4. The overall prevalence of UTI is approximately 5
percent in febrile infants but varies widely by
race and sex.
Caucasian children had a two- to fourfold higher
prevalence of UTI as compared to African-
American children
Females have a two- to fourfold higher
prevalence of UTI than do circumcised males
Caucasian females with a temperature of 39 ºC
have a UTI prevalence of 16 percent
5. Up to 7% of girls and 2% of boys experience a
symptomatic culture-proven UTI prior to 6 years of
age.
Of febrile neonates, up to 7% have UTIs.
Most UTIs in children are from ascending bacteria
◦ E. coli (60-80%), Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus,
and coag. neg. staph.
29. Voiding cystourethrogram – two
techniques
◦ One involves fluoroscopic contrast – more
radiation but better delineation of anatomy for
grading VUR
◦ The other uses a radionuclide – less radiation
and more sensitive than contrast
30. Approximately 40% of children with febrile UTIs have
VUR.
Approximately 8% of children with febrile UTIs
demonstrate renal scarring when studied.
Treatment recommendations are made to stop the
progression of VUR with medications/antibiotics and/or
surgery.
No data/EBM demonstrate that treatment of VUR prevents
renal scarring, hypertension and CKD
31. Children with VUR are treated prophylactically
with antibiotics to prevent potential renal
scarring.
◦ Nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxizole
◦ Half the standard dose administered at bedtime
◦ Cephalexin and Amoxicillin
Family physicians would generally have a
pediatric urologist involved to assist in making
treatment decisions.
32. Children 6 years or older with unilateral grade III to
IV reflux without renal scarring can be treated
medically. If the reflux is bilateral and/or there is
renal scarring, surgical treatment is recommended.
Children 6 years or older with grade V reflux should
be treated surgically with or without evidence of
renal scarring, as their reflux is unlikely to resolve
spontaneously.
Surgery also should be considered if medical therapy
fails either because of poor compliance,
breakthrough infections on account of antibiotic
resistance, or significant antibiotic side effects.
Finally, consideration of patient and parent
preference is important in the final decision.
33. Although the evidence is not conclusive, it appears the
risk of scarring diminishes with age.
Accordingly, some experts recommend cessation of
prophylaxis after age 5 to 7 years, even if low-grade VUR
persists.
In one study of 51 low-risk (no voiding abnormalities or
renal scarring) older children (mean age 8.6 years) with
grades I to IV VUR, cessation of prophylactic antibiotics
resulted in no new renal scarring on annual DMSA
34. Renal scintigraphy using dimercaptosuccinic acid
(DMSA)
◦ Can detect scarring in the kidneys.
◦ Renal cells take up the tracer.
◦ Those cells damaged by pyelonephritis or scarring do not
take up the tracer.
◦ Management or follow-up of patients does not change in
most cases.
◦ Thus, not generally used for initial evaluation.