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Postcolonial imperialism
1. Modern Imperialism
ALAN FREEMAN, GEOPOLITICAL ECONOMY RESEARCH GROUP DATA PROJECT,
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
PROJECT AND DATASET: HTTPS://GITHUB.COM/AXFREEMAN/ECONOMIC-HISTORY
RESEARCH GROUP SITE: HTTPS://GEOPOLITICALECONOMY.ORG
PAPERS:HTTPS://GEOPOLITICALECONOMY.ACADEMIA.EDU/ALANFREEMAN
2. Brief clarification
• ‘North’ means ‘Economic North’: a neutral term for ‘Advanced’,
‘Industrialised’, ‘First World’ or just plain ‘Imperialist’
• ‘South’ means everyone else
• Includes transitional coutries but only when there are data
• Excludes China
• ‘Growth’ means average annualised growth in the given period
• ‘Average Growth’ means weighted by population
• ‘Divergence’ means the ratio between GDP in current dollars at market
exchange rates with that of the North
3. Two key terms
• Endogenous=the normal working of the (World) market; ‘blind’ or
concealed from consciousness by the commodity relation
• Exogenous=the outcome of conscious political action mainly by states
but also by classes
• Pluralism=a conclusion is not robust unless
• All alternative measures of the same concept have been assessed in reaching a
judgement (eg GDP at current, PPP, real prices)
• The conclusion has been assessed against the leading contending explanations
4. Annual Growth rate of the North
-5%
-3%
-1%
1%
3%
5%
7%
9%
1941
1944
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
Crecimiento Anual Media móvil de cuatro años.
6. Note
• Declined continuously since 1950
• There was a ‘boom’ in the 1950s/1960s, started by the war
• But the secular decline was going on even during the boom
• Erupted in ‘open’ crisis in 1974
• No ‘recuperation’ (Dumenil/Levy, Husson)
• No ‘new regime of accumulation’
• Financialization did not usher in a crisis not already in existence.
• The ‘new normal’ level of growth is now much lower than before
• At definite points accumulation rises and falls
• These are endogenous: they follow the business cycle
8. The story in short
• The North set out to solve its problems at the expense of the South
• This was the real content of neoliberalism
• It failed (the problems continued)
• But the resultant political convulsion transformed the South
• We are living through the combined consequences of these two facts
17. The average income of
the richest 25% of the
South is one tenth that
of the poorest 25% of
the North
Any other fact about
poverty and
inequality pales into
insignificance by
comparison
Inequality between
nations is the Main
causal factor for
inequality within
nations
Yet the agencies have
ceased measuring it
$1,529 $1,925 $3,853
$38,265
$51,746
$72,954
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
$80,000
25% mas bajo Mediano (50%) 25% mas alto
Scale: the elephant in the inequality dining room:
Population-weighted medians and quartiles of GDP per
capita
Sur Norte
22. 0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Chart 9: High GDP per capita
regions
Latin America and Caribbean
Middle East and North Africa
South Total (right scale)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
Chart 10: Low GDP per capita Regions
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Total (excluding Transitional)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Chart 11: Middle GDP per capita regions
East Asia Pacific Central Asia South Total (excluding Transitional)
24. Myths, dreams and nightmares
• Kondratieff: the myth of endogenous recovery
• Neoclassical trade theory: the myth of endogenous convergence
• Marxist theories of decline (SSA, Dumenil, Husson, Financialization) that
signal a ‘recuperation’ in 1980 miss the point
• What really took place was a temporary respite at the expense of the South
• The myth of the BRICS
• What is really taking place is the relative decline of the North
• Plus the end of South fragmentation and the initiation of concerted South action
• The reality of Dependence, the necessity of Development
• North can rely on ‘natural’ working of market and ‘prod’ at decisive moments
• South has to use state (exogenous)
25. Northern Ideology: why the North thinks it is special
• Free trade ‘looks Good’ from the North
• Is taken to be a recipe for all
• Is the ‘natural’ view of the Northern and Southern elites
• The only possible explanation for the South’s poverty is racial
• This is rooted in colonial history
• The racialization of the North-South relation
• And the geneticization of labour