Postcolonialism And Post Colonial India

Postcolonialism And Post Colonial India
2.1 Introduction
This chapter gives the meaning of postcolonialism and post–colonialism. It introduces the partition
of India in order to make a clear understanding about the subcontinent as independent state and how
their leaders struggled to get freedom and independence as post–colonial India. It also displays the
main changes and strategies adopted by the Indian constitution in the economic field to challenge
the agricultural difficulties.
Moreover, it sheds light on the Indian culture since independence as well as it concentrates on the
following aspects such as education, women, social structure and religion as important elements in
India since the year of independence.
2.2 Understanding Postcolonialism (Post–colonialism)
The phenomenon of post–colonialism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can see that this term is ambiguous and complex, because of its implications. It is a
heterogeneous field where even its spelling provides several meanings.
Postcolonialism refers to all characteristics of a society or a culture from the beginning of the
colonization to the present. Historian Jane Hiddleston suggested: "postcolonialism is an overly
political movement, concerned above all with the empirical, material effects of colonialism and its
aftermath." He also added: "it can be agreed that postcolonialism names a set of political,
philosophical or conceptual questions engendered the colonial power and its aftermath." Whereas,
the term "post–colonialism" marks the use of prefix "post" this means "after". Thus, it addresses a
historical period meaning "after colonialism", "after independence". The use of the hyphen in the
term creates several
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Analysis Of Postcolonial Politics Of Academic Writing
Politics of data collection and presentation being the topic for this week has readings covering
Noxolo (2009), Jazeel & Colin (2009) and Nagar (2012). What these authors have in common is
that, they are all feminist geographers. Generally, Noxolo (1999) tries to answer a question posed in
her article titled my paper, my paper: reflections on the embodies production of postcolonial
geographical responsibility in academic writing, what are the responsibilities of as a postcolonial
geographical writer? And in her attempt to answer that, Noxolo refers to three extracts from her
texts in her journey to becoming an academic. Jazeel & McFarlane (2009) in their article titled the
limits of responsibility: a postcolonial politics of academic ... Show more content on
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One remarkable observation from her first extract is when Noxolo (2009) opines that "Ghanaians
make it very clear, though not in an unfriendly way, that this is not your home, not permanently
anyway... I have always taken the unity of all Black people as self–evident but I have found it
disturbing sometimes that on the whole Ghanaians do not" (p.58). Personally, I got amazed to read
this because a Ghanaian myself, we as a country in Africa is one of the few countries that has
enviable track record of political stability with its attendant hospitality, sociability and free society.
Noxolo being black like Ghanaians themselves to depict Ghanaians in such light is worrisome
because even whites are accorded the same hospitality and how much same black colour as Noxolo.
For me this brings back to multiple identities that a researcher has to struggle with, and coupled with
the inherent power relation between Noxolo and the community in which she found herself. Noxolo
also examines materiality in her work. According to her and regarding postcolonial geography, at
least three distinguishable ways of understanding matter is identified. These she labels as the "lived
realities of economic inequality, in terms of the material production of power and in terms of
tangible aspects of cultural and geographical practice" (Noxolo, 2009, 60).
Jazeel & McFarlane (2009) in their article titled – the limits of responsibility: a postcolonial politics
of

Soyinka 's Ngugi Wa Thiong ' O : An Anthology Of Recent...
Mala Pandurang's Ngugi Wa Thiong 'o: An Anthology of Recent Criticism (2008) is a brilliant
specimen of archival research on Ngugi criticism. She wrote another important book on the
postcolonial African fiction, entitled Post–colonial African Fiction: The Crisis of Consciousness
(1997). Oliver Lovesey in The Postcolonial Intellectual: Ngugi wa Thiong'o in Context (2016) has
pointed out the multifarious cultural identities of Ngugi. The biographical reading of Ngugi's life
from a Marxist vantage point is the core theme of the text.
It is interesting to note that the spatial concerns in Ngugi's novels have often been undermined by
critics. Geography plays an important role in the postcolonial studies because postcolonialism is
closely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These forms of both external and internal experience are based on man's pure intuition:
Space then is a necessary representation of a priori, which serves for the foundation of all external
intuitions. We never can imagine or make a representation to ourselves of the non−existence of
space, though we may easily enough think that no objects are found in it. It must, therefore, be
considered as the condition of the possibility of phenomena, and by no means as a determination
dependent on them, and is a representation a priori, which necessarily supplies the basis for external
phenomena (Kant 26).
As a matter of fact, the period between Kant's work and the mid twentieth century, observes
Upstone, space was cenceptualised as being subsumed by time. The theorization of a 'linear
narrative history' (Upstone 2) dominated the Western philosophy for more than two centuries till the
postmodernist theorists such as Michael Foucault, Edward Soja and Henri Lefebvre liberated space
from the subservience to time: 'putting phenomena in a temporal sequence ... somehow came to be
seen as more significant and critically revealing than putting them beside or next to each other in a
spatial configuration' (Soja 168).
In the second half of the twentieth century the study of spatiality gained a prioritized status. In "Of
Other Spaces" Foucault declared candidly that 'the present epoch will perhaps be above all

Effects Of Post Colonialism
Postcolonialism
The term 'postcolonialism' has become so diverse and unorganized that it is somehow impossible to
define it clearly or describe what its study may imply.
Postcolonialism often means anti–colonialism and is synonymous with post–independence. This
word has variable implications and may refer to a collection of studies which are always changing.
Loomba (1998) said that "it is a vague condition for people anytime and anywhere all over the
world". The dependence of this theory on the literary, cultural and post structural theories makes it
even vaguer (p. 17).
Post–colonialism may then refer in part to the period after colonialism, but the question arise: after
whose colonialism? After the end of which colonial empire? Isn't it unacceptably ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He claims that this implication covers the fact that this word belongs to the political theory and that
it is also assigned to the period after decolonization (16).
The implications of 'post' in postcolonialism have always been a matter of discussion. Most critics
claim that the word postcolonialism concerns the processes, effects of and reactions to colonialism
from the sixteenth century up to the neo–colonialism of the present day.
Loomba (1998) believes that the 'post' in postcolonialism has two implications. The first one is
temporal and indicates that post colonialism is the aftermath of colonialism; the second one is a
substitution for the first one and is a matter of discussion among critics. It somehow indicates that a
country can be both postcolonial which is formally independent and neo–colonial which is
culturally and economically dependent (p. 7).
Childs & Williams (1997) declared that one meaning of post in post–colonialism can be related to
those theories which are not chronological but consider this word conceptually. In this sense it
relates to every text which its concept transcends or goes beyond the colonialism (p.

Analysis Of ' S Americanah Through A Post Colonial Prism
Faniyi 15
Kayode Faniyi
129013097
Dr. Solomon Azumurana
ENG 894
REFRACTING CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE'S AMERICANAH THROUGH A POST–
COLONIAL PRISM
1. Introduction
Respected Marxist critic Frederic Jameson once described every instance of "third world literature"
as necessarily nationally allegorical (69), an assertion spectacularly assailed by Aijaz Ahmad (77–
82).
But it is possible to close our eyes to Ahmad's very valid misgivings and take a bird's eye view of
Jameson's assertion: read in reaction to the phenomenon of imperialism, perhaps the literature of
dominated peoples is the literature of self–assertion, however blind to Jameson's national allegorical
(or anticolonial) imperative, and however "hybrid". That last expression might as ... Show more
But first, I must situate Americanah in its post–colonial moment.
2. Situating Americanah in the Post–Colonial Moment
Since it is published in 2013, the material reality of Americanah is conditioned, however distantly it
seems now, by the phenomenon of colonialism–it is written in English, for instance. Although
published in 2013, the temporality and spatiality of Americanah's narrative extends backwards to the
late 70s when its major protagonist, Ifemelu, was born. As a child, she witnesses the death by firing
squad of that famous robbery kingpin, Lawrence Anini (148), and lives through coups, coups
attempts, strikes and the usual brand of public dysfunction that still haunts Nigeria, therefore linking
its post–coloniality with that decidedly African brand of introverted, introspective post–
independence post–coloniality of disillusionment exemplified by novels such as Ayi Kwei Armah's
The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Chinua Achebe's No Longer at Ease and Anthills of the
Savannah, and soon enough with the post–coloniality of globalization (and the neoliberal ideology
that has hijacked it). As we see in the novel, this disillusionment is the animus of her exile. Ifemelu
arrives America in 1997, the year in which Kudirat Abiola, activist wife of M.K.O Abiola, was
killed (116). Here, Americanah's post–coloniality takes a new turn. This new turn, inaugurated by
Ifemelu's (voluntary

Rhetorical Analysis Of Jamaica Kincaid
Rhetorical Analysis Essay Jamaica kincaid: rough draft
Jamaica Kincaid successfully convinces her audience that post colonial impact still remains.
Through the use of rhetorical appeals such as pathos, logos and imagery she successfully explains
her claim. Through this novel she gives an insightful explanation of what antigua is like from a
person who comes from that area. Kincaid being born in antigua, she gives us a view from her eyes
on what antigua is really like while going through post colonial impact. Kincaid incorporates
historical background in text to convince her audience that this impact is holding back antigua from
the good and enjoyable place it can really be. She develops a connection with the audience when she
makes them feel like the tourist that is figuring out what's going on in the background of antigua.
This connection serves as pathos as it makes the audience feel the emotion of anger and
disappointment for not knowing what mess is really going on in this small island. This
demonstration shows how cultures everywhere are affected by postcolonialism and how there is a
negative global commonality between tourist and natives.
It was very impactful being put in the tourist seat while reading this novel. In the beginning of the
story as the tourist i am being exposed to all this negativity which i came here in the first place to
avoid. Kincaid tells us that everyone has new cars here because it is really easy to get loans from the
bank. This left

Posttructitalism And Postcolonialism
Although theory may have a reputation for being disconnected from reality, it is grounded in
everyday thinking that helps us plan and understand the actions we take in our everyday social lives
(Sears, 2010, pp. 16–17). Accordingly, theories like poststructuralism attempt to explain these
aspects of human society. In this paper, after explaining the origins and major tenets of
poststructuralism, I will argue that a poststructural lens is most conducive to a critical analysis of the
causes and effects of oppression. I will demonstrate this by discussing how discourses produce and
maintain power relations, how the effects of these oppressive relations are channeled through a
complex network of power, and how deconstruction offers pathways for challenging oppression.
Poststructuralism Poststructuralism is derived from the theoretical work of Ferdinand de Saussure, a
structural linguist who argued that language does not simply reflect reality, but constructs the things
it describes (Healy, 2005, p. 197). Poststructuralism differs from other postmodernist theories in that
it is primarily concerned with the influence of language on power, knowledge and identity (Healy,
2005, p. 197). In contrast, postmodernism is moreover concerned with rejecting modernist "truths,"
such as rationality being the way to progress (Healy, 2005, p. 197). Yet another post theory,
postcolonialism is focused on interrogating and responding to the legacies of European colonization
(Healy, 2005, p. 198).

The Importance Of Writing In The Colonial Language
Additionally, it can be used to communicate with other indigenous people who speak different
languages, but understand the same issues of colonialism. "In the specific case of some African
states, such as Achebe's Nigeria, the English language became the lingua franca of the national
bourgeoisie representative of the various national ethnicities, on the one hand, and the forces of
colonialism and transnational capital, on the other."
Indeed, postcolonial literature in the colonial language is a double–edged sword. Without its use, the
writing may never reach a wide audience, as it is impossible to translate every work into each
different indigenous language. Furthermore, those who have experienced a diaspora after
colonization, such as the Africans who were transported to colonial lands, lost their indigenous
language. Their ancestors grew up with the colonial language, and unless they learn their indigenous
language, they have no choice to write in the colonial language. Yet, writing in the colonial language
furthermore reflects the power that colonists still exert today, that their language must be used to
describe the aftereffects of their subjugation of another country. "The colonial language becomes
culturally more powerful, devaluing the native language as it is brought into its domain,
domesticated, and accommodated." Ultimately, the writers must take into consideration the positives
and negatives of each approach. They have the choice to write in either language,

Discuss The Role Of Women In America
Colonialism is and has been a reality during previous centuries. As a political and economical reality
it entailed significant consequences in the colonized country's politics, geographical maps, and
people's lives, fates and temperaments. As the consequences are hard to ignore the writers of the
formerly colonized countries never forgot to write about it and their people's lives before, during
and after their country's colonization. As Emecheta is one of these writer who is born and brought
up in Nigeria, a colony of British Empire until 1960, postcolonial approach is one of the most
appropriate critical methods to deal with her narratives. Besides, since she is focusing on women in
the colonial and postcolonial setting trying to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spivak believes that the Western World's master world's master are catachreses, or improper words,
because they claim to represent all women, all workers and all of the proletariat, when there are no
"true" examples of the "true workers", the "true women", the "true proletariat". Indeed, for Spivak,
the singularity of each of the disempowered people she engages with tests the limits of the dominant
narratives. Among the disempowered Spivak's analysis is basically directed at the subject–position
of the female subaltern, whom she describes as doubly marginalized by virtue of relative economic
disadvantage and gender subordination. Further to deal with the social position of the Third World
women Spivak also shifted the focus of essentialist debate from a concern with sexual differences
between men and women to focus on cultural differences between women in the "Third World" and
women in the "First World". She also proposes the idea of strategic essentialism and believes that
for minority groups, in particular, the use of essentialism as a short–term strategy to affirm political
identity can be effective, as long as this identity does not get fixed as an essential category by the
dominant group. Chandra Talpade Mohanty in her key text Under Western Eyes deals with the
issues of postcolonial feminism and

Nationalism And The Imagination Sparknotes
Nationalism and the Imagination by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak has being the hardest text I have
read during my theory class at Sydney College of the Arts in 2014. My task was to read and explain
the text to my theory class and my lecturer Dr Adam Geczy in 8 minutes as a YouTube video. This
was an almost impossible task because Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination is a small book of
75 pages and at Sydney College of the Arts's library we are only able to borrow the book for 2
hours. I later found the book online as a pdf file. I have decided to leave my video presentation on
YouTube to help some lost and desperate sole searching for the meaning of Spivak's Nationalism
and the Imagination, before contemplating on killing your self ... Show more content on
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During the course of understanding Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination, I had to look at other
texts to begin to comprehend the purpose of Spivak's talk on nationalism, Indian sovereignty,
marginalized women, subaltern, comparative literatures oral formulaic, postcolonialism, etc. One of
the best texts I came across was an e–book by Stephen Morton entitled Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
It was first published in 2003 by Routledge and you can find it online as a pdf file.
Morton analysis several of Spivak's works and then he explains in an uncomplicated manner the
reasons for Spivak's comments and her writing in general. Although Morton does not directly
comment on Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination you will be able to understand Nationalism
and the Imagination because Spivak draws from previous works that Morton includes in his e–book
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
Another way of understanding Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination is by reading the book
reviews on the book. There are several book reviews on Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination
online or you can find it through your university's library. I was using ProQuest to find articles on
Spivak's Nationalism and the Imagination.
Last but not least, I watched several videos by Dr Jason J Campbell, user drjasonjcampbell. He was
great, easy to understand and he includes notes with all his videos that you can download if you
wish. What I liked the most about Dr

Bewitched Accurateness In Midnight's Accouchement By...
Salman Rushdie is one of the biographer , who emerged in eighties with a new affectionate of
announcement and abstruse innovation. His 'Booking abettor Prize' win atypical Midnight 's
Accouchement is generally associated with adapted categories of arcane allegory , which cover
postmodern fiction, postcolonial novel, absolute novel, and, a lot of importantly, bewitched
accurateness . Assorted characters in the adventure are able with bewitched big agent , and the a lot
of important of them is the narrator Saleem Sinai. In this novel, both the bewitched and the astute
humankind abide accompanying and advance a allocation admixture angle of accurateness and
annual apropos to the accessible , political, cultural, and armed casework histories of India and
Pakistan, and in this paying absorption bewitched accurateness helps to accomplish the amusing ...
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In the starting of the novel, the access which deals with Saleem's grandfathering in Kashmir is a
admirable archetype of aggregate the bewitched and the complete elements. In one bounce of 1915,
Saleem's grandfathering Aadam Aziz hits the arena while praying and three drops of claret
abatement from his adenoids and about–face into rubies; his tears become solid like diamonds. In a
bewitched realist text, we acquisition the battle amid the apple of fantasy and the reality, and
anniversary apple works for creating a fabulous apple from the other; in Midnight's Accouchement
through the magical, the astute creates its articulation and makes it heard. Rushdie has acclimated
bewitched realist elements by bond the complete and the fantastic, agee time, and by including
allegory and folklore. His abracadabra accurateness has its agent added in the close and cerebral
worlds, close conflicts, moment of uncertainty, the actualization of storytelling of the capricious
narrator, and beneath in the beliefs, rituals and illusions of humans as a

Post-Colonialism And Postcolonialism
The postcolonial era presents various issues for the decolonized nations, like the reconstruction of a
government and the maintenance of an economy. In addition to that, the individual identity of the
colonized people is a complex issue that they must cope with as well, and it is an issue that is still
present today. Compared to the other issues of postcolonialism, the construction of one's identity
might appear trivial; however, there are many problems of postcolonial identity, including the
obligation of one to perceive themselves as people do from the outside through stereotypes, and the
difficulty of unifying two conflicting identities: one that is created by outside sources, and one that
is created through personal experiences.
Coinciding with the independence of colonized nations, stereotypes of the indigenous cultures were
brought back with the colonizers to their mainland, and were usually of a negative connotation.
Words like "catastrophic" or "savages" were terms associated with these nations, and this was not
necessarily the truth. Consequently, literature was created with these stereotypical identities of
colonized people. Since storytelling has a major impact on the development of one's identity, many
people from once colonized nations succumb to the dishonesty told about them in literature. A
speech given by Chris Abani stresses that, "What we know about how to be who we are comes from
stories. It comes from the novels, the movies, the fashion magazines. It comes from popular culture
(Abani)." With that being said, a majority of the literature that is written about decolonized nations
depicts them in an inaccurate way, representing the nations as disastrous and in need of help. Since
this narrative is repeated often, colonized people give into it, and see themselves as the media does.
The poem "How To Write the Great Indian American Novel," by Sherman Alexie, also addresses the
issue of stereotypes of marginalized groups in literature. Throughout the poem, Alexie uses a
sardonic tone to implicitly explain that books are written in a certain way that does not necessarily
demonstrate truth, saying that in books about Indians, "All of the Indians must have tragic features:
tragic noses, eyes, and

Post-colonialism in The Hunger Games
The success of the books, The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins, is remarkable considering
that the storyline is of a game in which children kill each other. The books have reached iconic
status in America and is an anomaly in the Young Adult Literature genre in that it has a female
protagonist yet is popular with male and female readers of all ages. Collins wrote the series in
response to her fears of the blurred lines between Reality Shows and televised news events
(Blasingame 726). The dystopian world portrayed in the book is rife with Post–colonial themes.
There are many opinions about the proper definition of Post–colonialism even going so far as to
argue about whether the prefix "post" should be added to the word Colonialism. For the sake of
clarity, I will use the term Post–colonialism as it is broadly defined in Post–colonial Studies: The
Key Concepts, "the effects of colonization on cultures and societies" (Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin
186). Many critics such as Bhaba, Spivak and Said define this critical theory as predominately
characterized by race; however there are other critics, such as Jessica Langer, who believe that "the
injustices perpetrated by colonialism, in all its forms" (152) should be considered in Post–colonial
studies. I will argue that the Post–colonial concepts of Hybridity, Othering and Imperialism go
beyond racial barriers and reverberate throughout the The Hunger Games.
The novel tells the story of a future in which North America has

Imperialism: Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism foregrounds the issue of racial and cultural difference. The understanding of the
term "postcolonialism" should not be limited to the period of time after colonialism, despite the fact
that most postcolonial theories have emerged after the end of colonization. It grounds on the
assumption that colonial writings are racialized. The work that marked the beginning of postcolonial
studies is Edward Said's Orientalism, which identifies the West's ideological perception of the East
as the inferior Other. This approach challenges the colonial modes of knowing and representation
during the colonial era and addresses the necessity and possibility to oppose these mis–
representation. It also highlights the possibility of re–writing ... Show more content on
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In the literary context, postcolonial critics study texts that are produced by writers from countries
with a history of colonialism and texts that are produced by the writers that have migrated from
countries with a history of colonialism and re–read texts that are produced during colonialism.
Many postcolonial writers from those once–colonized nations write in the language of their once–
colonizer and attempt to appropriate the language by deliberately playing with and remolding it in
the way that it displays the style and features of their own languages. In this way, these texts claim
their "power" and agency over the colonizer's language which was once forced upon them.
Attempting to write back to the centre and challenge colonial discourses from the colonized
margins, these literary texts also negotiate new ways of perception that contest colonial domination
and give voice to the colonized and once–colonized people. In their writings, postcolonial writers
also employ detailed descriptions of the native people, places and indigenous cultures in order to
counteract the stereotypical depiction, inaccuracies and generalization enforced by the colonizers in
their colonial

Feminism And Postcolonialism In The Color Purple By Alice...
The paper explores the idea that gender is culturally and socially constructed, a thought that there is
clear evidence of in the novel. Much has been said about Alice Walker's epistolary novel, The Color
Purple, and its feminist dimension; nevertheless, this characteristic represents only the tip of the
iceberg, the eye–striking feature, as this book is also a representative example of postcolonial
literature. By illustrating Afro–American life both of the colonized and of the colonizers, the
narrative becomes the literature of otherness and resistance, built up around a triple oppression
(cultural, racial and sexual) and around the inner evolution of culture.. There has been much arguing
among postcolonial scholars regarding the structure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Undoubtedly, Celie is the object of degrading and diminishing comments and attitudes by her
husband. Symptomatically, Celie is also exposed to sexual abuse. Moreover, she is deprived of her
earlier so close contacts to her sister Nettie. Finally, as a poor girl Celie has no money and is thus
dependent on Mr _____. His questioning of his wife's decision to leave him for Memphis can be
seen as an attempt from his side to frighten her: "Nothing up North for nobody like you... He laugh.
Maybe somebody let you work on they railroad" (Walker 186). Obviously, he resolutely tells his
wife what she should do and with this utterance he seems to demand Celie to stay with him. By
commanding his wish to have her at home, the patriarchal order can be maintained. Furthermore, his
declarations about the importance of beating an obedient wife who does not see her husband as an
authority can be seen as a way of using threatening or frightening practises with the purpose to
maintain the patriarchal system. In one of her letters to her sister Nettie, Celie describes the
difficulties with the male sovereignty with these words: "Well, you know wherever there's a man,
there's trouble" (Walker 186). Certainly, it illuminates well her experience of patriarchal oppression
and subordination. Celie opposes her husband's critical views about her decision to leave by
responding "The jail you plan

The Irish Poetry and Postcolonialism
Ireland was a British colony for more than seven centuries, for this time it was hidden their native
identity, as well as their language. The British colonizers imposed not only their language but also
their culture. In 1922, it was signed the Treaty in which Ireland was considered a free state. As and
introduction to Heaney poems, I will use a poem of Yeats, who is the poet that starts to talk about
postcolonial themes. Maybe Yeats was one the most important figures in the reconstruction of the
Irish identity. He represents the relationship between Ireland and Britain in his poem "Leda and the
Swan". The first publication of this poem was in the radical magazine "To–morrow" in 1923. Some
years later it was republished in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also "declared his fascination with the peaty wetland that are a unique feature of the Irish
landscape." Nevertheless, the most significant poem that belongs to this group is "Punishment". It
was published in 1975 in his collection "North". This poem is about a girl who was killed for seeing
and English soldier, this is showed in the poem in the line 23–24: "Little adulteress, Before they
punished you" . At the end of this poem he shows his feelings: " Who would convive in civilized
outrage yet understand the exact and tribal, intimate revenge". The tone of this poem is sad because
he also recalls the death people in Ireland. The next poem that I am going to comment is "Strange
Fruit". This poem continues talking about the Bogs. Here we find the chronicle of a brutal murder.
As we see in the first two stanzas; Here is the

Theme Of The God Of Small Things
The Post–colonial experiences have made the relationships of families much more difficult due to
the fragmentation throughout the country. Children and adults lost their home and the struggles and
troublesome difficulties they had in their homeland. The development of the colonizer's land, made
them to become confused with where their loyalties should lie. In Arundhati Roy's novel 'The God
of Small Things', the Kochamma family is a family of tragic people. It is their own cultural
traditions that lead them to the tragedy. However, the theme within the novel is of the people
oppressed by the colonisation of India especially by England, and how a society is consumed with
prejudices based on class or caste and color that begin to turn on itself, and ... Show more content on
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Hybridity occurs as a result of movements of cultural suppression, as when the colonial power
invades to over rule political and economic control, or when settler disposed people and forced them
to assimilate to new social patterns. The impression that Sophie left for herself is loved from the
beginning. The entire family's behavior is peculiar especially in Baby Kochamma's. In the novel
there are different levels of meaning other than the peripheral one. It means that people are forced
into a unique pattern of thinking and practice which is enabled by the public school education
established by the colonial rulers. Roy herself is a representative of such a phenomenon. The post
colonial mind is a fragmented post–war ground; a war that's won and lost. As said by Post colonial
writer Edward Said who argued that the West had always dominated the East for more than 2,000
years. Europe had dominated Asia politically and so completely that even the Western texts were
based on the Eastern subjects and even most Western scholars could not recognize that it is a fact
that the characters in the novel have adopted the Western ways to suit their needs they remain
centered on the power structures and their

The Savannah : A Postcolonial Society Under African...
Chinua Achebe's Anthills of the Savannah depicts a Postcolonial society under African dictatorship.
However, the dictator, known as his Excellency, has far more fear in upholding colonial rule than
first meets the eye. In wanting to up to, and even conform to previous colonial rule, his power as a
leader is repressed. This leads us to understand that post–colonialism is far beyond living in a
society without colonial government. Instead, it can be understood as living in a society that has its
own form of governing, one that is not dependant or in want of satisfying previous colonisers. Like
Anthills of the Savannah, those with the most power, ironically suffer from the most repression of
power, which is also a theme that will be highlighted in Doris Lessing's The Grass is Singing.
Lessing is writing in essentially a rural slave society, with masters and servants clearly knowing
their place within it. It is the social discourse, the voice of Rhodesia, which guides everyone in how
they should, or should not behave. These behaviours had to conform to the understanding that the
white colonisers are superior to the black population. However, a character that was supposed to be
liberated and empowered by this social discourse is repressed by it. Mary cannot uphold the social
discourse because she does not know how too. Consequently, she becomes a threat to the myth of
white cultural superiority. Thus, using these two novels, the term 'Postcolonial' will be explored
through the

Political Disaffection And Araby : The Case Study Of Qu '...
Political Disaffection and Postcolonialism in Contemporary France The Case Study of Qu'Allah
bénisse la France
In his 'Prisons et Asiles dans le Mécanisme du Pouvoir ' (1974) M.Foucault offers a key insight into
the methodology of his own work: "I would like my books to be a kind of tool–box which others
can rummage through to find a tool which they can use however they wish in their own area... I
would like the little volume that I want to write on disciplinary systems to be useful to an educator,
a warden, a magistrate, a conscientious objector. I don 't write for an audience, I write for users, not
readers". In this essay, I aim at carrying out a parallel operation by deploying two critical theory
terms, postcolonialism and marxism, so as to shed light on the cultural production 'Qu'Allah bénisse
la France ' (2014).
In a nutshell, this film, itself an adaptation of the autobiographical book 'Qu 'Allah bénisse La
France ' (Abd Al Malik) revolves around the introspective and creative journey of Régis, a gifted
young black born to immigrants and brought up by his Catholic mum alongside two brothers in the
city of Strasbourg.
The film opens in black and white, like all fairy tales: Once upon a time...Then it leads us through
the devastating poverty, unemployment, wrath and racism suffered in the Neuhof suburbs of the city
of Strasbourg. Here, Régis will rise through the vicissitudes of delinquency (petty crime), rap and
Islam to

Theories Of Bumi Manusia
This chapter discusses the review of theories related to this study. It describes the explanation of
literature, novel and literary theories. Moreover, it explains briefly about Bumi Manusia (This Earth
of Mankind) novel and the theoritical framework.
2.1 Review on Literature 2.1.1 Definition Literature has been defined in many ways by the experts
from time to time. Klarer (2004: 1) stated that in most cases, literature is referred to as the entirety
of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as
literature in the more exact sense of the word. The definitions, therefore, usually include additional
adjectives such as "aesthetic" or "artistic" to distinguish literary works from texts of everyday use
such as telephone books, newspapers, legal documents, and scholarly writings While Eagleton
(1996, p. 5) defined literature as an 'imaginative' writing in the sense of fiction – writing which is
not literally true. But even the briefest reflection on what people commonly include under the
heading of literature suggests that this will not do. The criteria of what counted as literature, in other
words, were frankly ideological: writing which embodied thevalues and 'tastes' of a particular social
class qualified as literature, whereas a street ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Roberts and Jacobs, prose are classified into two, fiction prose and nonfiction prose.
Fiction, originally meant anything made up or shaped, is prose stories based on the author's creation
and imagination which includes myths, parables, novels, romances, and short stories. On the other
hand, nonfiction is literary works which describe or interpret facts, present judgments, and opinions.
It consists of news reports, essays, newspapers, encyclopedias, broadcast media, films, and many
other forms of communication (1995,

Analysis Of The Book ' The Dragon Can 't Dance ' Essay
Elinor Johnson, Brandi Cathey
World Literature
Amanda Bryan
November 24, 2015
The Aftermath of Colonial Rule in The Dragon Can't Dance
The effects of colonialism are ingrained into every facet of society in Trinidad. The novel The
Dragon Can't Dance written by Earl Lovelace, has many aspects of a postcolonial society, from the
way people act on a day to day basis to the traditions upheld during Carnival. There is enough
evidence to argue that the town and all its residents are experiencing postcolonialism, or the
aftermath of colonial rule. Three central time frames in the novel will support this: before Carnival,
during and after Carnival, and after Aldrick's six year term in prison. These scenes in the novel
depict this theme and demonstrate the postcolonial values that still dominate Calvary Hill.
Postcolonialism also affects Pariag and is demonstrated by how he is treated by his neighbors.
Finally we will deconstruct the idea of the "Carnival" and figure out the relationship of this to the
Postcolonial Theory and how this is a reflection of colonial rule. Postcolonial theory focuses on the
aftermath of colonial rule and the way former colonizers and colonized people interact in society. In
many instances of postcolonialism the original culture of the colonized is lost through cultural
colonialism. Mimicry is an effect of this in which the colonized people begin to take on the customs
of the colonizers. Another is hybridity when the two cultures are are mixed and a new

Colonial And Postcolonialism: Terminology, And Perspectives
Chapter 1
INTRODUCING POSTCOLONIAL THEORIES
There had been gradual shifts and developments taking place in the interpretation of bible.
Postcolonial and other contextual readings were developed to seek the liberation for the people who
were in struggle. Postcolonial reading seeks the colonial and anticolonial policies in the bible. In
this thesis, the exilic prophet second Isaiah's monotheistic claims were read in in a postcolonial
optic. As an exilic prophet, claims of Second Isaiah were mainly from the colonial period and he
was a victim of colonization. Postcolonialism and its theoretical frames were discussed in this
chapter.
1.1. Postcolonialism: Terminology and theories
1.1.1. Terminology
Postcolonialism is an investigative disciplinary in literal and cultural studies. The term postcolonial
suggests an optimistic stand point relative to the project of political, military, economic, pedagogical
and ideological domination over one culture or people by another. It also suggests that the colonial
period has ended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discourse is related with power. Discourses are more than ways of thinking and producing meaning.
They constitute the nature of the body, unconscious and conscious mind and emotional life of the
subjects they seek to govern. We can thus refer colonial discourses as a system of producing
knowledge about the relationship between the colonizer, colonized and the colonizing process
through power, language and other such discursive practices. The perceptions of the colonists and
the colonized are often encoded in colonial discourses and in other art forms. Postcolonial studies
therefore inevitably engage in a critical scrutiny of such discourses and art forms emanating from
colonial relationships. Postcolonial discourses enable interpreters to expose colonial realty and help
to focus upon the imperializing practices involved in the creation of a

Impact Of Colonialism On Society 's Role As A Colonizer
There have been many discussions and debate regarding the issues of colonialism. It is hard to argue
that colonialism did not have any negative impacts on people. Those affected by it are divided into
two specific categories, that of the colonizers and the colonized. However, there exist people who
belong to neither category but who were just as affected by colonialism as the colonizers and
colonized. Peter van Dommelen argues that the stories of these people as well as an understanding
that the simple categorization of colonizers and colonized does not always apply are both necessary
factors in properly understanding the history of a postcolonial era. The following essay aims to
elaborate on van Dommelen's argument as well as discuss pop ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This proved advantageous to the Europeans for it provided them with the moral justification needed
to occupy the region as well as prevented the local people from resisting their rule. (van Dommelen,
2013). It is no surprise that the colonizers would distort history like that. After all, history is written
by the winners and the winners do not want others to know about their flaws or mistakes.
Although it might seem like the colonized people do not have a say in how they are portrayed, it can
be said that they at least have a voice. The same is not true for other groups of people such as
peasants and women who are denied an official voice. These people are just as much affected by
colonialism as the colonizers and colonized but their stories are never shared for they are not valued
as much in their society. These are the people van Dommelen refers to when he talks about the
alternative histories from below. The people who were a part of the colonial history but who did not
belong in either one of the two categories. The stories of these people was first introduced by a
group of students who decided they wanted to share the history of the individuals whose stories
were not shared throughout history. Called the histories of the subaltern groups, the students' goal
was "to highlight the subaltern classes and groups constituting the mass of the labouring population
and the intermediate strata in town and country" (van

What Is The Relationship Between Prospero And Caliban
Abstract: Samuel Selvon is one of the most popular and internationally acclaimed contemporary
postcolonial Caribbean writers. He is placed apart by the sheer range and variety of his published
works, which include ten novels and a collection of short stories (Ways of Sunlight), a great number
of short stories, poems and essays to newspapers and magazines and several plays for radio and
television. He is also renowned because he became one of the founding fathers of the Caribbean
literacy renaissance of the 1950s. As a postcolonial writer, Selvon seeks to illustrate the relationship
between the colonizer and the colonized. Homi K Bhabha, a contemporary postcolonial critic,
employs some postcolonial notions like 'hybridity,' 'unhomeliness,' 'creolization,' ... Show more
From their writings and from the real experience of the 'New World' they created their own
paradigms. Many writers from the region challenge Shakespeare's depiction of Caliban as bestial
and brutal, and reclaim his image as an icon of Caribbean self–assertion although Shakespeare did
not explicitly state that the setting of The Tempest is the Caribbean. The power relations between
Prospero and Caliban are suggestive of the master–slave relationship found on the plantation. In this
context, the Caliban–Prospero relationship leads to the larger issue of language. Caliban is
Prospero's slave. Prospero also claims that Caliban did not know the use of language until he was
taught by his master. Thus, the only way Caliban can express himself is within the parameters of his
master's tongue. Miranda obviously believes it to be a great honour and reminds Caliban how she
"took pains to make thee [him] speak" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16) and dismisses Caliban's
previous way of speaking as sheer 'gabble'. However, Caliban himself obviously takes a very
different view and in a memorable quote that is often cited by anti–colonialist critics he tells them:
"You taught me language; and my profit on't is I know how to curse" (The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2,
16). He goes on further to wish "the red plague rid you for teaching me your language!" (The
Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2, 16) clearly not sharing Miranda's view that she has done him a great
service. George Lamming, in his collection of essays The Pleasures of Exile (1960), argues for this
reason that Caliban is imprisoned in Prospero's language: "There is no escape from the prison of
Prospero's gift. This is the first important achievement of the colonizing process" (The Pleasures of
Exile, 109). He

Cultural Effects On Colonization
How did the experience of colonization affect those who were colonized while also influencing the
colonizers? Colonization requires the interaction of two different groups and no matter how much
one culture or group may be the more powerful both end up picking up traits of one another. How
were colonial powers able to gain control over so large a portion of the non–Western world?
Colonial powers were assisted in gaining control over large portions of the non–Western world
through more advanced technologies, disease and other influences. What traces have been left by
colonial education, science and technology in postcolonial societies? Architectural influences,
religions, alternative farming methods, language changes and many other aspects left behind in a
postcolonial society. How do these traces affect decisions about development and modernization in
post–colonies? The influences left behind in these societies often leads to entirely different leaders
being left behind to rule the regions. What were the forms of resistance against colonial control?
Colonial control was resisted through force, political influence, social influence and attempts to hold
onto original cultural ideas. How did colonial education and language influence the culture and
identity of the colonized? Colonizers prefer to bend the colonized to their will and this will often
lead to the colonizer introducing their language into the colonized culture. Many colonized countries
will lose

The Post Colonialism Theory : Opinions And Opposing View...
The Post Colonialism Theory: Opinions & Opposing View Points The postcolonialism theory is a
theory that has brought many controversies and opposing viewpoints across the world of literature.
In, –this theory, a set of lost identities, use of language in writing, and the questioning of the real
definition of this theory are some of the characteristics highlighted in this concept. On the other
hand, conflicting opinions, multiple perspectives, and authors not agreeing on the definition of this
theory are some of the problems that bring powerful discussions and arguments in the world of
literature. To begin with, the theory of post colonialism has been a very complicated concept to
define. Many authors and theorists that have responded and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Important European thinkers only wrote about their own identities and experiences setting other
cultural backgrounds aside.
Another important example of a characteristic of post colonialism is the lost identities of women
writers who others often look at as not being part of the culture or country they choose to focus and
write about. Carole Boyce Davis, author of "An Introduction to Post– Colonial Theory," pointed out
that women who contribute to African literature were very displeased to be considered only a
woman writer instead of an African American Woman Writer (Davis Boyce, Carole in Peter Childs
and R.J Patrick William "An Introduction to Post– Colonial" 1997, p.15). With this example in
mind, it is clear that her identity as an African American woman was hidden and not well respected.
Furthermore, this postcolonial theory leads to conflicting and multiple ideas about identities which
cause a problem and debate among writers and theory experts who choose to write representing the
theory. One of the biggest controversies that make post colonialism debatable is those writers who
write negative texts about countries and cultures different from their own. One example of this is
Joseph Conrad's opinion towards African culture under Heart of Darkness. The words that Conrad
used to describe the culture of African Americans did not represent Africans well in his writing

Difference Between Postcolonialism And Post-Colonialism
Introduction
In the 1990s, when other fields failed to predict some major events of the twentieth century,
including the struggle to decolonise, post–colonialism entered the field of International Relations.
Postcolonialism can be surmised as the theory of International Relations which uses the effect of
colonialism to describe the conditions of countries today, with a focus on personal information from
its peoples. 'Post–colonial' refers to the analysis of colonialism and anti–colonialism. 'Postcolonial'
is used to indicate the analysing of the current era of International Relations as the postcolonial era.
The relevance of postcolonial theory for the study of International Relations will be discussed and
analysed.
The increasing relevance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its theories have been shaped through many academic disciplines, including literary studies, social
history, French philosophy, and psychoanalysis. Great powers held colonies, but those colonies were
not studied unless they caused difficulties for individual great powers. The histories, peoples, and
cultures in Third World countries were ignored by International Relations until the 1980s. Post–
colonial/postcolonial studies improved International Relations knowledge. It has been joined by
feminist analysis and movements of peoples that reverse the usual direction taken during the
colonial

Can The Subaltern Speak Essay
Malak Alssaghir Mahmoud Hijazi
ENG–Post Colonialism Mr. Lutfi Hmadi
LU 5th branch / Faculty of Arts and Human Science
March , 2017
Power , Desire and Interest in Spivak's
"Can the Subaltern Speak ?"
In literature, postcolonialism is the study of post–colonial theories that ask the reader to notice the
effects of colonization or the extension power into other nations, have on people. In post–colonial
theories, the term subaltern is the nickname to populations which are far cry from the power of the
colony that has hegemonic on social, political and geographical prevalence.
What is subaltern?
According to a dictionary, synonyms of the term subaltern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Can The Subaltern Speak?
Spivak's essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" is originally published in Cary Nelson and Lawrence
Grossberg's Marxist and the Interpretation of culture(1988).(3)
In this essay, Spivak encourages and motivates but at the same time, she criticizes the effort of the
subaltern studies group in establishing a voice. As a feminist, Spivak wants to give a voice for those
who used to be silent. She describes how colonists prove their well–intentioned in India
differentiating between British civilization and Indian "Barbarism".
In her work, she joins her disapproval of the abuse against women, non–Europeans, and the poor by
the wealthy west. Spivak faces in her essay "epistemic violence" done by sermons of knowledge
that shape the whole world. This epistemic violence is like a curse over subjects of discourses. It is
similar to Edward Said idea(1935–2003; public intellectual and founder of the academic field of
postcolonial studies).(4)His idea of otherness in "Orientalism" display the bigotry of western
scholars who write in a biased way about the East in order to create "

The Stereotypes Of Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze,
explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism, to the human
consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the
native people and their land.
According to Edward said, Said's book Orientalism (1978) is considered the foundational work on
which post–colonial theory developed. Said, then, could be considered the 'father' of
postcolonialism. His work, including Orientalism, focused on exploring and questioning the
artificial boundaries, or the stereotypical boundaries, that have been drawn between the East and
West, specifically as they relate to the Middle East. In doing this, Said focused specifically on our
stereotypes of Middle Easterners, however, these same ideas can be extended to include ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Postcolonial is related to the colonize , and can be affected to the economic system , politic, and also
the cultural the country it self, and it can't be separated with the other aspects. Through the theories,
the condition of the internal in the movie is full of despair and rudeless. And it can be applied in this
movie exactly.
Subaltern sub theory Subaltern is a part of the theory above, and can be define as a condition
internal and external, and Gayati spivak assumed that, the condition is between black people and
white skin, they can't be unite as well, they make their own assumption, for instance, white skin is
more better than black skin. The level of strata is more determine than everything, but Spivak wants
the condition is there is no marginality, and being normal . so the movie also can be applied with
this sub theory because the internal elements is full of slavery and torture of black people, with
white

A Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello
A Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello
Syllabus
1. Introduction Different people have different opinions towards the tragedy of Othello. Personally, I
am deeply impressed by the racial bias in this tragedy; therefore I try to analyze it from the view of
postcolonialism. As you know, the tragedy of Othello has a close relation with Othello's blackness
identity. In the play, the viperous Iago makes full use of Othello's special Moor identity, which is
different from the dominant society, to enrage Desdemona's father, Brabantio. Then Iago also finds
ways to make Othello himself more and more conscious of his blackness identity which result in his
self–humiliation. Consequently, love between Othello and Desdemona is ... Show more content on
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In Shakespeare era Britain has a tight hegemonic control over black people. Black people are treated
as inferior grades, without positions in all aspects of the society, and they have been deprived of
their freedom and dignity. We can see clearly that Othello lives in the society which is dominated by
the white people. He is severely discriminated by most of the people despite of his great
contribution to the state. All kinds of bias that occurred to him are really unfair yet unavoidable.
Being a Moor, he is naturally regarded as a horrible devil or necromancer.
3) Othello: victim of the colonial society In the period from the late sixteenth through the middle of
the seventeenth century, one finds the otherness of the black persona increasingly transformed into a
truth. It is true that Othello has strived for many years to squash into the upper–class; however, the
fact of being a Moor cannot be erased in any case. Though he falls in the pretty Desdemona, he
dares not express his love to her because of his special identity. It is Desdemona, who gives him the
hint that he can win her love. His union with Desdemona seems that he has got paid to some extent
in this white society. Nevertheless, things will change as the play goes on. It is Iago who most
adroitly pushes Othello towards the rediscovery of his black origins. Iago began his revenge plan
towards Othello with the distortion of Cassio's conversation with Desdemona. Involving in Iago's
elaborate

Postcolonialism In Haunted Subaltern And The Mark Of The...
Introduction: Some topics that pertain to postcolonialism can oftentimes be somewhat difficult to
grasp because of complexity that is required to describe them. Rudyard Kipling makes
understanding a topic a whole lot easier because of his ability to write short stories and connect
them to any postcolonial topics that he so chooses. For example, his short stories "Haunted
Subalterns" and "The Mark of the Beast" have allowed me to better get a hold on the idea of the
postcolonial topic of the subaltern. Along with them, I have found a few scholarly articles that have
also contributed to improving my knowledge and understanding of what the subaltern really is.
Ultimately, the question that I would like to grapple with is: Can the subaltern theme in Mark of the
Beast be compared to that in Haunted Subalterns? The postcolonial definition of the subaltern from
a postcolonial lens is the subordination of native people to the point where they are left powerless
and without a voice. The subaltern in postcolonial studies is a very interesting topic because it can
be intriguing how a native person can be stripped of the credibility that their words have and the
power that every human being should be granted due to the way that colonizers can make them feel.
Throughout the paper I will include an in depth description of what the subaltern means and other
ways that it can be interpreted. Also, as I previously stated, I will analyze two of Rudyard Kipling's
short stories and connect

The Postcolonial Of Amitav Ghosh 's Novels Let Us Begin
To understand the postcolonial readings of Amitav Ghosh's novels let us begin by understanding
what postcolonial literature is. In this chapter, I will try to understand what the postcolonial
literature does by theorizing the entire process of imperialization or colonization. In the following
chapters I will try to understand the postcolonial perspective in Amitav Ghosh's fictional works.
As Peter Barry observes in his Beginning Theory, postcolonial criticism emerged as a distinct
category only in the 1990s. It has gained prominence through the influential books like In Other
Worlds (Gayatri Spivak, 1987), the Empire Writes Back (Bill Ashcroft, 1989), Nation and Narration
(Homi Bhabha, 1990) and Culture and Imperialism (Edward Said, 1993). A recurring feature of
postcolonial writing is the attempt to identify the differential cultural identity. As oppositional
discourse, postcolonial literature seeks to undermine the European discursive tradition that has
promoted the entire process of imperialization. The postcolonial theory challenges system of
conceptualizations and representation that justify and help maintain imperialist power during and
after the age of colonization. As a means to achieve this end, the postcolonial theory seeks to
establish a differential identity in an impulse to decolonize the mind. It challenges and resists the
Western cultural hegemony. Over the last few decades postcolonial theory has evolved through
different stages to encompass a variety of

Moorish Bath: An Analysis
The concept of postcolonialism reveals an approach, in an effort to offer some closure, for
individuals and cultures oppressed by the western white rule. In an attempt to somehow reestablish
the cultural diversity that involves both art and literature, the postcolonial theory of practice came
into existence. The underlying belief that is encompassed within these postcolonial ideals focuses on
using very specific and detailed points of reference. These references involve different factors,
specifically including the culture and traditions of indigenous people and customs, practices, and
areas of origin in an effort to somehow give back their actual and true heritage in a way that can be
truly understood and appreciated. This thought process ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This painting addresses two discussions by Marx in terms of feminism and postcolonialism. The
Caucasian female is depicted to be nude as she sits down in a pose that was as appropriately
executed as possible. She has a glow about her, as her red hair beautifully contrasts her milky white
skin. During this time, it was a new concept that women were painted in the nude as the girl is in
this painting. Caught in a moment of vulnerability, the woman in the Moorish Bath was considered
to be the object of desire to whoever owned this painting as it was essentially compared to the idea
of owning this woman, being able to admire her from afar and fantasize about her as they pleased.
However, she was by no means indigenous of the Moorish people, who were Muslim and from
Northern Africa. The fantasy was further enhanced when the viewer notices that she is this Moorish,
exotic setting where she does not belong, giving her a goddess–like quality. As for the other woman,
she is depicted as a servant. As she stands near the shadow, her dark and muscular skin masks any
softness about her, making her more of a supporting character in this painting than an object of

Colonialism, By Lois Tyson Essay
Colonialism, the hunger to expand and conquer causes the world, becomes an endless arena for the
fight for dominance and inevitable discrimination that follows. Even once colonization ends, the
natives are not immediately free because of the aftermath that remains in the dust colonization
leaves behind.
One inevitable result of colonization is the establishment of social hierarchy that continues into
postcolonial society. In Using Colonialism/ Postcolonialism Critical Theory, Lois Tyson eloquently
explains the consequences of colonialism and the different facets of Postcolonialism. First, in a
colonial social hierarchy, unquestionably, the "members of the colonizing culture occupy the top
rungs of the ladder" (Tyson 248–9). Meanwhile, those "who occupy the bottom rungs of the
colonialist social ladder whether their inferior status is based on race... or any other cultural factor"
are called subalterns, who are then othered by the colonized, who believe their dominance and
authority is validation for their discrimination (Tyson 249). Through othering, "the savage is...
therefore, not considered fully human" (Tyson 248). This mindset does not belong purely to the
colonists, but applies to the colonized as well. To elaborate, Tyson uses the term "colonized
consciousness" to describe "subalterns who internalize... the colonialist belief that those different
from a society's dominant culture are inferior" (Tyson 249). Consequently, subalterns look to the
dominant class's culture to

What Is The Theme Of The Pickup
Concerning the writer of The Pickup , indeed, having chosen apartheid as her major concern
throughout her writing career, Gordimer faced a puzzling situation when this racist thought partially
lost its mysterious trace in the early 1990s. Apparently, despite the expected loss of a thematic sound
background ,24 Gordimer's The Pickup shows that she is still flexible enough to look for new
horizon g the present 'New South Africa' as its point of
departure, The Pickup continues to deal with problems of race and class and the process of self–
sketching, but it takes the story's setting from the supposed liberal post–apartheid Johannesburg to a
visibly unnamed Arab country25 in the second and longer part of the novel. The interracial love
story ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Said, however, the academic Western conscience was granted a novel opportunity to gain insight
into the area of postcolonial phenomenon and theory, and thus, intimate details regarding "the
other."30 As a result, I find that the motivations of "othering" are certainly not of a purely logical
nature, but rather influenced by powerful emotions and psychological reactions. Through his book
Or i en t a li sm (1978), as well as later texts, Said describes the ways in which political, cultural and
social realities couple with elaborate imperial and colonial fantasies. Imperialism as an institution is
associated with the operations, theory and general persuasion of a national force, generating
complex power structures.31The resulting colonialism, by means of invasion and conquest,
effectively realizes the agenda of imperialism, exercising dominating power over foreign
territories.32Said further describes the concept of Orientalism, portraying a binary opposition,
consisting of powerful Western forces33which dominate weaker Eastern counterparts. "[N]either the
term Orient nor the concept of the W est has any ontological stability;" S aid concludes, "each is
made up of human effort, partly affirmation, partly identification of the Other."34 This situation was
the result of quest, undertaken with the intention of generating a faulty representation of the so–
called "Orient", in order to enable

Similarities Between Colonialism And Feminism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical
and theoretical dimensions of colonial and postcolonial studies. National fantasies are they colonial,
anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice,
marginalization, and the relation between politics and literature. Given that both critical projections
employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as
national mother stems from a wider association of nation with the family. The topic of feminism and
postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality ... Show more content on
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It analyses range across representations of women in once–colonized countries and in western
locations. Some critics have concentrated on the constructions of gender difference during the
colonial period, in both colonial and anti–colonial discourses; while others have concerned
themselves with the representations of women in postcolonial discourses with particular reference to
the work of women writers. At the level of theory, postcolonial feminist critics have raised a number
of conceptual, methodological and political problems involved in the study of representations of
gender. These problems are at once specific to feminist concerns, such as the possibility of finding
and international, cross– culture sisterhood between ' First world' and 'Third world' women, as well
as more general problems concerning who has the right to speak for whom, and the relationship
between the critic and their object of

Colonialism And Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism and Feminism
Abstract
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a remarkably comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical
and theoretical dimensions of colonial and postcolonial studies. National fantasies, be they colonial,
anti–colonial or postcolonial also play upon the connection between woman, land or nation.
Feminist theory and postcolonial theory are occupied with similar questions of representation, voice,
marginalization, and the relation between politics and literature. Given that both critical projections
employ multidisciplinary perspectives, they are each attentive, at least in principle, to historical
context and the geopolitical co–ordinates the subject in question. The identification of women as
national mother stems from a wider association of nation with the family. The topic of feminism and
postcolonialism is integrally tied to the project of literary postcoloniality and its concerns with the
critical reading and interpretation of colonial and postcolonial texts.
Introduction:
It is fair say that beginning postcolonialism is an especially challenging procedure because it is
particularly difficult to answer those questions with which we started. Such is the variety of
activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spivak confesses in A Critique of Postcolonial Reason that contemplation of "this failure of
communication" had "so unnerved" her that, in her initial discussions of Bhaduri's suicide she had
been let to write, "in the accent of passions lament the subaltern cannot

Criticism Of Post Colonialism
Postcolonialism as an individual category was emerged in the 1980s, which is used to represent the
period during aftermath of Western colonialism. It is also used to describe a study that rethink and
reclaim the history of people subordinated under various forms of imperialism. Postcolonialism, as
Wisker points out, is the "Recuperation of history from point of view of the ignored, silenced,
other... people whose lives have been erased, ignored and hidden from history" (Wisker 54). It starts
for, as Frantz Fanon said, to "find a voice and an identity is to reclaim their own past" (ptd. in Peter,
193), because for centuries European colonising will have belittled or even erased the history and
culture of the colonised people, and regarded them as uncivilized savage. Then, as Peter Barry
points out, the postcolonial tends to "erode the colonialist ideology by which that past had been
devalued" (Peter 193).
Postcolonialism pays attention to various complex relationships, for example, the reality and
symbolism, centrality and marginality, the colonizer and the colonized, metropolitan center and its
colonial lands, besides the relations between self and 'other'. It deals with both literatures from the
colonizer and the colonized, they observed their colonial rules and also the colonized's literature to
"write back" to the hegemony. To sum up Peter Barry's views of postcolonial criticism, there are
four main characteristics. The first one is to read literature work with the

Examples Of Colonialism In Midnight's Children
Midnight's Children (1981) is a novel linking India's transition from British colonialism to
independence to its protagonist, Saleem Sinai – a boy with telepathic powers who is able to organize
the 1001 other children of special abilities born within an hour of Indian independence (which took
place at midnight on the 15th of August, 1947, hence the title). It is considered a seminal example of
both postcolonial literature and magical realism. In fact, it was used early on in postcolonial studies
as a definitive piece of postcolonial literature – that is, Midnight's Children helped postcolonial
theorists create a definition of postcolonialism. Consequently, Midnight's Children – at least the
postcolonial interpretation of it – has long been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why is it important that Midnight's Children is interpreted in just this way – and what does this
emphasis reveal? On the one hand, this is likely in response to criticism that Rushdie is not
representing India at all, because of his use of the English language or his assimilation into western
culture. This issue, which troubled Rushdie as well, continues to receive sensitive treatment. In
Teverson's biography of Rushdie (according to Christopher Rollason's review in the Atlantis

Postcolonialism And Post Colonial India

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Postcolonialism And Post Colonial India