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pathology photo
1. Multifocal sallmonellosis
Invasion of the ileum of a calf by Salmonella
typhimurium
Multifocal ulceration ( cecum )
Multifocal, ulceration (colon)
Etiology: Clostridium
perfringens type D epsilon
toxin Disease: Clostridial
enterotoxemia
2. Blood injected intestine typical of
Type C enterotoxemia in a young
lamb.
Clostridium perfringens Type C
enterotoxemia typically presents
as what appear to be blood-
filled small intestines. Intestinal
walls are dark red to black ...
Gross lesions include fluid cecal
contents with serosal hemorrhages
and edema on the cecum, and
occasionally the ileum and proximal
colon (A)
Microscopically, there is necrotic erosive
or ulcerative typhlitis with swollen or
vacuolated enterocytes, pseudomembrane
formation, heterophilic infiltration, as
well as submucosal edema and
hemorrhage (B). Large Gram-positive
bacilli are present on the mucosal
surface.
3. Accumulation and puch nucleus to
periphral
Yellow color due to
Fat cell from liver
Enlargement, edges
and filled with
fluid like albumin
Diffusely the hepatocytes are markedly
enlarged by a discrete clear cytoplasmic
vacuole (lipid) that flattens and displaces
the nucleus to the periphery
4. Zone 3 around central vein
Congestive Hepatopathy
nutmeg liver
5. Periportal necrosis
Ex: Both Carbon Tetrachloride
and Blue-Green Algae cause
periportal necrosis of the liver.
centrilobular necrosis means
necrosis around the central vein
(called zone 3) ● Causes of
Centrilobular Necrosis In Liver:
1= Acetaminophen toxicity
2= Chronic passive congestion as in
Cardiac failure (pt:Right sided)
n cases of anemia, centrilobular
area is the area that will the
most hypoxic and therefore
undergo the most significant
necrosis.
This is because the has blood
that is the least well oxygenated
massive necrosis liver, pig.
● Acute centrilobular necrosis is the
principal lesion of this disorder.
6. Midzonal necrosis
Cocklebur plant is an
example of a plant that
causes mid-zonal necrosis.
Other forms of hepatic necrosis
are paracentral (a wedge-
shaped band of necrosis
extending from the
centrilobular to the portal area)
and midzonal necrosis (affects
hepatocytes halfway between
the centrilobular area and the
periportal area).
7. liver looks lobated
like a kidney. This is
due to scaring or
fibrosis from a
chronic disease.
The word
"cirrhosis" comes
from the greek
word "kirrhos"
that means orange
colored and that
is the way many
cirrhotic livers
appear grossly.
8. To have cirrhosis, there must
be three features:
● necrosis of hepatocytes
● hyperplasia of nodules, and
● fibrosis
dog had severe
hepatic cirrhosis
or "end-stage"
liver disease.
9. Intranuclear inclusion bodies
in the hepatocytes is
diagnostic for Infectious
Canine Hepatitis.
Replecate in lymphocyte
and cause necrosis in
centrilobar area
The enlarged, swollen liver,
icteric mucous membranes,
and swollen, reddened tonsils
are all suggestive of this
disease.In the microscopic
section, esinophilic to
amphiophilic inclusion bodies
are present in many
hepatocytes clinching the
diagnosis.
Infectious Canine Hepatitis
10. Rift Valley Fever
(ruminant)
● Section reveals
that the liver is
pale, swollen and
contains multiple
foci of hemorrhage.
Sheep, liver.
Liver is pale and
swollen and contains
many areas of severe
congestion.
Hemorrhagic fever
viruses such as
dengue virus, yellow
fever virus, and Rift
Valley virus.
12. FASCIOLA HEPATICA causes
necrosis and secondary fibrosis
of the biliary tree in cattle.
Corn can be contaminated
with Aspergillus flavus, a
mold that produces
AFLATOXIN
Liver of a dog that died of
leptospirosis.
Multifocal hepatic necrosis
is associated with a mottled
appearance of this organ
13. there is loss of hepatic
plate architecture.
Heptaocytes are
individualized, rounded
up, and exhibit single cell
necrosis
leptospora
macrophages and hepatocytes contain
abundant red globular pigment (copper).
17. Unilateral renal
aplasia, abdominal
cavity, gross,
rabbit. Single
kidney only
present.
Renal aplasia, piglets.
No renal tissue is
present at the tip of
the two black arrow
marked piglets.
Unilateral
hypoplastic kidney,
young cat. The left
kidney (ventro-
dorsal view) is
normal in shape
and structure but
reduced in overall
size.
18. Unilateral hypoplastic kidney,
dorsal sections, young dog.
Grossly, affected kidney is
nearly identical structurally to
left kidney but smaller in size.
Congenital Horseshoe Kidney,
calf. Both kidneys are fused
together at one pole.
Polycystic disease, dorsal section,
cat. Numerous variably sized
tubular cysts are present in the
cortex and medulla and affect
approximately 60% of the kidney.
The cyst contain clear colorless
fluid.This condition is hereditary,
and Persia cats are predisposed.
19. Embolic nephritis, kidney, horse.
Multiple, small white necrotic foci
and abscesses are present
subcapsulary.
Embolic nephritis, kidney,
horse.
Dorsal section.Variably sized
abscesses are scattered
throughout the cortex
(arrows).
Cause : actinobacillas
Proliferative
glomerulonephritis, kidney,
dorsal section, dog. The
small, white, round foci in
cortex are enlarged
glomeruli.
20. Haemorrhage, kideny,↑permiability, necrosis, leakage blood cell.
Cause : actinobasillas
Embolic nephritis, kidney,
horse. Causative bacteria
(arrow) enter kidney via
the vasculature
(bactermia) and lodge in
capillaries of glomeruli,
where they replicate and
induce necrosis and
inflammation.
Pyelonephritis, kidney. Dorsal
section, dog. Extensive pelvic
inflammation has destroyed
areas of the inner medulla
and extends focally
into the outer medulla.
Pyelonephritis, kidney.
Dorsal section, cow. Renal
calyces in the cow
contain suppurative exudate.
21. Pyelonephritis, kidney. Dog.
There is both intratubular
and interstitial
inflammation,
characterized by infiltrates
of principally neutrophils
(arrow).
Inset: Higher magnification
of intratubular neutrophils.
Inflamatory cell
Hydronephrosis, kidney, dorsal section. Sheep. The pelvis of each kidney is
markedly dilated.
Bacterial-induced septicemic renal
cortical hemorrhage, erysipelas,
kidney, pig. Petechial hemorrhages
caused by septic emboli of
erysipelothrix
are randomly scattered over capsular
surface of kidney.
22. Extreme left and right ventricle
with visible areas of myocardial
fibrisis.
Epicardial hemorrhage, heart, left atrium
Epicardial hemorrhage, Petechiae and ecchymoses
Briskit edema, high altuatid disease, due
to heart congestive heart faiuler
23. Hydrothoraxs
Patent ductus arteriosus, vascular channel between
the pulmonary artery and aorta that allows blood to
bypass the lungs.
Atrial septal defect, heart, opened right heart.
The prominent opening (arrow) low in the atrial
septum (AS) and just above the atrioventricular
valve is the septal defect, (VS) ventricular
septum
Ventricular septal defect (high defect),
heart, opened left side, calf. Note the large
opening in the basal portion of the
ventricular septum (arrow) immediately
below the aortic valve through which the
tube has been passed. A, Aorta; LV, Left
Ventricle.
24. Tetralogy of Fallot, heart, dissected, dog.
Cause :
1. ventricular septal defect is an
overlying ,
2. straddling aorta (A),
3. sever pulmonic stenosis (arrow)
4. massive right ventricular
hypertrophy.
Subaortic stenosis,
Valvular hematocyst, heart, Opened
left side, mitral valve
Valvular lymphocyst, A lymph-
filled cyst on the atrioventricular
valve
CHRONIC SEPTIC PERICARDITIS
SECONDARY TO HARDWARE
DISEASE
25. Hydropericardium, Pericardial sac, pig. The thin-walled
pericardial sac contains serous fluid that has accumulated
secondary to alteration in hydrostatic pressure between the
pericardial cavity, circlatory system and lymphatic system
Hemopericardium, heart,
dog. The pericadial sac is
filled with clotted blood
Cardiac tamponade from
hemopericardium, heart, dog. The
pericardium is distended and dark
blue it contains whole blood
Hemopericardium, heart, dog. The
pericadial sac is filled with clotted
blood
26. Fibrinous pericarditis, heart, epicardium,
horse.
The epicardium is covered dorsally by a
thick, yellow layer of fibrin (arrows) and
ventrally by granulation tissue (finely
granular surface), thus indicating the
chronicity of the inflammatory process.
This lesion occurs in horses with
streptococcus zooepidemicus.
Fibrinous pericarditis, heart,
epicardium. Note eosinophilic fibrin
depositis (left), on the epicardial
surface (E). This lesion occurs with
bacterial septicemia.
Chronic Suppurative pericarditis,
traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hard
ware disease), heart, opened
pericardial sac , cow.
The exposed epicardial and parietal
surfaces are thickened by fibrous
connective tissue and covered with
fibrinopurulent exudate. On clinical
examination the heart sounds are
muffled. P, reflected parietal
pericardium.
27. Dark pale greenish thickened valves verrucous endocardiosis
Vegetative valvualr
endocarditis, bacterial
infection, heart, tricuspid
valve, cow.
Note abundant masses of
fibrin and bacterial colonies
(arrow).
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,
myocyte hypertrophy, heart,
myocardium, cat.
Cardiac myocytes are
hypertrophied and there is
increase in interstitial fibroblasts.
28. Dirofilariasis, heart, dog.
The adult hypertrophy of right (RV) and
adult Dirofilaria immitis in the pulmonary
artery and it’s branch (PA). LV, Left
ventricle.
The adult parasite
Dirofilariasis, heart, Opened right
ventricle, right atrium, and pulmonary
artery, dog.
Numerous adult
Dirofilaria immitis
are present in the right Ventricle (RV),
right Atrium, and pulmonary Artery
(PA).
29. Myocardial Necrosis, (heart-brain
syndrome), heart, transverse section
of ventricles, dog. Necrotic areas are
pale and are concentered in the inner
half of the wall of the left ventricle
(LV) and in the ventricular septum.
Myocardial necrosis, acute
monensin toxicosis, heart, cross
section, left ventricular
myocardium, calf.
Note the pale, mottled, necrotic,
areas (arrows) distributed
throughout the ventricular
myocardium.
The prominent white chalky areas of necrosis with minerlization
(arrows) of the myocardium.
Myocardial necrosis, selenium-vitamin E deficiency, heart, left
ventricular myocardium, calf.
Subepicardium and subendocardium necrosis.
30. Acute myocardial necrosis with
mineralization, heart, ventricular
myocardium, pig, toxicity.
The darker red myocytes are
necrotic, and some mineralization
occurred (purplish area).
Healing, postmyocardial
necrosis, heart, ventricle, dog.
The necrotic myocytes have
been removed by phagocytosis
by macrophages, and the area
is now undergoing fibrosis.
Cutaneous infarcts, diamond skin disease,
Erysipelothrix septicemia, skin, pig.
Emboli of have lodge in cutaneous vessels
and cause localized vasculitis, which
resulted in thrombosis followed by
ischemia and cutaneous infarction.
31. Necrohemorrhagic myocarditis,
heart, steer.
Not the area of hemorrhgic
myocarditis (arrows) in the wall
of the ventricular myocardium.
This disease is caused by
Clostridium chauvoei, and the
lesions are most common in
skeletal muscle.
Parvovirus myocarditis,
heart, dog.
A, note the multifocal pale
areas (arrows) in the
ventricular myocardium. B,
Parovirus infection, section
of myocardium. An
intracellular basophilic
inclusion body is in a
myocyte (arrow).
Dissecting aneurysm, copper
deficiency, heart, pulmonary
artery, right ventricle, pig. The
dark blood –filled, bulging
segment of the wall of the
pulmonary artery (arrows) has
resulted from disruption of
elastic fibers.
32. Dissecting aneurysm, aorta,
turkey. Blood has dissected
through the tunica media and
has to come to lie in the outer
layers of tunica media and
adventia
Medial hypertrophy, periarteritis,
dirofilariasis, lung, small pulmonary
arteries, cat.
Note the massive thickened tunica
media of the small branches of
pulmonary arteries and their
pericardial cuff of chronic
inflammatory cells and some
eosinophils.
Coronary atherosclerosis,
hypothyroidism, heart, left
ventricle, dog.
The affected coronary arteries
are prominent and cord-like
(arrows) with thickened walls.
The diffuse and focal yellow
areas in the wals of the
arteries are sites of
atheromatous depositis.
33. Atherosclerosis, meningeal
artery, horse.
Note extensive accumulation of
lipid-laden (clear vacuoles)
(foamy cells) throughout the
thickened media.
Medial calcification, aorta, cow.
Note the layer of minerlization
in the middle of tunica media.
Aortic thrombosis, aorta and
external iliac arteries, dog.
The tan thrombus occluding the
caudal abdominal aorta is a
cranial extension of the red
saddle thrombus at the aortic
biforcation and external iliac
arteries. (arrows).
34. Verminous arteritis and mural
thrombosis, strongylosis, abdominla
aorta (A), and cranial mesentric
artery.
A pale friable thrmobotic mass in
which several strongylus larvae
(arrows) are embedded.
Arteial thrombus, pulmonary artery,
dog.
Arterial thrombi are composed of
platelets and fibrin because of the
rapid flow of blood tends to exclude
erythrocytes from the thrombus, and
thus arterial thrombi are usually pale
to gray (arrow).
Myocardial infarction, heart,
left and right ventricles, dog.
Pale, necrotic, circumscribed
areas (arrows) are present in
the ventricular walls and are
most prominent at the apex.
Inset: the cardiac myocytes
are eosinophilic (ischemic
necrosis) and have lost their
nuclei (karyolysis).
