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1. METAL

2. METAL
 A metal is a material (an element,
compound, or alloy) that is
typically hard, opaque, shiny, and
has good electrical and thermal
conductivity.
 Metals are generally malleable
that is, they can be hammered or
pressed permanently out of shape
without breaking or cracking — as
well as fusible and ductile.

3. WROUGHT IRON

4. WROUGHT IRON
 Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon
content in contrast to cast iron. Wrought iron is tough,
malleable, ductile, corrosion-resistant and easily welded.
 Wrought iron is one of the most elegant and beautiful
elements in interior design. It appeared many centuries
ago and became especially popular in the XVI – XIX
centuries. The design of wrought ironwork is always
changing according to actual trends: it can be flowery or
minimalistic, traditional or innovative, organic or
geometrical.
 wrought iron is entirely handmade, it can be incorporated
in different decorating styles: classical, contemporary,
country and even minimalistic. Delicate and airy look of
ironwork ornaments together with masculinity and power
of metal create solid but at the same time very exquisite
and refined look.

5.  Characteristics of Wrought Iron:
 Soft
 Ductile
 Magnetic
 Strong - high elasticity and tensile strength
 Malleable - can be heated and reheated
and worked into various shapes.
 Wrought iron becomes stronger the more
it is worked.
 Suitable for members in tension OR
compression; whereas, cast iron is suitable
for members in compression only

6.  Tips on using ironwork in home decor:
 If you decided to use ironwork in your house it is
better to create an ensemble of several elements.
Single wrought iron piece will probably look
incongruous and out of place.
 You should make considerations on proportions,
size and place of ironwork. It is the same process
as choosing the right shoes for a dress.
 All ironwork in the house should be made in the
same style. If you hang baroque style chandelier
and in the same room place rather minimalistic
chairs and table, the interior will look awkward
and amateur.

7.  Better to underdo than overdo. Iron work is a very
specific interior design feature. All items need to be
carefully selected and well-thought-out. If you
place too many wrought iron pieces, your house
will look grotesque and preposterous.
 Wrought iron is a wonderful feature as you can
create almost any design. Rather than copying
things from magazines and the internet, you may
decorate your house with something really unique
and exclusive.

8. TYPICAL USES
Historical uses during the 17th and 18th centuries
were typically decorative and include:
 Fences, gates and railings
 Balconies
 Porches and verandas
 Canopies
 Roof cresting
 Lamps
 Grilles
 Hardware

9. BRONZE

10. BRONZE
 Bronze is an alloy of copper which can vary
widely in its composition. It is often used
where a material harder than copper is
required.
 bronze is superior to iron in nearly every
application. Although bronze develops a
patina, it does not oxidize beyond the
surface. It is considerably less brittle than
iron and has a lower casting temperature.
 They are generally about ten percent
heavier than steel.

11. BRONZE USE IN INTERIOR DESIGNING:
 Gates, portals and railings
 Lamps, fittings and mailboxes for indoors and
outdoors
 Logos, plaques and reliefs
 Interior elements for lobbies
 Metal elements for floors, walls and ceiling
 Bronze parts are tough and typically used for
bearings, clips, electrical connectors, and springs.

12. TYPICAL USES
Statuary bronze is typically used in
outdoor sculpture. Its forms are almost
limitless since it may be cast in any shape
for which a mold can be devised. The
most common types of forms include the
human figure, landscapes, battle scenes,
animals, weapons, decorative elements
such as stars, rosettes, etc., And plaques.
Architectural bronze is typically used for:
1. Door and window frames
2. Door and window hardware
3. Mail boxes and chutes
4. Trim or rails, and
5. Furniture hardware.

13. ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS
Architectural applications seek to
preserve the Natural, highly polished
"pinkish" finish of raw bronze, in
contrast to the patination of outdoor
sculpture/ornament.
This is achieved by the frequent
polishing and oiling of bronze/brass
decorative and structural elements,
or their protection by the application
of clear lacquers which must be
renewed on a periodic basis.

14. STAINLESS STEEL

15. STAINLESS STEEL
Stainless steel an alloy of steel with chromium
and sometimes another element (as nickel or
molybdenum) that is practically immune to
rusting and ordinary corrosion.
Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or
stain with water as ordinary steel does. There
are different grades and surface finishes of
stainless steel to suit the environment the
alloy.
Stainless steel is popular due to its properties
of corrosion resistance and ease of
maintenance, the inherent visual
attractiveness of this metal has brought it into
the mainstream of contemporary design.

16. CHARACTERISTICS OF STAINLESS STEEL:
 Contains iron and a minimum of 10 percent
chromium
 Marketed for its corrosion resistance, sanitary
qualities and modern appearance
 Expensive initially compared to aluminum
 Low maintenance and replacement costs
 More durable than most sheet metals
 Capable of being polished using an electro
polishing methods
 Early standard finishes included hot rolled,
annealed and pickled; still used today, but
appearance is slightly different

17.  STAINLESS STEEL USE IN INTERIOR DESIGNING:
 Stainless steel has been very successfully used in the
following situations: cladding, facades, feature walls,
and decorative walls.
 Stainless steel sheeting that is neatly wrapped around
plasterboard which can be easily fixed to timber or steel
frames. The panels come with a smartly conceived little
edge fold that allows them to be spaced or fitted snug,
depending upon the effect desired
 Stainless steel can be finished in a large selection of
colours. This is useful when a particular decor demands
the use of complimentary colours or the natural colour
of stainless steel is undesirable.
 Stainless steel is used for guttering and down-pipes, the
simple functionality of the piping is transformed to a
design element, becoming an integral part of the
architectural geometry of the house.

18.  Stainless steel is very also popular in kitchens due to
its functionality, (it is hygienic and easily cleaned),
and the silky luster which reflects light and keeps a
kitchen bright.
 Cladding doors with stainless steel not only
improves strength for security but provides doors
with a strong, cool, slick look. Patterned sheets
work particularly well, especially with smooth
stainless steel door fittings. It can also be used to
clad planter boxes. Stainless steel is an excellent
material for pool fencing. While more expensive
than other materials, it has incomparable durability
and is virtually maintenance free.
 Stainless steel can be used in troughs, pans, sinks,
mirror framing, towel rails, soap holders. They are
even available as tiles which impart a bathroom
with a clean, modern, hi tech feel.

19.  Stainless Steel Finishes
 Stainless steel sheeting for both interior and
exterior use is available in a wide variety of
both subtle and striking finishes.
 Sheets can be brush, matte, reflective, mirror,
satin, bead blasted or coarse abrasively
finished
 They are available in a variety of patterns and
decorative effects and can even be custom
patterned or etched. Different patterns will
produce different diffusion results and this
lighting effect can also be subtle or dramatic.

20. ALUMINUM

21. ALUMINUM
 Aluminum a silver-white metallic
element, light in weight, ductile,
malleable, and not readily corroded or
tarnished, occurring combined in
nature in igneous rock, shale, clay, and
most soil: used in alloys and for
lightweight utensils, castings, airplane
parts, etc.
 Aluminum is 100% and infinitely
recyclable with no deterioration in
quality.
 Aluminum's strength can be adapted
to the application required by
modifying the composition of its alloys.
Certain alloys are as strong as steel.

22. Characteristics of Aluminum:
 Lightweight
 Corrosion-resistant
 Nonmagnetic
 Has a low melting point
 Has a moderately high coefficient of expansion
 Has a good thermal and electrical conductivity
 Malleable
 Very soft
 Ductile

23. ALUMINIUM USE IN INTERIOR DESIGNING:
 Aluminum is used for door knobs, window
frames and kitchen utensils.
 Aluminum extruded, rolled, and cast products
are commonly used for window frames and
other glazed structures ranging from shop
fronts to large roof superstructures for
shopping centers and stadiums.
 It is also used for roofing, siding, and curtain
walling, as well as for cast door handles,
catches for windows, staircases, heating and
air-conditioning systems.
 Aluminum has played a significant role in the
renovation of historic buildings.

24. TYPICAL USES
 Typical historical uses for aluminum in the late 19th century
included:
 Stairs
 Elevators
 Grilles
 Typical uses for aluminum in the early 20th century
included:
 Decorative detailing
 Roofing, wall panels, and spandrels (since it could be rolled
into sheets)
 Window mullions and frames, store front surrounds, doors,
and door trims.

25. COPPER

26. COPPER
Copper is a chemical element with symbol cu. It
is a ductile metal with very high thermal and
electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and
malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a
reddish-orange color.
Copper has been used in interior design for
thousands of years. Not surprisingly, this
venerable metal is making a considerable
resurgence in popularity of late as designers
bring the cool texture and warm tones of copper
to interiors in new, fashionable ways.
Ranging from traditional interiors to mid-century
and contemporary design, copper is capable of
adding a stylish, metallic touch to any décor.

27. CHARACTERISTICS OF COPPER:
 Durable
 Corrosion-resistant
 Strong
 Ductile: Can be drawn or "stretched"
 Malleable: Can be hammered or rolled into sheets without
breaking
Copper is initially bright reddish-brown in color, but when exposed
to the atmosphere, it acquires a protective patina that turns from
brown to black to green over an eight to ten year period. This
patina is a copper carbonate or copper sulfate formed on the
surface of the metal when hydrogen sulfide combines with oxygen
or sulfur dioxide. This naturally occurring corrosion resists further
corrosion. Though copper does corrode, this protective patina
makes copper a corrosion-resistant material.

28. COPPER USES IN INTERIOR DESIGNING:
 Kitchens and bathrooms are two of the most classic
and common areas where copper is used, both as a
design element and a functional choice.
 The impact of lighting in a home is multi-faceted, as
it illuminates the space, and acts as a design element
in and of itself. Copper lighting fixtures like pendants
or contemporary chandeliers are stylish additions to
a room that boldly add dimensional light, and help
define a space. Depending on the finish, ranging
from shiny and raw to a natural or heavy patina,
copper lighting can be paired with a wide range of
styles including cozy, rustic, western, and
contemporary.
 Metal tile backsplashes and stovetop range hoods
are a great way to add more substantial doses of
copper into a kitchen.

29.  Metal tile backsplashes and
stovetop range hoods are a great
way to add more substantial
doses of copper into a kitchen.
 A copper frame for a mirror can
bring gilded elegance to the
bathroom and tie in with copper
fixtures in sinks and showers for a
cohesive appearance.
 Copper plant pots, vases, candle
holders, lamps, and wall art are all
simple ways to add copper to your
house without great expense or
the work involved in renovations.

30. TYPICAL USES
Typical historical uses for copper included:
 Roofing and flashing: Sheet copper is light and easily
formed.
 Ornamental detailing such as weathervanes and finials
 Decorative detailing such as running moldings, sheathing
on oriel and bay windows, rain conductor heads, and
other detail fabricated to ornament the cornice lines of
many buildings.
 Statues: Sections of sheet copper were often hammered
over wooden or other forms to create ornaments or
statues. Once the copper sheets had taken the shape of
the form, they were removed and soldered together over
a wooden or metal frame work. The most famous
example is the Statue of Liberty which consists of copper
sheeting over an iron framework.