+qual+EN=greed
Entries in OV:
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+strvb+Npred+Nom+EN=acquisitiveness+VRB=ansiar

17. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
② Noun exists both in current and old Port4NooJ
B. If entries are not the same do Merge 2 with old entries as shown in case 3:
ü Remove previous Npred related properties
ü Blindly add additional properties as specified by the LG tables to old entries
ü Add merged entries to npred_vsupserde.dic
ü Remove nominalization from CV
17
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
Entries in CV:
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+qual+EN=avidity
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+qual+EN=greed
Entries in OV:
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+strvb+Npred+Nom+EN=acquisitiveness
+VRB=ansiar
+Npred
+Vsup=ser+Table=SdQ
0
+N0Nhum+N0NpreddeN+
N0NopQueF+N0RestrNo
pQueF+N0QueFconj+N0
OfactodeVinf0w
+N0N0Vinf0w+N0Restr
Vinf0w+N0Nclass+N0N
classpessoa+DetEMod
if+DetUMModif+Vsupt
er=ter+Vsuphaver=ha
ver+DRV=N2A18:ALTO

18. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
② Noun exists both in current and old Port4NooJ
B. If entries are not the same do Merge 2 with old entries as shown in case 3:
ü Remove previous Npred related properties
ü Blindly add additional properties as specified by the LG tables to old entries
ü Add merged entries to npred_vsupserde.dic
ü Remove nominalization from CV
18
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
Entries in CV:
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+qual+EN=avidity
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+qual+EN=greed
Entries in OV:
avidez,N+FLX=LUZ+AB+strvb+Npred+Nom+EN=acquisitiveness
+VRB=ansiar+Npred+Vsup=ser+Table=SdQ0+N0Nhum+N0NpreddeN+N0NopQu
eF+N0RestrNopQueF+N0QueFconj+N0OfactodeVinf0w+N0N0Vinf0w+N0Rest
rVinf0w+N0Nclass+N0Nclasspessoa+DetEModif+DetUMModif+Vsupter=te
r+Vsuphaver=haver+DRV=N2A18:ALTO

19. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
③ Noun exists only in old Port4NooJ
ü Do Merge 2 with old entries as shown in Case 2-B:
ü Remove previous Npred related properties
ü Blindly add additional properties as specified by the LG tables to old entries
ü Add merged entries to npred_vsupserde.dic
ü Remove nominalization from CV
19
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
capricho,N+FLX=ANO+AB+strvb+Npred+Nom+EN=caprice+VRB=caprichar

20. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
③ Noun exists only in old Port4NooJ
ü Do Merge 2 with old entries as shown in Case 2-B:
ü Remove previous Npred related properties
ü Blindly add additional properties as specified by the LG tables to old entries
ü Add merged entries to npred_vsupserde.dic
ü Remove nominalization from CV
20
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
+Npred+Vsup=ser
+Table=SdH1+N0Nhum
+N0Npabst
+N0Nclasspessoa
+DetE
+Vsupter=ter
+VsupserumNdpdNhum=ser
+Vsuphaver=haver
+DRV=N2A25:ALTO
capricho,N+FLX=ANO+AB+strvb+EN=caprice

21. – From LG tables to NooJ dictionaries
• Integration with eSPERTo dictionary entries
③ Noun exists only in old Port4NooJ
ü Do Merge 2 with old entries as shown in Case 2-B:
ü Remove previous Npred related properties
ü Blindly add additional properties as specified by the LG tables to old entries
ü Add merged entries to npred_vsupserde.dic
ü Remove nominalization from CV
21
Integration of LG of PT Vsup fazer
capricho,N+FLX=ANO+AB+strvb+EN=caprice+Npred+Vsup=ser+Table=Sd
H1+N0Nhum+N0Npabst+N0Nclasspessoa+DetE+Vsupter=ter+Vsupser
umNdpdNhum=ser+Vsuphaver=haver+DRV=N2A25:ALTO

22. – From LG to NooJ grammars
• New grammars to paraphrase constructions based on specific LG properties, such as
paraphrase of negative constructions
Ø Use of more than one LG property: PfxNeg & Negfaltade
22
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
O Pedro é de uma grande falta de sinceridade O Pedro
<REESCREVE+TEXTO=não é de uma grande sinceridade>
<REESCREVE+TEXTO=é de uma grande insinceridade>
é de uma grande falta de sinceridade
</REESCREVE>
</REESCREVE>
Pedro is of a great lack of sincerity
Pedro is not of a great sincerity
Pedro is of a great insincerity

23. – From LG to NooJ grammars
• New grammars to paraphrase constructions based on specific LG properties, such as when
restructuring with a possessive pronoun
Ø Unidirectional paraphrase: needs larger context and more complex analysis to be able to
rephrase the possessive with the appropriate noun phrase
23
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
(Fazer isso) é do interesse do Pedro (Fazer isso)
<REESCREVE+TEXTO=é do seu interesse>
é do interesse do Pedro
</REESCREVE>
(To do this) is of interest to Pedro
(To do this) is of his interest

24. – From LG to NooJ grammars
• New grammars to paraphrase constructions based on specific LG properties that also exist on
other LG grammars, such as the substitution of the support verb by another verb
Ø Likely to be common to the three lexicon-grammar or at least have shared sub-graphs
24
Integration of LG of PT Vsup ser de
O Pedro é de um certo altruismo <REESCREVE+TEXTO=O Pedro tem>
<REESCREVE+TEXTO=Há no Pedro>
O Pedro é de
</REESCREVE>
um certo altruismo
Pedro is of a certain altruism

25. Preliminary Results
25
• 2132 predicate nouns with Vsup ser de (1376 different noun lemmas)
– Additional 797 entries await revision of inflectional codes of derived adjectives
or have format problems to be added to the final dictionary
• 450 new derivational paradigms, but there might be overlap with paradigms
created when integrating LG of vsup fazer
• Example grammars for the syntactic parser
• Half of the nouns already existed in Port4NooJ (50%)
è 6% increase in nominal entries and 20% increase in predicate nouns
Table Example In Port4NooJ New % In
SdH1 O Zé é de uma alegria contagiante 183 208 47%
SdH2 O Zé é da confiança da Ana 41 14 75%
SdNH1 Este molho é de uma acidez exagerada 153 211 42%
SdNH2 Esta substância é de uma total indissolubilidade em água 16 15 52%
SdNPC O rosto da Ana era de uma palidez doentia 7 24 23%
SdQ0 Essa medida é de grande abrangência 309 512 38%
SdQ1 O Zé foi de uma agressividade desproporcionada para com a Ana 162 147 52%
SdQ2 O Zé é de uma grande habilidade para tratar das roseiras 22 16 58%
SdSIM O Zé e a Ana são de um companheirismo exemplar 34 22 61%
Total 927 1169 50%

26. Next Steps
26
Consolidate
Dictionaries
Review
Review
Review
Build LG
Paraphrasing
Grammars
Integrate
new LG

27. 27
Thank you!
Grazie!
cmota@ist.utl.pt
jbaptis@ualg.pt
anabela.barreiro@inesc-id.pt