Building maintenance

1. BUILDING
MAINTENANCE
Civil & Structural Engineers Approach
Ir.Abdul Aziz Abas
MIEM, P.Eng., MIEAust, C.PEng, APEC Eng, Int.
PE (MY)

2. PREFA
CE
Preparation for life…
• As a module of the Semester 7 of engineering course for the Bachelor
of Civil
Engineering programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, ShahAlam
This “Engineers in Society” programme will provide basic overview of all
aspects of Building Maintenance from Civil Engineer’s prospective &
approach
This programme is designed to enhance knowledge and skills required in
addition to basic civil engineering knowledge. It equips the prospective
graduates with appropriate skills in building maintenance and management.

3. Contents
Introduction
Overview of Civil engineering and
facts Engineers Responsibility
Definition of Building Maintenance, Objectives & Gain
Building Maintenance Planning
Brief discussion on Importance of Maintenance Planning
Brief discussion on Building Defects And Effect on
Maintenance
Role of Engineers
Maintenance Factor & Defects
Maintenance Factor during Design Stage
Defects due to Design, Construction and Materials
Failures
Structural & Infrastructural Maintenance
Brief discussion on Structural & Infrastructural
Maintenance
PREFA
CE

4. Introducti
on

5. Overview
INTRODUCTI
ON
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with
the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally
built environment.
FACTS
• Engineer deals with facts and figures
• Engineer’s responsibility & liability is for life (has no expiry
date except death)
• Engineer faces huge challenges to defend his
works as “anybody” has capability to query
• Engineer deals with safety of properties and lives
• Engineer converts ideas into reality

6. CIVIL ENGINEERS
A. SPECIALIST ENGINEERS
• Geotechnical Engineer
• Earthworks Engineer
• Roads Engineer
• Drainage Engineer
• Water Supply Engineer
• Sewerage Engineer
• Marine / Port Engineer
• Structural Engineer
• Specialist
Knowledgeable in less subjects but
an expert Of specific subject(s)
But, Managers/ DecisionMakers
comeunderthiscategory
INTRODUCTI
ON
Overview
B. GENERAL ENGINEERS
• Planning Engineer
• Site Engineer
• Maintenance Engineer
• Administrative Engineer
Knowledgeable in many
subjects but not an expert Of
any subject

7. Overview
INTRODUCTI
ON
“Engineers in society” plays roles which on first impression are not
linked to their professional training. The training received as an engineer
is part of the reasons which an engineer can display his versatility.
FACTS
• Engineers as Managers
• Engineers as Scientists
• Engineers as Experts
• Engineers as Politicians
• Engineers as Academics
• Engineer as Lawyers, Salesmen, entrepreneurs, etc

8. Overview
INTRODUCTI
ON
Engineers owe
responsibility to
• the general public: safety,
environment
• direct consumers of the project
• fellow engineers
• clients e.g. government, industry

9. Overview
INTRODUCTI
ON
Engineers owe
duty
• to themselves
• which are inherent in their works and
institution to which they belong
• legal requirements: professional
negligence
• contractual duties
• “the greater God”

10. Overview
Engineers must have exposure
to other fields of knowledge and skills in order to be
able to properly discharge his functions:
• communication and presentation skills: oral and written
• economics and finance
• law
• presentation of self!
C
H
INTRODUCTI
ON

11. Overview
INTRODUCTI
ON
Paradigm shift: engineers should not merely
respond to need: they should create or anticipate the
needs and be leaders of society. Foresights for
“unfulfilled needs”.

12. Building
Maintenance

13. Building maintenance is the combination of technical
and administrative actions to ensure the items and elements of a
building in an acceptable standard to perform its required function.
BUILDING
MAINTENANCE
Definitio
n

14. 8 Classification
Condition-based
Maintenance
is maintenance when need
arises
BUILDING
MAINTENANCE
Corrective maintenance
is required when an item has failed or worn out
Planned maintenance
is a scheduled service visit carried out by a
competent agent
Predictive maintenance
prediction when maintenance should be performed
Preventive maintenance
performed specifically to prevent faults from
occurring
Proactive maintenance
is a maintenance strategy for stabilizing the
reliability of
equipment
Reliability centered maintenance
is a process to ensure that assets continue to do
what their users require
Value driven maintenance

15. Objectives
 To extend the useful life of the buildings and prevent
premature capital outlay for replacement
 To satisfy Lender / Insurer requirement, to provide a safe,
secure and efficient working & living environment and to avoid
deterioration of physical assets
 To maximize the aesthetic and economic values of a
building as well as increase the health and safety of the
occupants
BUILDING
MAINTENANCE

16. Gain
The benefits can be short term or long term and can be reflected in the
areas of physical, financial or human resources.
A. Maintenance will preserve the physical characteristics of a building and
its
services.
• fewer breakdowns and lower future maintenance costs,
• higher productivity,
• less wastage of materials and improve organization sales revenue.
B. The improved condition of
the building gives positive
effect to the users resulting
in lower staff turnover, better
customer relation and public
image.
BUILDING
MAINTENANCE

17. Maintenance
Planning

18. MAINTENANCE
PLANNING
 Maintenance planning should start at the design stage of any building
project and should continue throughout the life of that building
 many buildings are d
e
Ms
t
r
o
ay
e
indtn
eo
t
nb
ayo
nu
ct
s
ei
d
e
Pf
lo
ar
c
ne
s
ns
iu
nc
h
ga
s
weathering factors like heavy rains or drought but by
insufficient/improper design during the design stage, through bad
housekeeping, inadequate maintenance and neglect during its full
operation.
 minor problem which can grow into a major one through neglect, and
which can
be multiplied in many buildings
 All new buildings , as a matter of
course, should be provided with a
maintenance manual

19. Poor maintenance has resulted in damage and deterioration to this
building
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

20. It was important that buildings continue to be
properly maintained to ensure that they can
function as efficiently and effectively as possible
the deterioration of buildings due to
the lack of maintenance could lead
to future financial burdens, pose
legal and other industrial relations
issues and affect the delivery of
services
Identifying building problems and understanding
of building materials and its mechanical and
electrical systems are aspects of the process of
preserving and conserving building quality and
to ensure the efficiencies of the facilities
Is building maintenance important?
…… why?
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

21. Building maintenance can also be categorised according to who
carries out the maintenance work:
housekeeping maintenance
carried out by property managers; or
second line maintenance
carried out by specialist building trades people.
Catego
ry
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

22. Serious defects in existing dwellings in 2000, United
Kingdom
Source: Building Research Establishment
(BRE)
C&S
Engineering
Design
Related
M&E
Engineerin
g Design
Related
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

23. Occurrence of defect by element in
mainly non- residential properties, 1997
Source : Building Research Establishment (BRE) for the Construction
Quality Forum
C&S
Engineering
Design
Related
C&S and
M&E
Engineering
Design
Related
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

24. Faults in new-build
housing
Source: Building Research Establishment
(BRE)
C&S
Engineering
Design
Related
C&S and
M&E
Engineering
Design
Related
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

25. 50
%
Defective
damp-
proof 33%
Source: Building Research Establishment
(BRE)
Require
Geotechnical
Engineers
input
• most foundation difficulties arise from weak
and compressible soils and exceptionally
heavy loads
• Trouble may be caused by either the imposed
load or independent movement of the ground
• Approximately 50% housing substructure
faults relate to cracking and settlement, 33%
to defective damp-proof courses and 17% to
durability of masonry below damp-proof
courses.
Durability
of
masonry
17%
Crack &
Settlement
Substructu
re
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

26. Distribution of defects by building
type
Source: Building Research Establishment
(BRE)
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

27. When buildings are neglected, defects can occur which
may result in extensive and avoidable damage to the building
fabric or equipment.
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

28. Why have a maintenance
plan?
y
The main reason for a maintenance plan is that it is the
most cost-effective way to maintain the value of an
asset. The advantages of a plan are:
• the property is organised and maintained
in a systematic rather than ad-hoc way;
• building services can be monitored to assist
their efficient use;
• the standard and presentation of the property
can be maintained;
• subjective decision making and
emergenc corrective maintenance are
minimised.
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

29. Probabilit
y of
failure
preventio
n
Frequenc
y
Probability of failure
prevention
Reduce
frequency
Reduce
reliability
1
0 “Danger”
zone
Impact of Preventive Maintenance Frequency on
Reliability
Source : Oniqua Enterprise
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

30. Diagram from Preventive Maintenance of Buildings, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New
York, 1991.
Preventive maintenance costs markedly less than
repairing extensive damage or building failures
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

31. Periodic inspection
survey
• All properties should be inspected at regular intervals to identify
any deterioration and required maintenance work, including
cleaning
• maintenance was inappropriate or if there are design or material
defects
• All records should maintained for reference
• Advantageous to record the long-
term performance of repair
materials and procedures in order
to assess their suitability for future
maintenance work
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

32. Maintenance
review
The effectiveness of the maintenance work shall be reviewed regularly. An
important part of the maintenance planning for a building is to improve the
previous decisions to maintain the asset so that subsequent maintenance
expenditure will be more effective
Issues to consider when reviewing the work include:
• was it necessary or appropriate
• the timing and standard
• time frame of the
planned maintenance
work
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

33. Preparing a
budget
Annual budgeted expenditure on maintenance can be of
three kinds:
committed expenditure, which includes tasks that occur
every year as part of planned maintenance, such as
maintenance contracts;
variable expenditure, which includes regular tasks
within an overall program of planned maintenance that
may not occur every year. The building manager
exercises some discretion and decides on priorities for
these tasks;
managed expenditure, which relates to
unplanned maintenance works carried out
entirely at the building manager’s discretion
The aim of a maintenance budget is to reduce managed
expenditure over time as far as possible and replace it with
variable expenditure. Regular inspections can help by
identifying how components are performing and when they
might fail.
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

34. Preparing a
budget
Expenditure
(RM)
managed expenditure
variable
expenditure
committed expenditure
Months
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

35. Preparing a
program
At least two levels of programming are required:
 long term maintenance
cycle, which can extend to 50 – 100 years of a building life
 annual maintenance
annual inspection survey, day log book or diary and work
carried over from the previous year. The daily response
system for carrying out urgent maintenance should be
upgraded annually.
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

36. Priorit
y
This implies setting priorities for different works. Some of
the factors affecting priorities are:
• occupational health and safety
• security of premises
• statutory requirements
• vandalism
• increased operating costs
• loss of revenue
• disruption to business operations
• likely failure of critical building fabric
• policy decisions.
MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

37. MAINTENANCE
PLANNING

38. Maintenance
Factor
Design Stage

39. B
MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE
Common Faults by
Engineers
 most designers claimed to have knowledge and experience on
building maintenance aspects but only few are aware of the
importance to consider maintenance factors during design stage
 main problems that the maintenance firms are currently facing are
caused by building design deficiencies, poor construction quality
and poor performance of building which is directly related to
functional layout, choice of building material and choice of building
equipment
 Lack of communication between designer firms and maintenance
firms as well as building users or owners resulted in designer firms
not fully aware of the maintenance-related problems frequently
reported by building owners
 neglecting the benefits of designing for ease of maintenance
that can prolong the building lifespan, reduce defects rate and
therefore reduce maintenance costs.
 to develop awareness and policy from the very early start of
project to ensure the concept for ease of maintenance can be
understood and implemented successfully

40. MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE
importance to consider maintenance of building aspects during
design stage for the future performance of the building
Concept of design for
ease of maintenance

41. MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE
Critical factors for designers to
take into account during design
stage
• A design shall be executed perfectly well within the Code of
Practice
•to practice total building performance audit, benchmarking and
quality management procedures in guiding developments towards
improved maintainability
• Adopt Ease of maintenance concept
•To reduce the number of design defects, thus amount of
maintenance expenditure can be reduced
•Consultation with users, Property / maintenance
managers / maintenance consultants in design stage
•Consultation with the system manufacturer to provide
information relevant to the education and training required for the
proper operation and maintenance of the systems being

42. MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE
o The design life of a structure is that period for which it is
designed to fulfill its intended function when inspected and
maintained based on agreed procedures
o A design life for a structure or component
does necessarily mean that the structure will
no longer be fit for its purpose at the end of
that period
o Necessary continue to be serviceable
with adequate and regular inspection
and routine maintenance
Design Life and
Serviceability
Sultan Ahmed Mosque,

43. MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE
Serviceability of Civil Engineering and
Building Works
• Exposed structures must be attractive appearance and carefully
designed and
detailed to ensure long term durability
• Structural elements or components not accessible, shall be designed to
be
maintenance free through intended design lives
• Dense, durable high strength concrete must be used in structural
elements
constructed of concrete
• Area of severe exposure, secondary cementitious materials e.g.
pulverized fuel ash shall be used if feasible and if it assists to achieve
required durability
• Reinforced Concrete not exposed to rainwater
or ground water must have a minimum
characteristic concrete strength of 30
kN/mm^2
• Paint systems for steelwork shall ensure a
minimum life of 10 years before full

44. MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE
Durability And
Maintenance
The design shall ensure, by means of the appropriate choice of structural
forms, details and materials, that the structure and building shall remain
in a serviceable condition over its life
a) Only materials and details having a proven record of durability in
similar conditions shall be used
b) Access shall be provided for inspection and maintenance to all elements
of
the structure
c) Maintenance requirements shall be minimised by appropriate detailing
and the
selection of suitable materials
d) Structures and Buildings shall be detailed so as to shed surface water in
such a way that ponding and streaking do not occur and
details which encourage the accumulation of
debris shall be avoided
e) Details shall be designed for ease of maintenance

45. MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE
Access for Inspection And
Maintenance
The design shall incorporate suitable access provisions for the
inspection and
maintenance of all structures and equipment

46. Essential components to ensure efficient operation of
the
building through its entire life cycle
Input to designers by maintenance
firms
Source: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2006, Thesis of Construction
Management
MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE

47. Criteria used by designers in specifying materials for
buildings
Source: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2006, Thesis of Construction
Management
MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE

48. Building Maintenance
Problems Associated with
Building Defects
Understanding the common cause of building
defects and learn to develop a framework for the
management of maintenance required to provide a
consistent approach to the planning, management
and reporting of building maintenance
• Defects Due to Design Failures
• Defects Due to Construction Failures
• Defects Due to Material Failures
MAINTENANCE FACTOR DESIGN
STAGE

49. Defects
Due to
Design
Failures

50. Defects within new buildings are areas of non-
compliance with the Building Code of Practice, Prevailing
Design Codes and published acceptable tolerances and
standards. Older buildings, or buildings out of warranty period,
may not comply with these standards but must be judged
against the standard at the time of construction or
refurbishment
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN
FAILURES
Historical / Older buildings, or buildings out of warranty period,
may not comply with these standards but must be judged
against the standard at the time of construction or
refurbishment
• Settlements
• cracked
• damaged or deteriorated brick
walls
• Leaking showers
• dampness to a building
• excessive sagging to a roof or
ceiling
• Drainage blockage / backflow
• Sewerage blockage / backflow
Clients incur
huge
maintenance &
repair costs due
to professional
negligence

51. If a building collapses due to
structural failures, who is
responsible?
Civil or Structural Engineer is the primarily responsible for
it. But then we need to investigate the construction
quality if it is constructed as per design and
specifications?
Professionals are liable
and “most likely” to
shoulder repair costs due
to professional negligence
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN
FAILURES

52. Causes of errors in constructed
facilities
Design
stage
1. Fundamental errors in concept
2. Site selection and site development errors
3. Programming deficiencies
4. Design errors
5. Construction errors
6. Material deficiencies
7. Operational errors
Construction
stage
Service stage
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN
FAILURES

53. 1. Fundamental errors in
concept
The project may have been located in
an unusual environment where the
prediction of environmental effects
was unreliable
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN
FAILURES

54. 2. Site selection and site
development errors
Certain sites are more vulnerable than others to
failure. Recognition of the characteristics of particular
site conditions through appropriate geotechnical studies
can lead to decisions about site selection and site
development that reduce the risk of failure
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN
FAILURES

55. 3. Programming
deficiencies
The project does not perform as
expected
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN
FAILURES

56. 4. Design
errors
• Errors in design concept
• Lack of structural redundancy
• Failure to consider a load or a combination of
loads
• Deficient connection details
• Calculation errors
• Misuse of computer softwares
• Detailing problems, including selection of
incompatible materials or assemblies that are not
constructable
• Failure to consider maintenance requirement or
durability
• Inadequate or inconsistent specifications for
materials
or expected quality of work
• Unclear communication of design intent
Fatal
errors
DEFECTS DUE TO DESIGN
FAILURES

57. Defects Due
to Construction
Failures

58. DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES
What is Construction
Failure?
Inability to construct a building structure in
accordance to drawings & specifications,
prevailing Standards and sound engineering
practice.
Leads to unnecessary building
maintenance, Technical & Financial
burdens….. Or worst still, Lost of
investment & profits / debts
What is Stractural Failure?
Structural Failure is when the basic support
system of a form has lost integrity resulting in
the inability of the form to perform its original
function.

59. What cause structural
failures on bridges?
Either a design flaw or lack of proper
maintenance.
• Design errors
• Construction errors
• Excessive scour under
pier
• Continued flooding
• Materials defects
• Lack of maintenance
• Overloads
• Impact Accidents
• Landslides / poor soil
• Disputed
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES

60. Bridge Location Country Date
Constructi
on type,
use of
bridge
Reason
Number
death/injurie
s
Damage Comments
ughton
Suspensio
n Bridge
Broughton,
Greater
Mancheste
r
England
01831-04-12 12
April 1831
Suspension
bridge over
River Irwell
Bolt
snapped
due to
mechanical
resonance
caused by
marching
soldiers
20 injured
Collapsed at
one end,
bridge quickly
rebuilt and
strengthened
The rebuilt
Broughton
Suspension
Bridge in
1883
Collapse due
to faulty
design.
Caused
"break step"
rule to be
issued to UK
military.
Springbroo
k bridge
Between
Mishawaka
and South
Bend, Indiana
United States
01859-06-27 27
June 1859
Railroad
embankmen
t bridge
Washout
41 (some accounts
of 60 to 70)
Known as the
Great
Mishawaka
Train Wreck or
South Bend
Train Wreck
Wootton
bridge
collapse
Wootton England
01860-06-11 11
June 1860
Cast iron
rail
bridge
cast iron
beams
cracked and
failed
2 killed
total damage
to floor
Wootton
bridge after
the crash
flawed design
using
unreliable
cast iron,
failed from a
repair
Bull 01860-09-26 26 Cast iron
cast iron
total collapse
Section of
broken girder
bridge collapsed
while freight
train was on it;
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES

61. Bridge Location Country Date Constructi
on type,
use of
bridge
Reason Number
death/injurie
s
Damage Comments
Silver Bridge Point
Pleasant,
WV and
Kanauga,
OH
United States 15 December
1967
Road
bridge,
chain link
suspension
Material fault
and Corrosion
46/9 Bridge and
37 vehicles
destroyed
Hayakawa
wire
bridge
Saito, Kyūshū Japan 1980 1980 Wire
Bridge (?)
Lack of
inspection and
maintenance
for 10 years
previous
7 people killed,
injuring
15
people
Hyatt
Regency
walkway
collapse
Kansas City United States 17 July 1981 suspended
bridge in
hotel interior
overload/weak
joint/constructi
on error
114/200 walkway
destroye
d
Schoharie
Creek
Bridge
collapse
Thruway
Bridge
Fort
Hunter,
New York
United States 5 April 1987 I-90 New
York
Thruway
over the
Schoharie
Creek
Improper
protection of
footings by
contractor lead
to scour of
riverbed under
footings
10/? Total collapse
Highway
19
overpass
at Laval
(De la
Concorde
Overpass
collapse)
Laval,
Quebe
c
Canada 30 September
2006
Highwa
y
overpas
s
Shear failure
due to
incorrectly
placed rebar,
low- quality
concrete
5/6 20
meter
section
gavewa
y
Demolished
; was
rebuilt,
reopened
on 13 June
2007
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES

62. 5. Construction
errors
• Improper construction sequencing
• Inadequate temporary support
• Excessive construction load
• Premature removal of shoring or
formwork
• Nonconformance to design intent
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES

63. 6. Material
deficiencies
Manufacturing or fabrication defects
may exist in the most reliable
structural materials
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES

64. 7. Operational
errors
A building, product or application can become defective
through age and lack of Maintenance
non-compliance with termite systems allow termites to access
a building and cause substantial damage including structural
damage to timbers
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES

65. 7.
Others
• Act of God (Fire / Flood / Strong
wind / Earthquake
• Deterioration
DEFECTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
FAILURES

66. Defects Due
to Material
Failures

67. Stainless Steel Band Clamp
Failure
This Stainless Steel Band Clamp failed
because the screw fitting was made from
a lower grade alloy SS than that of the
band material. Lower grades of SS can
suffer accelerated corrosion when placed
underground
Welding - Typical defect due to less
penetration
Due to the high degree of N alloying in
both the plate and the filler material there
is a potential risk of getting porosity in the
weld due to either too thick or too thin
weld beads, wrong joint preparation and
also if the arc is not properly protected.
DEFECTS DUE TO MATERIAL
FAILURES

68. Galvanized Pipe Failure at
Plastic Pipe Manufacturing Defect
Failure
DEFECTS DUE TO MATERIAL
FAILURES
Plastic Pipe manufacturing defects
such as this void at the pipe bell made
this section of water transmission
pipeline fail prematurely.
prevent structural damage with a
simple
waterproofing re-coat

69. Structur
al
Maintenan
ce

70. BUILDING MAINTENANCE – C&S
APPROACH
STRUCTURAL
MAINTENANCE
Structural maintenance restores the structural life of the
building thereby protecting the asset. The use of the building and
exposure to atmosphere increase wear and tear and heightened
the need to monitor condition and prioritise treatments at suitable
intervention points.
• Mechanical impact
• Chemical / atmospheric
attack
• Humidity
• Atmosphere (external)
• Fire
(use damper, guardrails,
stopper) (use anti-corrosion,
heat shields) (use ventilation,
insulation)
(use fungicidal treatment,
cladding) (use smoke detector)
We have to protect against future maintenance
costs

71. Cathodic
Protection
Composi
te
Coatin
g
Rust scaling /
BUILDING MAINTENANCE – C&S
APPROACH
STRUCTURAL
MAINTENANCE

72. Infrastruct
ure
Maintenan
ce

73. INFRASTRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE
INFRASTRUCTURE DETERIORATION
PHENOMENA AND MAINTENANCE
CONCEPT
• Maintenance-free or self-sustaining infrastructure is
highly desirable but not feasible
• Infrastructures deteriorates with time due to;
• wear and tear effect on the component,
• users and occupiers activity,
• inherent defects in design and construction
• effects of environmental role
hence left to themselves,
facilities will eventually become inefficient

74. CRITICAL SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS IN
ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURAL
MAINTENANCE
(i) Previous users action (Vandalism):
Among the factors adduced as responsible for act of vandalism are wrong
choice of materials, poor space layout, poor lighting arrangements and lack
of security among others. Vandalism impairs the aesthetic of building, and
reduces its life span and cost intensive.
(ii) Environmental stress effects on infrastructure:
Climatic conditions impact stress building and occupants. Acts base on
orientation of the structure and on external elements of the structure. The
resultant effect on the building is referred to as sick building syndrome.
(iii) Deficiency in design construction and interdependency of building
components:
The nature in which some elements in building were designed often
hinders their maintainability. The most effective maintenance strategy
should be one that minimizes the incidence of maintenance works
through appropriate design. To be able to sustain a design or
concept, it should be maintainable, and maintainability in the real
INFRASTRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE

75. STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
INFRASTRUCTURE
(a) Integrated approach in infrastructural design and
construction
Coordination between Designers, Engineers, Suppliers
(b) Process management
engage other issues not only technical aspect, but as well
social, legal, economic and political matter
(e) Re-engineering of the building and maintenance
process
New technology will lead to better output
(f) Improvement of environmental standard in
construction and maintenance of engineering
infrastructures
should be a clear policy as regards standard
obtainable in design, construction and maintenance
of infrastructures
(f) Introduction of new construction and maintenance
concepts new technology and design concepts,
construction and maintenance of infrastructure
INFRASTRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE

76. THE RISK OF
FLOODING
historic buildings still can be affected by flooding and it is useful to
identify the causes and risk factors so that cost effective remedial
measures can be taken
Waterfront sites
structures were expected to be intermittently flooded, and those
that have survived often include materials and design features
that have allowed them to withstand intermittent flooding
Coastal sites
can be flooded due to breaching of sea defences or 'backing
up' of floodwater by high tides.
Ground drainage
buildings suffer flooding due to defective or poorly managed ground
drainage. On a local scale, this is commonly due to rising ground
levels and defective street drainage, which may allow local surface
water to 'run off' and drain into, rather than out of, ground floor or
basement structures
Roof drainage, services and building failures
due to failures of roof drainage systems or other building
INFRASTRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE

77. Structural Maintenance and Planned Surfacing
Works Road / Highway
Structural maintenance and resurfacing restores the
fabric and the structural life of the highway thereby
protecting the asset. Increased traffic flows have
resulted in greater wear and tear and heightened the
need to monitor condition and prioritise treatments at
suitable intervention points.
Road / Highway Maintenance
Carriageway
Repairs Road
Marking
Signs
Lighting
Street
Furniture
Road
Cleansing
Fencing
INFRASTRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE

78. Sewera
ge
Backing up and overflow of foul water and sewage systems are a not
uncommon consequence of flooding. The decontamination works
required then have a significant effect on the cost of refurbishment
and the length of time to re-occupancy.
The installation of additional breather vents and manholes may reduce
this risk, and detailing of access and drainage to under-floor spaces
or cellars can reduce the cost of decontamination. It is also important
to cheek that the system conforms to all building regulations, British
standards and bylaws.
INFRASTRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE

79. Marine Structural
Maintenance
For many owners of waterfront
facilities, the marine structure is
the essential component of their
operation, without which their
business operation could not
continue. To ensure continued
operation, maintenance
inspections should be conducted
at frequent, planned intervals.
INFRASTRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE

80. RISK
MANAGEMENT
• Identify risk factors by enquiry and site investigation
• Risks reduced by repairing or re-detailing (re-designing).
• Handle matters out of the direct control of building owners. i.e.
Authority
• In all cases, it is the responsibility of building owners to adequately
maintain their property
• Take all reasonable measures to mitigate losses, thus reduce
risks. i.e. refurbishment measures
RISK
MANAGEMENT

81. Summa
ry

82. Critical Factors When Designing A
Building
SUMMAR
Y
1. Develop design for “ease of maintenance” concept at
management level
2. Form a policy which include design for “ease of maintenance”
objective,
commitment from management, funding from project owners
and close linkage to construction implementation
3. Identify current maintenance practices and opportunities
for future improvement. Benchmarking against industry
standard will provide reference points
4. Develop procedures which provide framework and assure
consistent implementation of design for “ease of maintenance”
activities
5. Form design for “ease of maintenance” implementation
committee to develop the design process and implement it on
projects
6. Define maintenance strategy based on current maintenance
practices
be it corrective, planned, predictive or proactive maintenance
7. Conduct design for “ease of maintenance” meetings and

83. Prevention against structural
failures
Most of the building / structural failures (other than those caused by
natural disasters) have occurred due to such faults, which are
controllable.
1. Good operational planning and detailed deliberations can save
the
failures of the valuable building / structures.
2. Well-designed structures, coupled with the hard effort of the
experts
3. correct materials can ensure the structure a complete success.
Important points of failure prevention are:
• Professionalism
• Increased antagonism during construction bidding
• Statutory bodies should be more proactive in imposing strict
SUMMAR
Y

84. SUMMAR
Y

85. When rehabilitation is the best solution to restore a building / structure to its
original character, it is pertinent to appoint the experience, reliable,
sophisticated, progressive contractor to assure the desired results.
refuses temporary, "band-aid" approaches to resolving a rehabilitation
dilemma. It's not worth the client's budget and valuable time; and it's not
worth risking the impeccable reputation
recommends the best, proper solution
based on not only careful research and
analysis, but also on extensive
experience
Rehabilitati
on
SUMMAR
Y

86. Maintenance
Policy
Apply preventive maintenance as much as possible
The Maintenance Managers shall identify any part
of the building or facility for structural maintenance
treatment using a system of regular inspections or
other methods.
The Maintenance Managers shall prioritise any part
of the building or facility in need of structural and
planned maintenance works accordingly.
Correct contractors for correct
works, correct time and correct
budget.
SUMMAR
Y

87. Visio
n
Plannin
g
Desig
n
Constructi
on
Maintenance
planning
Maintenance
factors
Poor
Maintenance
Corrective
Maintenance
Preventive
Maintenance
Replac
e
Repai
r
Regular
Service
Condem
n
Demolish
&
Reconstru
ct
Professio
nal
Liability
Poor
Planning
Poor
Design
Poor
Construction
High
Costs
Maintenance Policy
Ease of Maintenance
Low
Costs
Supervision &
Specs
SUMMAR
Y

88. The Law of Malaysia Act
663
Purchaser to pay maintenance charges
23. (1) The purchaser shall pay the charges for the
maintenance and management of the common
property.
SUMMAR
Y

89. The Law of Malaysia Act
663
Developer not to be relieved of his obligations to carry
out
repairs, etc.
29. The appointment of a managing agent shall not
relieve the developer of his obligation—
(a)towards the purchasers in his development area to
carry out repairs to the common property, to make
good any defect, shrinkage or other faults in the
common property during the defects liability period;
and
(b) to carry out repairs and varied and additional works to
ensure that the development is constructed in accordance
with the
specifications and drawings approved by the
competent authority
SUMMAR
Y

90. PART VII
Developer to pay deposit to rectify defects on common
property
31. (1) The developer of a building shall deposit in cash or
bank guarantee with the Commissioner such sum as may
be prescribed by the State Authority for the purpose of
carrying out any work
to rectify any defects in the common property of the
development area after its completion.
The Law of Malaysia Act
663
SUMMAR
Y

91. Thank
You
Terima
Kasih

92. Questions &
Answers
Email:
Ir.Aziz@yahoo.com