2. Table of Contents
Need for Alterative Energy
Hybrid gasoline/electric
Solar
Biomass
Hydrogen Fuel-cell
Wind
Magnetic levitation
3. Resources
Renewable resources-a natural resource (such
as wood and water) that can be replenished
or replaced by natural processes
Non-renewable resource-a resource which
cannot be replaced once it is used up, for
example fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and
coal).
4. Sustainable energy
Energy which is replenishable within a human
lifetime and causes no long-term damage to
the environment.
5. Forms of Energy
Mechanical energy- is the energy which is possessed by
an object due to its motion or due to its position.
Mechanical energy can be either kinetic energy
(energy of motion) or potential energy(stored energy)
Electrical energy- the movement of electrical charges.
Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms.
Atoms are made of even smaller particles called
electrons, protons, and neutrons. Applying a force can
make some of the electrons move. Electrical charges
moving through a wire is called electricity.
6. Forms of Energy
Thermal energy the movement of energy from
one substance to another; also called heat.
Mechanical energy: The energy of motion used
to perform work.
8. How is electricity generated?
A Generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The process is based on the relationship
between magnetism and electricity.
14. Wind: A General Description
Wind is another renewable, unlimited
resource that is used indirectly to create
electrical energy.
Wind is a natural force that results from the
uneven heating of the earth from the sun, the
topography of the land, as well as normal
movements of the earth as it rotates on its
axis and orbits the sun.
15. What are wind turbines made of?
All electric-generating wind
turbines, no matter what
size, are comprised of a
few basic components:
The rotor (the part that
actually rotates in the
wind),
The electrical generator
Tower
16. How is the energy in the wind
captured?
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the
moving air and power an electric generator which
supplies an electric current.
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups
Horizontal-axis variety, like the
traditional farm windmills used
for pumping water
Vertical-axis design, like the
eggbeater-style Darrieus model,
named after its French inventor.
19. Bio Mass Fuel
If you have a fireplace, the wood you
burn in it is a Biomass fuel. What we
now call a Biomass fuel was the chief
source of heating for thousands of years.
20. Biomass: A General Description
All plants store energy inside themselves as a
result of photosynthesis.
Biomass fuels utilize the energy stored in
living matter to provide energy for homes and
automobiles.
21. Examples of Biomass
Biomass fuels include
wood, wood waste,
straw, manure, sugar
cane and many other
byproducts from a
variety of agricultural
processes.
22. Biomass Energy Conversions
Direct Combustion- burning of biomass to
produce heat for space heating and electricity
production.
Biochemical (Bio Fuel)- the decomposition of
organic waste to produce liquid fuel(alcohol
fuel)
Direct Combustion
Biochemical
(Bio Fuel
23. Biomass: Current Technologies
Biomass energy is currently the fastest
growing renewable, unlimited energy source
in the U.S. (still only about 4% of total used)
Ethanol is an alcohol that is created through
biomass processes and blended with
traditional hydrocarbon based fuels.
Biodiesel is a term used to describe the reuse
of restaurant cooking oils and fats as a diesel
fuel.
24. Biomass:Future Development
Improved processing to utilize (hemi)cellulose
Continue process improvements in
cogeneration techniques with coal burning
power plants
“Gas stations” must also service biofuels
Car manufacturers must continue to modify
the internal combustion engine to
appropriately utilize biofuels.
New fuels need to be competitively priced
25. Solar Energy
Solar energy: is energy that is created through
the use of the sun. The sun’s light energy
then can be converted into heat and
electricity.
26. Passive Solar Energy
Passive space heating is what happens to a car on a
hot summer day. In buildings, the air is circulated
past a solar heat surface(s) and through out the
building by convection. Mechanical equipment is not
used for passive solar heating. Convection is where
less dense warm air rises while more dense cooler
air moves downward.
27. Active Solar Energy
Active heating systems require a collector to
absorb and collect solar radiation. Fans or
pumps are used to circulate the heated air or
heat absorbing fluid. Active systems often
include some type of energy storage system.
28. Electrical Solar Energy
Photovoltaic cell’s
Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of
sunlight into electricity. A photovoltaic cell
convert solar energy directly into electrical
power. A photovoltaic cell is a non-mechanical
device made from silicon alloys.
29. Semiconductor
A semiconductor is a material that can resist
or allow the movement of electrons to flow
The Semiconductor layers, is where electricity
is created
30. Solar Energy
Only about 14% of the sun’s energy can be
used by the cell
Electricity from the cells is directed to the cars
batteries or to the electric motor
Energy/electricity stored in the batteries
drives the motor
Electric motor then drives the wheels
33. •Solar cars are emission free, and do not
deplete any of the Earth's natural
resources
•Sunlight is free
•The energy supply is locally produced
Advantages of Solar
Technologies
34. Disadvantages
Solar cars are very expensive
Only 14 - 20% of the Sun’s solar energy is able to be utilized by
the PV cells so they must be very large to generate enough
energy
Solar cars must be very light and aerodynamic
Designs still need to overcome power to weight problems
35.
36. THE NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY
• Petroleum Fuel Shortage
• Environmental Conservation
1. Air Pollution
2. Noise Pollution
• New jobs/new technologies
37. What Is a Hybrid Vehicle ?
Any vehicle that uses two or More Power
Sources
Gas engine and electric motor
39. The Hybrid System
Gasoline Engine drives the automobile during
highway speeds when minimum Horsepower
is required
Electric Motor works with the Gasoline Engine
while accelerating from a stop and during
periods when extra acceleration is required
40. Hybrid Components
Generator
Only used as an electricity producing
component
Batteries
Store Energy to power Electric Motor
Transmission
Drives Vehicle directly from the gasoline
engine or electric motor
Gas or Diesel Engine
Electric Motor
42. Honda Insight
61mpg/city
68mpg/highway
3 Cylinder VTEC-E
Integrated [electric]
Motor Assist
BEST FUEL
ECONOMY OF ANY
CAR SOLD IN THE
U.S.
$19,080 Base Price
43. Toyota Prius
45mpg/city
52mpg/highway
4 Cylinder VVT-I
Toyota Hybrid System
(THS)
Power Splitter connects
motor and generator
together for a constant
variable transmission
$20,480 Base Price
44. Hybrid Maintenance
Both Honda and Toyota offer good warranties on
there hybrid vehicles.
Insight offers a 8yr/80,000 mile warranty on the power
train, electric motor and batteries. A 3yr/36,000 mile
warranty on everything else.
The electric motors and batteries shouldn’t require
maintenance over the life of the vehicle.
But if the batteries do need to be replaced after
warranty it would cost a few thousand dollars.
The brake pads may also last longer on hybrids
because of regenerative braking.
45. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
Device which Hydrogen and oxygen are
combined to produce chemical energy that is
converted directly into electrical energy, that
energy is then used to power the vehicles
electric motors.
46. What is a Fuel Cell?
Alternative power source of electricity
A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy
conversion device.
A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen
and oxygen into water, and in the process it
produces electricity.
47. Output per Cell
This reaction in a single fuel cell produces
only about 0.7 volts.
To get this voltage up to a reasonable level,
many separate fuel cells must be combined
to form a fuel-cell stack.
48. How a Fuel Cell works
Carbon Plate (Anode)
Catalyst Layer
Matrix (Electrolyte)
Catalyst Layer
Carbon Plate (Cathode)
ElectronsHydrogen
Oxygen
Water
49. Facts
One gallon of gasoline burned in an internal
combustion engine releases twenty pounds of carbon
dioxide
Fuel cells in vehicles can operate with efficiencies of
40-80% compared with 18% for "state-of-the-art"
spark ignition engines
The first "commercial" use of fuel cells was by
NASA in the 1960s
Companies are hoping to produce their first
commercial models of fuel cell cars from 2003-
2005
58. MAGNETIC LEVITATED
VEHICLES
• Magnetic levitated trains use powerful
electromagnets to levitate the vehicle
and propel it.
• They need a large electric power source to
run.
• Can reach speeds of over 300 mph
• Japan and Germany lead the world in this
technology
59. ELECTROMAGNETS
A magnetic field around a wire.
An example of an electromagnet
•Electromagnets can be made
stronger by increasing the power
source or increasing the coils of
wire.
60. MAGLEV TRACK
Characteristics:
• Metal coils line a guideway or track
• Large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the trai
• Magnetic field pushes/pulls the train along the guideway
61. Flex-fuel Technology
Created by Ford Motor Company in the mid-1980s
Runs on unleaded gasoline and an alcohol fuel
(usually ethanol) in any mixture
The engine and fuel system in a flex-fuel vehicle must
be adapted slightly to run on alcohol fuels because
they are corrosive
Special sensor in the fuel line to analyze the fuel
mixture and control the fuel injection and timing to
adjust for different fuel compositions
Ford, GM, and Daimler-Chrysler
62. Reference
Heating with Wood, DOE, 2000
U.S. Dept. Of Energy, 2000
www.iowastateuniv.edu
The Value of the Benefits of US Biomass Power, 1999
