Where Is the World’s WealthThe World’s GDPWORLD65,950,000,000.docx

Where Is the World’s Wealth?
The World’s
GDPWORLD65,950,000,000,000U.S.13,130,000,000,000EU13,
060,000,000,000CHINA10,170,000,000,000JAPAN
4,218,000,000,000INDIA 4,156,000,000,000RUSSIA
1,746,000,000,000BRAZIL 1,655,000,000,000SOUTH KOREA
1,196,000,000,000CANADA 1,178,000,000,000MEXICO
1,149,000,000,000INDONESIA 948,300,000,000TAIWAN
680,500,000,000
Estimated GDP Per Capita Purchase Power Parity,
2006>$30,000$10,000-29,999$5,000-9,999$2,000-
4,999<$2,000Luxembourg $71,400Taiwan $29,500Thailand
$9,200Serbia $4,400Senegal $1,800United Arab Emirates
$49,700Spain $27,400Romania $9,100Angola $4,400Haiti
$1,800Norway $46,300Israel $26,200Brazil $8,800Egypt
$4,200N. Korea $1,800Ireland $44,509S. Korea $24,500Iran
$8,700Syria $4,100Cote d’Ivoire $1,600U.S. $44,000Kuwait
$23,100Dom.Rep. $8,400Cuba $4,000Rwanda $1,600Canada
$35,000Czech $21,900Ukraine $7,800Indonesia $3,900Nigeria
$1,500Australia $33,300Portugal $19,800China $7,700India
$3,800Gaza $1,500Japan $33,100Hungary $17,600Algeria
$7,600Vietnam $3,100West Bank $1,500Netherlands
$32,100Argentina $15,200Peru $6,600Iraq $2,900Tajikistan
$1,300Germany $31,900Oman $14,400Jordan $5,100Cambodia
$2,700Burkina Faso $1,300U.K.(England) $31,800Poland
$14,300Philippines $5,000Ghana $2,700Mali $1,300Singapore
$31,400Saudi Arabia $13,600Pakistan $2,600Benin
$1,100France $31,100Croatia $13,400Sudan $2,400Afghanistan
$800Italy $30,200Russia $12,200Bangladesh $2,300Congo
(D.R.) $700Mexico $10,700Zimbabwe $2,100Somalia $600

3
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4
Column 5
Column 6
Column 7
Column 8
Column 9
Column 10
Column 11
Output
Level
Price per unit
Total Fixed Cost
Total Variable Cost
Total Cost
Average Fixed Cost
Average Variable Cost
Average Total Cost
Marginal
Cost
Marginal Revenue
Total Revenue
0
$ -

NA
1
$ 113.00
2
$ 213.00
3
$ 300.00

4
$ 375.00
5
$ 463.00
6
$ 563.00
7

$ 675.00
8
$ 813.00
9
$ 975.00
10
$ 1,163.00

1. Table-2: Joseph Farms, Inc., Revenue/Profit/Loss Data
Output
Level
Price
Total Revenue
Profit or Loss
0
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
Note: You cannot submit an Excel spreadsheet for this
assignment. The assignment calls for the use of tables and
charts. Prepare those in an Excel spreadsheet, then copy and
paste them into your Word document for submission.

Globalization and Its Discontents
Have studied world history by country, but do countries matter
anymore?
Southern California: Collectively 6th richest country in world
EU under threat now but collectively was 2nd largest economy
to that of the US in 2006
Banks, corporations, even underground drug dealers may be
more important in global economy than nation-states?
How does government fiscal policy work?
Learning Goal A
Understand the origins and forces that shaped the modern world
from 1400 and the emerging factors that contribute to a
multipolar world order:
China maybe most powerful country in the world in 1500
Much of class is about how Europe, the U.S., and Japan
surpassed China economically and politically
Now? China a powerful economy, but politically ?
How Do You Measure Wealth?
GDP – GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT =the market value of all
final goods and services produced within a country in a given
period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a
country's standard of living GDP = private consumption + gross
investment + government spending + (exports − imports), or
GDP = C + I + G +(X - M )
PER CAPITA GDP=GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER
PERSON= GDP/POPULATION

4
Estimated GDP Per Capita Purchase Power Parity,
2006>$30,000$10,000-29,999$5,000-9,999$2,000-
4,999<$2,000Luxembourg $71,400Taiwan $29,500Thailand
$9,200Serbia $4,400Senegal $1,800United Arab Emirates
$49,700Spain $27,400Romania $9,100Angola $4,400Haiti
$1,800Norway $46,300Israel $26,200Brazil $8,800Egypt
$4,200N. Korea $1,800Ireland $44,509S. Korea $24,500Iran
$8,700Syria $4,100Cote d’Ivoire $1,600U.S. $44,000Kuwait
$23,100Dom.Rep. $8,400Cuba $4,000Rwanda $1,600Canada
$35,000Czech $21,900Ukraine $7,800Indonesia $3,900Nigeria
$1,500Australia $33,300Portugal $19,800China $7,700India
$3,800Gaza $1,500Japan $33,100Hungary $17,600Algeria
$7,600Vietnam $3,100West Bank $1,500Netherlands
$32,100Argentina $15,200Peru $6,600Iraq $2,900Tajikistan
$1,300Germany $31,900Oman $14,400Jordan $5,100Cambodia
$2,700Burkina Faso $1,300U.K.(England) $31,800Poland
$14,300Philippines $5,000Ghana $2,700Mali $1,300Singapore
$31,400Saudi Arabia $13,600Pakistan $2,600Benin
$1,100France $31,100Croatia $13,400Sudan $2,400Afghanistan
$800Italy $30,200Russia $12,200Bangladesh $2,300Congo
(D.R.) $700Mexico $10,700Zimbabwe $2,100Somalia $600
Richest Countries in the World 2011
Southern California
Greater LA, Orange, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties
produce more output than Russia

Throw in San Diego County, Southern California Produces more
output than most of world
Poorest Countries in the World, 2011
Globalization and Crime: What Makes a City Dangerous?
Can History Explain Why Some Countries are Rich and Others
Poor? - 2
Legacy of Wars
World War I, exacerbated by Cold War Conflicts
Instability in Middle East
Israel/Palestine
Iraq
Iran
World War II
Japan received over 2 billion dollars from the US to rebuild
after war
Both Germany and Japan prevented from spending money on
armies
Cold War
U.S. backed countries got better foreign aid and advice
Marshall Funds, Europe
Soviet priorities emphasized more weapons than aid
North, South Korea
East, West Germany
Religious Fundamentalism and Ethnic Tensions
Especially significant in Africa and the Middle East
Civil strife not so good for economic development
Natural Resources Not that Important

France, Germany, Japan lack natural resources
Nigeria and other impoverished countries in Africa
extraordinarily rich in natural resources
Can History Explain Why Some Countries are Rich and Others
Poor?
To some extent, the development of underdevelopment
Colonial powers reshape economies and production in colonies
to benefit themselves
Colonial rule left legacies that made countries unstable—
especially in Africa and Latin America
Ruled through wealthy colonial elites, who own most land
Pulled so much wealth out of colonies that it impoverished
illiterate poor
Often emphasized and exacerbated ethnic tensions to rule more
effectively
Emphasis on cash crops like Coffee and sugar impoverished
whole countries except elites (later drugs become powerful cash
crops) – retarded industrialization
Where are We Going?
Industrial Revolution—late 18th century
Mechanization of textile industry
Steam engine: use of machines to make things instead of
crafting them by hand
Second Industrial Revolution—late 19th Century
Assembly line—turn people into machines
Era of mass production
Third Industrial Revolution? – Now?

New materials, new processes
Much lower input of labor, especially with robotics—cost of
labor as a proportion of production cost will go down
Key demand for labor will be in collaborative manufacturing
services available on-line
“The Days of huge factories full of lots of people are not there
anymore”—Colin Smith, Director of Engineering and
technology for Rolls Royce
Digitization of manufacturing—everything in factory will be
run by smarter software—Does this make more training and
education crucial?
If so, why is America cutting back on education and training so
savagely?
Will this bring production back to rich countries where demand
for new goods is highest???????:?
Learning Goal B
Understand the recurring themes in the development of diverse
cultures and societies since 1500, including the socio-economic,
political, cultural and environmental impact of colonialism,
industrialism, nationalism, and globalization
How Do We Understand India?
Colonialism – British dominate country for most of its modern
history
With industrialization, need to persuade people they want to
buy goods and services – Advertising, media a part of this
Capitalism – Those who run companies search for those who
will work for the lowest wages?

What does it tell us that the lowest wages might be in the U.S.?
But do those willing to work for the lowest wages in the U.S.
have the same skills as those working for low wages in India
handling call centers?
Global Population
Population and Economic Development
Don’t think about population much, but it is critical: China has
second largest world economy, but per capita GDP still among
that of poorest countries: Should China have a one-child
policy-what kinds of odd demographic effects produced by
policy—aging and male population
India prospering, but large size of population dragging down its
economy and the well-being of ordinary people
What is the difference between the ways in which countries,
religions, dictatorships, democracy make decisions on
population?
How do these decisions affect men, women, and children?
W

UYGHURS PROTESTING CHINESE ETHNIC CLEANSING
Environment and Technology
Much of Chinese History about controlling flood waters
How does population growth and the demands of industrial
society affect the environment?
What is the relationship between environment and technology?
Why/are we so inept in dealing with environmental crises?
Hurricane Katrina
BP Oil Spill
Bringing It All Together
Learning Goal C: Critically engage with source material,
including original records, eyewitness accounts, memoirs,
newsppaers, surveys, statistics, film, and scientific treatises

When our products are global, our History needs to be global as
well
De-colonization in the Middle East
De-colonization in Palestine
De-colonization in Egypt
De-colonization in Algeria
Terms: Balfour Declaration, Gamal Nasser, Suez Crisis, Pied
Noir
1
Mandates
Colonies under a new name in the Middle East:
Syria, Lebanon to France
Lebanon, Independent 1943
Syria, Independent 1945
Palestine, Iraq to Great Britain
Iraq Independent in 1932 but British troops continued to support
non-Iraqui monarch
Leftist coup 1958—ended British rule

2
I. De-colonization in Palestine
Palestine before Israel
Massive Jewish migration between wars
British tried to halt migration-failed with Holocaust
Britain turned it over to the United Nations in 1947
3
Creation of State of Israel
U.N. Declared Partition of Palestine
David Ben-Gurion declares statehood, 1948
War ended hostilities
Israel a state in area it occupied
600,000 Palestinians fled or were driven out, creating new
population of stateless refugees
4
De-colonization in Egypt

European imperialism in Egypt
The Rise of Gamal Nasser – Army overthrows King Farouk and
asserts independence
The Suez Crisis
1956- Britain withdraws troops
Egypt nationalizes waters/canal
Provoked - Israel attacks Egypt
France and England send ships to protect canal
U.S. forces French/British withdrawal
Begin of the end for Br. And Fr. Colonial Empires
U.S. moving in as interventionist power in Middle East
5
Algeria under the French
Algeria under the French from 19th Century
Many French migrated to Algeria – largest European settler pop.
In N. Africa—the pieds noirs (black boots) – held 1/3 of all land
By 1950—80% pieds noirs born in Algeria
Algeria not a colony but an integral part of France
Algerian elite saw selves as more French than Algerian
6
Algerian War
FLN (National Liberation Front) launches movement for
independence from French – 1954

French dug in, sending 400,000 troops to Algeria
Algerian women hiding behind headscarfs planted bombs in
European cafes
French soldiers savagely tortured Algerian Arabs
Brutality of French soldiers led to massive anti-war protests in
France
Led army to use torture against French citizens in France
7
Algerian War Continued
Pieds Noirs – determined to keep Algerian French, threatened
coups, set off bombs in France and Algeria, and assassinated
politicians
1958 army coup brings Charles de Gaulle to power – hope
strong leader would keep Algeria
De Gaulle negotiates emergency powers and creates strong
presidency to deal with crisis
Terrorism in France and Algeria escalated
De Gaulle negotiates settlement with Algerian leaders in 1962,
making Algeria Independent after 300,000 Algerians and 20,000
Frenchmen killed
Millions of pieds noirs and Algerian supporters flee to France
8
WORLD WAR II

Readings: Smith, et al., 950-955, 959-985

1
JAPANESE BOMB PEARL HARBOR
Sneak Attack on U.S Naval Base
Destroys planes and battleships
Aircraft carriers out on maneuvers
Roosevelt: Day of Infamy
Admiral Yamamoto: “We have awakened a sleeping tiger”

2
THE U.S. ENTERS WORLD WAR II
December 7: Pearl Harbor Bombed
December 8: U.S. Declares War on Japan
December 10: Britain Declares War on Japan

December 11: Hitler Declares War on the U.S.
Italy Declares War on the United States

3
WORLD WAR II COMBATTANTS
EUROPE:
ALLIES: ENGLAND, THE SOVIET UNION, AND THE
UNITED STATES
AXIS:
GERMANY AND ITALY

4
ASIA:
ALLIES:
UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN
AXIS:
JAPAN AND GERMANY

5
PROBLEM – SOVIET UNION
Stalin Creating 2nd
Superpower
5 Year Plans – Rapid Industrialization
Collectivization of Agriculture – Increase Productivity to Feed
Workers
Great Terror –
Forced Migration to
Siberia
Does it make it possible to do things not possible in Democracy

6
U.S. – Fight war in Europe First
Stakes Highest
Hitler Dominating Europe
Much of War Fought in North Africa (September 1940-May
1943)
Mussolini wanted to reconstruct Roman Empire, invades Egypt

Germany bales out Mussolini
U.S. contributes tank force under Gen. George Patton
Patton defeats German General Erwin Rommel

7
U.S. Britain, Canada invade Italy (July 10, 1943)
Mussolini forced to resign (July 25, 1943)
Rescued by Hitler September 15, 1943
Creates Salo Republic in Northern Italy
Much of European fighting in Italy

8
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
Massive Bombing
Germans Target London
Britain Targets German Cities
Civilian Casualties High

Firebombing of Dresden
Radar
Enigma Machines

9
Hitler invades Soviet Union (June 22, 1941)
Germans Decide on “Final
Solution
”
Winter Threatens German Troops in Russia
Siege of Moscow
Battle of Stalingrad

Gen. Zhukov stops Germans advance (November 1942) – major
turning point of war in Europe

10
War in the Pacific
Japan invades Philippines (January 2, 1942)
Conquers most of Southeast Asia, Many Islands
U.S., allies, have to fight back island by island

11
MAKING PEACE OUT OF WAR
Moscow Conference (October 19-November 1, 1943)
U.S., Britain, Soviet Union agree to form United Nations
Tehran Conference (November 28-December 1, 1943)
Open up Second Front
Europe’s Soft Underbelly: Eastern Europe (Churchill)
France
Ultimately – Normandy Landing – D-Day June 6, 1944

12
EUROPE:
ALLIES: ENGLAND, THE SOVIET UNION, AND THE
UNITED STATES

13
MAKING PEACE OUT OF WAR
Yalta Conference (February 1945)
Germany to be Disarmed and Denazified
German Leaders to be Tried as War Criminals
Each power would occupy part of Germany
Soviet Union could collect Reparations
United Nations would be formed
Agreed Soviets could supervise elections in Romania, Bulgaria,
Hungary
Agreed to divide Korea at 38th Parallel – if Soviets declared
war on Japan

14
END OF WAR IN EUROPE
Roosevelt dies (April 12, 1945)
Harry Truman becomes U.S. President
German Divisions in Italy Resign (April 28, 1945)
Mussolini and Mistress Killed by Anti-Fascists
Battle of Berlin (May 1, 1945)
Hitler and new wife Eva Braun commit suicide

V-E Day in Europe (May 8, 1945)

16
POTSDAM CONFERENCE (JULY 17-AUGUST 2, 1945)
Truman, Churchill/Atlee, Stalin confirm Yalta Agreement
Truman announces U.S. secret weapon

18
SOVIETS DECLARE WAR ON JAPAN (AUGUST 8, 1945)
Soviets invade Korea, Manchuria

19
U.S. DROPS ATOMIC BOMB ON NAGASAKI (AUGUST 9,
1945)

20
JAPAN SURRENDERS (AUGUST 10, 1945)

21
WORLD WAR II ENDS/COLD WAR BEGINS (SEPTEMBER 2,
1945)
Korea Divided at 38th Parallel
Germany Divided
“Iron Curtain” Descending Upon Europe
Nuclear Arms Race

Fear of Communism in Greece, Italy, and France
Fear of Revival of Fascism in Germany
July 1947 – Marshall Plan
April 1949 – Creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Orga1nization)
August 29, 1949 – Soviets detonate Atomic Bomb
1955 – Soviets form Warsaw Pact
October 4, 1957 – Soviets launch Sputnik

25
THE COLD WAR
READINGS: Smith, et al., 950-955, 959-985

1
WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR?
Undeclared War between Two Superpowers
United States
Democracy
Capitalism
Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)
Communism
Theatres of Battle:
Proxy wars in other countries
Nuclear Arms Race
Space Race
Economic Competition

2
KOREAN PROBLEMS
End of World War II:

North Korea (Soviet Zone):
Soviets turn North Korea into militarized Communist State
under Kim Il-Sung
South Korea (U.S. Zone):
Korean’s Create “People’s Republic”
U.S. refuses recognition
Economy so tied into Japan’s not sure want to separate it
Don’t want to give land confiscated by Japanese back to
Koreans
Reluctantly agreed to back South Korea as United Nations
recommended Korea’s independence

3
NORTH KOREA
Kim Il-Sung
Born into Christian family
Organized anti-Japanese resistance movement from USSR in
1930s
Proclaimed “People’s Democratic Republic” (September 9,
1948)
Institutionalized dictatorship modeled on Stalin’s
Repressed/killed thousands and created a police state

4
SOUTH KOREA
Rhee Syngman
Nationalist and Christian
Politically conservative
Spent many years in the U.S.
Unpopular with many non-Christians
Unpopular with Koreans opposed to U.S. influence
Led to leftist movements
He imprisoned thousands and created police state

5
KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)
Both Koreas wanted Reunification – with force if necessary
United Nations passed resolution in favor of democratic unified

Korea
North Korea (with Soviet and Chinese support) invaded South
Korea (June 25, 1950)
U.S. General Douglas MacArthur ordered U.N. invasion of
North Korea
With the successful invasion of North Korea, MacArthur wanted
to push into China
Threatened by U.N./U.S. invasion, China supported North
Korean Advance into South Korea
With stalemate, armistice signed restoring division at 38th
Parallel (June 27, 1953)
North Korea: one of poorest nations in the world today under
Kim Il-Jong
South Korea: One of Asia’s “Little Tigers”

6
THE CHINESE REVOLUTION
Sun Yat-sen – Father of Modern China? (Elected President Dec.
30, 1911)
May 4th Movement (May 4, 1919)
1920 – 1949 Civil War between Nationalists and Communists

7
CHINESE NATIONALISTS
Kuomintang (KMT)
Under leadership of Chiang Kai-shek
Allied with Shanghai business community
Formed United Front with Chinese Communists to unify country
between 1926 and 1928
1928 - Expelled communists and killed thousands
Chiang ran the Republic of China from 1928-1937 from Capital

in Nanjing
Attempted to modernize China along western lines
Received significant public and private aid from the United
States

CHINESE COMMUNISTS
Mao Zedong
Peasant who saw base of Communists in Peasantry
Used violence to redistribute property
1935 – “Long March” with 100,000 soldiers
Fought 6,000 miles on foot
Moved into Northern Shensi Province
Set up Headquarters in Yenan - 1936

9
JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA, 1937
Communists and Nationalists form uneasy front against Japan
Communists build up peasant support in Northern China
Communists build mass-based party
Communists foster cult of people/peasants

10
END OF WORLD WAR II IN CHINA
U.S. wants Nationalists and Communists to form coalition
government
Nationalists refuse
Have more U.S. weapons
Thought could easily defeat CCP
Had no cause
Had no economic program

Many KMT generals warlords who fought each other for
territory

CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1946-1949
Communists had millions of peasants, few weapons
Gradually defeated KMT
Confiscated weapons
October 1, 1949, victorious Mao proclaims “The People’s
Republic of China”
Chiang Kai-Shek, KMT flee to Taiwan

12
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1957
Communists consolidate power
Economy a disaster at end of war
Rebuilt it rapidly with Soviet assistance, but still backward
Collectivized agriculture
Tried to industrialize along Soviet lines
Failed – too backward

13
“Great Leap Forward” - 1958
Urban population up 30% 1952-1957
Grain production stagnant
Mao solution – industrialize on the collectives
Put factories in rural areas
Worked at first
Failed without Soviet Assistance
1959 Huge Famine

14
“THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION” 1960-1978
Famine challenged communist myths
Peasants, workers turned against Mao and the CCP
The Cultural Revolution
Reeducate masses
Universities closed
Dissidents attacked
Millions killed, tortured, imprisoned

U.S. AND CHINA
Both Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong committed to “One
China”
Before 1971, U.S. recognized Nationalist Taiwan as “official”
China
July 1971 – President Richard Nixon sends Henry Kissinger to
China
October 1971, Taiwan Kicked out of U.N., “People’s Republic
of China” brought in
May 1973 – Chinese and U.S. “normalize” all relations
Nixon agrees Taiwan should be reunified with China
January 1, 1979 President Jimmy Carter recognizes “People’s
Republic of China” as “official” government of China

16
CHINA UNDER DENG XIOAPING (1978-1997)
Under Deng Xioping, China moves rapidly in a capitalist
direction
Encourages trade, especially with the U.S.
Limited Democracy – much official repression
Tiananmen Square Massacre
Brings tanks in to fire on students protesting for Democracy,
Liberal ideals of French and American Revolution

28
TAIWAN
Island largely populated by Malay peoples
Taiwan only annexed by Qing Dynasty in 17th Century
Encourage Chinese migration
1894/1910 Taiwan becomes Japanese Colony
Fostered Industrialization
Fostered Mass Education
1944 – 71% Chinese Literate
Only 10% Literate in Dutch East Indies and French Indochina
Restricted Taiwanese university education
Allowed Taiwanese farmers to own land
Main Point: Taiwan’s 20th Century History very different from
that of Mainland China

29
END OF WORLD WAR II
Taiwan Reunified with China
KMT ruled Taiwan as conquered colony
Taiwanese Rebellion 1947
10,000 Taiwanese killed

30
DEFEAT OF KMT - 1949
Communists defeat Nationalists (KMT) in Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-shek and 2 million KMT soldiers flee to Taiwan
Brutally chase Taiwanese out of homes, factories, land
Thousands more killed
Taiwanese believe Chinese Nationalists worse than Japanese

UNITED STATES AND TAIWAN
1949 - U.S. recognizes Taiwan as “true” China
Taiwan admitted to United Nations
Taiwan grew economically
The KMT dictatorship morphs into democracy

U.S. invested capital
U.S. provided military support

IS TAIWAN A SEPARATE NATION OR A PROVINCE OF
CHINA?
Improved U.S. Relations with Mao -> Taiwan no longer

recognized
Tensions persist between China and Taiwan
Lee Teng-hui – member of KMT – first elected President of
Taiwan 1996
Proclaims Taiwan will deal with mainland China on the basis of
“special state-to-state relations”
China rejects “two-state theory”
Chen Shui-bian, head of Democratic Progressive Party, native
Taiwanese elected President March 2000
Platform calls for Independent Taiwan
First victory of native Taiwanese over KMT
Significant and often escalating tensions between China and
Taiwan
Ma-Ying-Jeou, ardent KMT, becomes President in March 2008

IS ONE CHINA POSSIBLE?
President Bush stands firm on U.S. Commitment to “One China”
but…
Taiwan very democratic, little democracy in China
1992: China’s per capita GNP $560.00, Taiwan’s $9,300
2006: China’s per capita GNP $7,700,
Taiwan’s $29,000
U.S. ignores many human rights abuses in China, but…
China has 3rd largest economy in the world
U.S. has many economic interests in both Taiwan and China
Much of Chinese investment comes from Taiwanese

VIETNAM
Under French colonial control from 1880s
Created plantation economy in hands of French
Destroyed Vietnamese families
Took Vietnamese land
Used Vietnamese as forced laborers
Much resentment

Ho Chi Minh
One of Many Vietnamese nationalists opposed to French rule
Went to Paris seeking national self-determination for Vietnam
in 1919-1920
No one would talk to him
Founded French Communist Party
Studied in the Soviet Union
Launched nationalist uprisings from China in 1930s
French put down uprisings, killing thousands
Had little influence in country

JAPANESE ACQUIRE VIETNAM
Germans make France give Vietnam to Japan 1940
When obvious would lose, Japanese attacked French in Vietnam
U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh, who creates Viet Minh to liberate
Vietnam

General Vo Nguyen Giap occupies Hanoi after Japanese
surrender
Proclaims Provisional Government with Ho Chi Minh as
President
Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam –
September 2, 1945

VIETNAMESE WAR AGAINST THE FRENCH
French insist on keeping Vietnam leading to war 1946-1954
Ho Chi Minh controls North
French create puppet regime under Bao Dai, last of Nguyen
emperors in South
War with France ends when Vietnamese devastate French troops
in Battle of Dien Bien Phu - 1954

THE VIETNAM WAR
Geneva Conference
U.S. originally backed Ho Chi Minh, but scared by development
of Communism in Korea and China
“The Domino Theory”
Recognized French government of Bao Dai
Gave government $4 billion in aid 1950-1954
Now U.S. backed division of country at 17th Parallel
Ho Chi Minh controlled North
Ngo Dinh Diem backed by U.S. controlled the Republic of
Vietnam in the South
Soviets and China sent material aid but no soldiers to North
Vietnam
U.S. sent half a million soldiers to South by 1969

DEFEAT OF SOUTH VIETNAM
South difficult to govern
Multiethnic
Divisions between Buddhists and Catholics
Corruption in Government
Ho Chi Minh sometimes popular as nationalist
Terrain difficult
U.S. dropped more tons of bombs on Vietnam than they did on
Japan in World War II
U.S. used napalm to destroy foliage
Atrocities led much U.S. public opinion against war, many
demonstrations
U.S. withdraws after much protest – 1973

Two years later, Saigon falls
Vietnam becomes Communist
Those who could, left
Vietnam communist, but moving in Capitalist direction like
China
Still one of poorest countries in Asia

Readings: Smith, et
., 946-950
The Holocaust
Readings: Smith et al, 946-950
1
Genocide in 20th Century
Genocide had very specific form in 20th century.
Armenian Genocide had roots in late 19th century but 1 ½
million were killed between 1915-1923
Used in concentration camps as well as mass deportations
Used Special Organization (Teshkilati Mahsusa) to organize
killing
Turks claim it was an action against a bitter enemy during war

2
Rape of Nanjing
Japanese killed over 300,000 and raped between 60,000- 80,000.
Like Turks, claimed massacre was a necessary act against
enemy combattants
Question: what is moral and immoral in war? Are 20th century
wars different in the violence they enacted on civilians?
3
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level

Fourth level
Fifth level
4
Wanted to purify German (Aryan) Race
Afraid if intermarried and reproduced with other races, the
Aryan race would degenerate.
In Mein Kampf, Adolph Hitler argued that it was necessary to
exterminate Jews and other “inferior races”
Nazi Policy—Extremes of Race-based Thinking (Eugenics)
5
Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht
September 1935 Nuremberg Laws—laws discriminating against
the Jews, depriving them of citizenship, prevent them from
having sexual contact with “Aryans”/Germans
November 1938—Kristallnacht “The Night the Broken of Glass”

– Germans begin to put thousands of Jews in “concentration”
camps, where they were forced to labor for the Government
6
Events during the War
Killing Intensifies
SS Einsatzgruppen (Action squads)
Mobile killing units
Firing squads murdered massive number of people
Buried them in mass graves
By 1941, the SS Einsatzgruppen had murdered 1.5 million
people, mostly Jews
January 20, 1942 the Wannsee Conference in Berlin
The Jews were rounded up and sent to Labor and the Death
camps.
3 million people were killed in Auschwitz alone.
At least 6 million Jews killed

7
The Holocaust
European Jewish population fell from 9,739,200 to 3,505,800
Also killed 5 million other undesirables (disabled, Slavs,
gypsies, homosexuals, petty criminals, Jehovah’s Witness,
communists).
After they were killed, the bodies were burned in large
crematories, but many bodies still evident when camps
liberated.
8
United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, But:
Genocide in Rwanda
Genocide in Bosnia
Genocide in Kosovo

Genocide in Sudan
Could it happen again?
9
Japanese Expansion and the Origins of World War II in Asia
Reading: Smith, et al., 935-936
1

Japan begins to industrialize after the Meiji Restoration
Emperor elevated to new status
Created a Constitutional Monarchy
Supported by Shintoism
Japan Develops Army based on Germany.
Develops Navy based on England’s
2
Japan Imperialism
1894—Took Taiwan away from China
In 1910, occupied Korea
From 1894 on had resources from Manchuria
3

Japan Hit Hard by Great Depression
In the 1930s
Worker’s Real Income was down and unemployment was up
Depression blamed on the weakness of the parliamentary
government.
When Germany became strong under Hitler, some Japanese
started looking to Germany as their model
Gradually began to demand an “Asia for the Asians”
4
Japanese Army takes over Manchuria

Takes over in 1932.
Changes the name to Manchukuo
Makes it a puppet state under Pui-Yi “China’s Last Emperor”
5
The League of Nations
League of Nations protests Japan’s invasion of Manchuria.
Japan walks out of the League of Nations which is not able to
do anything
6
Japanese Fascism?

Japan declares War on China
On July 7, 1937, Japan finally declares war on China.
Conquers vast amounts of Chinese territory
Can be considered to be the beginning of World War II
No one stopped Japan, even though US thinking that Japan was
an aggressor state.
Previously US had admired Japan for its “westernization.”
8

In 1938
November 3, 1938– Prime Minister Konoe Creates a New
Puppet State under Wang Ching-Wei
Proclaims “Japan’s New Order in East Asia” to parallel Hitler’s
“New Order in Europe”
Entire time Japan is constantly in little border wars with the
Soviet Union
Shocked when Nazi-Soviet Pact Announced in 1939.
9
In 1939, Japan’s Problems in Asia, not European
How to deal with China
Very threatened by Soviet Union
Didn’t want to antagonize the United States
Coveted Vietnam, Dutch East Indies and other areas in
Southeast Asia

Believed that Southeast Asia should be ruled by Asians, mainly
them
They lose the Battle of Nomonhan to Soviet Union.
10
In 1940
Tripartite Pact
Hitler starts thinking about invading Soviet Union
11
In 1941

April 13, 1941—Japan concludes treaty of neutrality with
USSR.
June 22, 1941—Hitler invades Soviet Union
June 23, 1941—German controlled France agrees to let Japan
take over Vietnam.
US places total embargo after Vietnam and Dutch East Indies
occupied by Japan.
12
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941—Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
Admiral Yamamoto terrified to learn that Air Craft Carriers not
hurt
Hitler declares war on US

15
Reasons why Japan launched war in Asia
To Protect position in China, especially Manchuria
To gain new colonies and Raw Materials
To preserve conservative government of Japan
To combat communism, especially China
16
What happened?
Japan lost entire colonial empire
US insisted on dismantling traditional government, Emperor
Japanese Occupation Fostered Intensification of Communism

17
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Spodek: 687-690
Why Study Hitler/The Nazis?
Why the Nazis could rise to power in GermanyDefeat in World
War I Versailles Treaty—England and France “Stabbed
Germany in the Back”Great Depression: High Unemployment,

Low Profits, People Lose SavingsGerman Military Tradition:
Frederick the Great—Prussia; Otto Von Bismarck—Unified
Germany; Luddendorf; HindenburgAnti-Semitism—Jews as
Scapegoats: “Had all the jobs”; “Controlled Politics”; “Had all
the money” (None of the above was true but it didn’t matter)
Adolph HitlerEmblematic of German Problem:
Only success came in war—won a minor medal
Believed that Germany “stabbed in the back”
Germany should have won the war
Unemployed after the war—no jobs
Couldn’t get into art school—claimed only Jews got in. He had
no artistic talent
Formed a paramilitary group to substitute for Germany Army—
National Socialists
Adolph Hitler (continued)Hitler promised Germans:
Stability
Jobs
To be Proud Again
To Reverse the Versailles Treaty

To End “Weak” Democracy
To “Get Rid of” the Jews
Lebenstraum— “Living Space for Germans”
FascismNation comes firstAgainst Liberalism and Liberal
InstitutionsIrrational Politics—Emphasize Street Fighting
SA Storm Troopers (Ernst Rohm)—they wanted to get rid of
Nazi’s enemies. They were called the “Brown shirts”
SS—Schutzstaffel (Heinrich Himmler)—they were called the
black shirts.
Key DatesOctober 1929—Great DepressionSummer-Fall 1932 –
German Elections: Nazis 288; Nationalists 52; Center 74;
Socialists 120; Communists 81; and others 23
The main points: Nazis won 44% of the vote; no center; Nazi’s
powerful but can’t form government.
Key Dates ContinuedPresident Hindenburg Names Hitler
Chancellor in January 1933.Street ViolenceReichstag Fire—

Legislature Building Burns DownMarch 23, 1933—Reichstag
passes (with huge majority) the Enabling Act which made Hitler
dictator until April 1, 1937July 14, 1933—Nazi Party was made
only legal partyNovember 12, 1933 Nazis win 92% of the
voteMain Point:
Only at this date does Hitler behave illegally
July 1934-SS and Army purge the SA and they begin to secretly
arm the army
1935 Denounces Versailles Treaty
1936 Remilitarizes the Rhineland
1936-1937 Four Year PlanWar
materialsIndustrializationAutobahnVWDaimler-BenzGeneral
MotorsFord
Racism in Nazi GermanyBelief German “Aryan” Race Master
Race
Jews inferior
Slavs inferior
Gypsies inferior
Eugenics-Social Darwinism run amok1935 Nuremberg Laws

Identify Jews (with Yellow Star
Deprive Jews of Citizenship
Allows only so many Jews in specific jobs
Outlaw marriage and sex between Jews and non-Jews
9 of November 1938Night of Broken Glass or Kristallnacht
In response to assassination of German diplomat in Paris:
Nazis set synagogues on fire
Broke Jewish shop windows
Beat up Jews—91 killed; thousands injured
Confiscated Jewish property
Jews forbidden to collect insurance
20,000+ Jews sent to concentration camp
Why Hitler?War Vets—Hated Government for Losing the
WarMiddle Class—Ruined by Inflation, DepressionWorkers—
UnemployedIndustrialists—Hated Socialist Labor StruggleMore
than economy/defeat:
Emphasized a cult of war, physical danger, sexuality, future,
speed, a “new life”
Airplanes, car, radio

Goebbels and RiefenstahlGoebbels was the Chief Propaganda
Officer. He promoted radios. By 1942, Germany had 23
million radiosLeni Riefenstahl was Hitler’s filmmaker.
“Triumph of Will” and “Olympiad”
Hitler’s Road to WarMarch 1938—Annexed Austria1938
German minority in Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)September
1938– “Munich Crisis”
Appeasement
Chamberlain— “There will be peace in our Time”Spring 1939
Annexed all of CzechoslovakiaSummer 1939—Nazi-Soviet
“Non Aggression Pact”
The Rise of Nazi Germany
*

World War II in Europe1 September 1939 Nazis invade Poland3
of September 1939 England, France declare war on
GermanyHitler defeats Poland in a month“Phony War”
(September 1939- May 1940)May 1940 Germany invades the
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France“Battle of
Britain”22 of June 1941 Germany invades Soviet Union.1941
First Extermination Camp Created
Nazi Expansion and the Outbreak of World War II in Europe
Reading: Smith, et al., 925-932, 936-945
Causes of World War II In Europe
Versailles Treaty
Germans Believed they were “stabbed in the back”
Nationalism and Desire for Ethnic States in Eastern and Central
Europe
Hitler Manipulated Ethnic Rivalries
Soviet Development and Expansionist Desires
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans modernized and industrialized USSR

Literacy Increased from 28.4% in 1897 to 87.4% in 1939
Life Expectancy (except for political murders) rose from 32 to
69 years
Soviet Union becomes model of turning Agrarian State into an
Industrialized State.
Time Line
Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland in 1936 and no one stops him
Japan occupies China and does the Rape of Nanjing and no one
stops them. In one sense, Japanese occupation of China is the
beginning of World War II
Time Line Continued
March 1938 Hitler annexes Austria and no one stops him.
September 1938 is the Czechslovakia Crisis. Hitler wants
Sudentenland to be part of Germany. Sudentenland is given to

appease Hitler
Time Line Continued
Spring of 1939—Hitler Annexes All of Czechoslovakia.
No one dares to do anything.
Britain totally unprepared for war.
French government doesn’t want war.
1939—Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression Pact
September 1939, Germany invades Poland
September 3, 1939 France and Britain declare war on Hitler
October 1939-May 1940 is the Phony War.
May 1940-Hitler invades and defeats Holland, Belgium,
Luxembourg, and France.
Why was France defeated?
Poor military leadership
Thinking defensively—The Maginot Line

Time Line
Why French lost?
The Permanent Trench
Used Tanks as Taxis
Poor government leadership
June 1940-End of War “Battle of Britain
Air War
England bombs Germany
Germany bombs England
Radar
Hitler Invades Soviet Union
Stalin Depressed and does nothing
Problem: He killed too many generals in the Purges
1941 Germany constructs first death camp.
Consequences of the War in the 20th and 21st Centuries
Readings: Smith, et al., 904-913, 972-973, 1012-1014, 1045-
1048

Versailles Treaty
Really five separate treaties but can think of them as Versailles
Treaty

Two approaches:
Woodrow Wilson
Georges Clemenceau (French Premier)
Woodrow Wilson’s Approach
Fourteen Points
Guide to future peace
Open covenants of peace; openly arrived at
“National Self-Determination”
League of Nations
“The Peace to End All War”

Georges Clemenceau’s Approach
Punish Germany
Blamed Germany for the war
Disarm Germany
Demilitarize the Rhineland
Create buffer states in Eastern Europe
Make Germany pay for the war (“war reparations”)

Results of the Versailles Conference
Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither Germany nor
USSR were in it)—US Senate vetoed entire Versailles Treaty.
Punish Germany:
Germany blamed for war
No Army
Alsace-Lorraine to France
Rhineland demilitarized
No Armaments Industry
Germany pays for War and Reparations (5 billion +)

National Self-Determination
Eastern Europe
Austria-Hungary is dismantled
Austria becomes small country
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Poland
Treaty of Trianon
Hungary becomes a very small state, losing much territory and a
majority of the Hungarians
Romania (including large populations of Hungarians)
Prize: Ottoman Empire

England, France, Russia and Other Powers Seek Gains in
Middle East

The Husayn-McMahon Agreement, 1915
11
Middle East After Settlements

British Role:
Arab Revolts (Lawrence of Arabia)
Balfour Declaration
French Role:
Got Involved in Palestinian struggles to prevent British from
getting all Middle East as new colonies
The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916

Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920
Mandates (another name for colonies to please President
Wilson)
Jordon—mandate to British
Palestine—to British
Syria and Lebanon—French
Hijaz (Arab) independent
Attaturk and Turkish Nationalism

20
Poster Urging Jews to Settle in Palestine

Exodus
23
UN Partition Plan of 1947

24
David Ben Gurion Announcing the Birth of Israel

Young Israelis
26
Palestine Refugee Camp, 1948

Palestinian Woman Watches as Her Home is Demolished

Syria and Iraq Problems
Actual Below

31
Syria is a nation that has long been a crossroads for the Middle
East, from its occupation during the Crusades to its conquest by
France after the downfall of the Ottoman Empire that lasted
until WWII. Since the creation of Israel, Syria has been a
constant enemy of the Jewish state, highlighted by Syria’s
participation in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars. In 1967,
Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel, one reason why the
Syrian government refuses to recognize Israel.
Associated Press © 2005
Associated Press Interactive

Ethnic and Religious Makeup of Iraq
36
The Liberation of Kuwait

Kuwait, 1991
Burning oil fields, set ablaze by retreating Iraqis, provide an
eerie backdrop to motorized U.S. troops participating in
Operation Desert Storm, the high point of the Bush, Sr’s,
presidency.

38
The Sanctions Period (1991-2003)
39
Colin Powell and WMD
In February 2003 U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell went

before the UN General Assembly to convince the international
community that Saddam Hussein was concealing chemical and
biological weapons, and to request the approval of the Security
Council to commence military action against Iraq. Here he holds
up a vial of anthrax, a life threatening infectious disease
reputed to be in the terrorist arsenal.
40

41
Consequences of “Peace to End All War”
World War II
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Iraq-Iran War
Persian Gulf War
Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisis
Al Queda – 9/11
Iraq War - 2003

Other Consequences
Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam War
May 4th Movement – Chinese Communism

T H E H L J h l A N COST OF H I S T O I i L
I , ( / i t ~ ~ ( l ' 111, X ~ I . C J ~ 1: / s / I I ' I ~ ~ ' l l l ~ l '
l l l l l ' l l l l ( 1 / ' l ( / l / ' l ( /
Age of Anxiety and Uncertainty
Reading: Smith, et al., 913-921
Overview
World War I was really awful for most people
Technology had so transformed the face of the war that many
things were called into question.
Even before the war, there was tension as people were asking
questions and doubting that everything was so wonderful.
There was a crisis of modernity.
The idea that each generation was better off than the one before

was questioned.
Modern Philosophy
Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Western civilization has emphasized rationality at the expense
of passion and instinct.
Christianity glorified weakness, envy, and mediocrity
“God is dead”
Democracy isn’t working
Respectability stifles self-realization
People have no authenticity
Will to power
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
Existentialism
God has nothing to do with giving life meaning.

Human beings simply exist.
There is no God to help them
There is no reason to help them.
“Man is forced to be free”
To be free, men and women must become engaged and choose
actions correctly.
Human beings are responsible for their own behavior.
Became really popular after World War II, a war in which
actions and consciousness induced men and women to either act
courageously or abominably
Science foundation of Enlightenment, reason and progress.
At the end of the 19th century, scientists found atoms not hard,
permanent little balls.
Atoms consists of many smaller fast-moving particles, including
electrons and protons
Marie Curie (1867-1934) and her husband found that radium
emits subatomic particles so it has no constant atomic weight.
Max Plank (1858-1947) found that subatomic energy is emitted
from vibrating electron in uneven spurts or “quanta”. Calls into
question old distinction of matter and energy.
He also called into question atoms as stable building blocks of

nature
New Physics
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Light propagated through space in the form of particles
(photons)
E=mc2
Special theory of relativity.
Time and space relative to the viewpoint of the observer
General theory of relativity
Newton’s universe three dimensional while Einstein’s universe
four dimensional space-time continuity
Rutherford (1871-1937)
Showed atom could be split into smaller particles.
Crucial for subsequent development of atomic weapons
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1927)
“Principle of Uncertainty”

Instead of Newton’s certainties, we now have a physics based
on tendencies and probabilities
Rutherford (1871-1937) and
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1927)
Freudian Psychology
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Interested in unconscious behavior
Theory of psychoanalysis
His conclusion was that human behavior is basically irrational,
not rational behavior of Enlightenment thought.
Franz Kafka captured the sense of nightmarish 20th century
world in The Metamorphosis, as well as others.
Oswald Spengler wrote Decline of the West which was the
obituary of civilization.
Also two war novels were written:
Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms.

Erich Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front
German expressionist films came out during this time period.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) which was trying to answer
the question, “Is the director of the insane asylum himself an
insane murderer?
Metropolis was about the madness of industrial capitalization.
Modern Literature and Modern Cinema
Modern Art--Overview
Camera invented in 19th Century.
Great images of U.S. Civil War—Matthew Brady’s photographs
Kodak personal camera introduced at the end of the century.
Why paint realistic paintings if camera can better capture
reality. No color photos yet.
Impressionism—French painters

French Painters
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
Camille Pissaro (1830-1903)
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
Their goal was to capture the overall picture of things by
capturing light falling on the scene before their eyes.
Modern Artists
Painted what is in his mind
Increasingly form became more important than light
Paul Cezanne (1893-1906)
Henri Mattisse (1869-1954)
Pablo Picasso (1891-1973)
Cubism—all of these artists trying to capture in form inner
essence of things not superficial “surface”

Cubism
Dali and Surrealism
Salvador Dali (1904-1989) was involved in Surrealism which
exalted the irrational, the violent, and the absurd in human
experiences

Dali and Surrealism
Western music tradition since the Renaissance “major-minor”
system of tonality
New musicians began to explore polytonality.
Igor Stravinsky
Achieved effects through polytonality, dissonant harmonies, and
percussive rhythms
Rites of Spring was a pre-World War I ballet which undermines
common conventions of ballets with his jarring music. Dancers
engaged in representation of reproduction
Extremely shocking when first performed in Paris in 1913. It
became more popular after World War I
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) abandoned traditional harmony
and tonality altogether and arranged the 12 notes of the scale in
an abstract mathematical pattern, the “tone-row” which stresses
disharmony
Modern Music

Bauhaus was an institution in Germany that brought together
architects, designers, and painters.
Walter Gropius (1883-1969) was the first director of Bauhaus.
He believed in functional designs, simplicity of shape, and lots
of glass.
Implemented philosophy “form must follow function”
Influenced Swiss-French Architect, Le Corbusier
Modern Architecture
Global Impact
Europeans searched for non-Western inspiration.
Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) searched the South Pacific for
unspoiled beauty and a primitive way of life.
Josephine Baker (1906-1975) was an African American who was
a dancer, singer, entertainer who was popular in 1930s Paris
Jazz was the music from the American Blacks which combined
gospels, African rhythms, and erotic blues. It was very popular

in Europe.
More on Global Impact
Trinidad was where Calypso was a popular music. Songs about
urban hunger, unemployment, and social upheaval.
Negritude Movement in France was closely connected to
surrealists.
The Democratization of Desire
Radio
Hollywood
Shopping
Modernism
A word to collectively describe these common features of
Western art and culture.
Form is emphasized at the expense of content.

A systematic and determined rejection of the classical models
Culture is increasingly global
The Democratization of Desire and Modernism
The Russian Revolution
Peter Builds New Capital

Nicholas I (1825-1855)
Hated Industrial Revolution and French Revolution
Wanted to make world safe for autocracy
Fought against progress in Russia and Europe
DecembristsRevolt against czarismPut downRevolutions of
1848Most of Europe but Russia has some form of
democracyEconomy remains backward
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Son of Nicholas I.
One of better czars – interested in reform

Emancipated the serfs in 1861
Alexander III (1881-1894)
Increased the repressive powers of the police
Limited the power of the local assemblies
Pograms against anyone who was not Russian
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
Wrong man, wrong time
Little interest in government

Imperialistic Conflict over Korea and Manchuria
Russia trying to ward off rebellion
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Bloody Sunday-January 22, 1905
Began in St Petersburg
Disaster of Russo-Japanese War revealed corruption and
incompetence of czar
Created Duma, limited economic reform

World War I/ Rasputin
Had control over the Tsar Nicholas II and the Tsarina
Was murdered in December 1916
World War I was a disaster.
The Revolutions of 1917
February Revolution (March 8, 1917)
Czar Nicholas Abdicates
Kerensky forms Provisional Government
Lenin Arrives at Finland Station

Lenin arrives in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)—April 16. 1917
Lenin calls for armed insurrection
—Oct. 16, 1917 (Russian Calendar)
October Revolution begins, October 24, 1917 (Russian
Calendar)
November 6, 1917 (Western European Calendar)
Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin
How Do Bolsheviks Get Power?

Treaty of Brest Litovsk—
March 3, 1918
Lost 32% of the land
Lost Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Much of the Ukraine
Much of Belarussia
Creation of Soviet UnionCivil War, 1918-1921“Reds” vs
“Whites”“Reds” (Bolsheviks, Communists) under Lenin
winSupported by peasants, national/ethnic groupsNew
Economic PlanNationalization of banks and heavy industry,
limited ownership of small businessesLenin dies 1923

Power Struggle after Lenin’s Death and Stalin’s Rule
Forced collectivization
“The Great Famine”
“The Great Terror”
Purges
Gulag

Contemporary Problems
Cold War with US from 1945-1991
Mikhail Gorbachev’s Glasnost allowed
Democracy to Emerge
Perestroika—socialism not possible in capitalist world
Resigns December 25, 1991
End of Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
Boris Yeltsin

Problems:
Economy was a mess
Workers not paid
National Debt
IMF and World Bank Money to Cronies
Politics a Mess
Today in Russia and the Former Soviet Union
A weak Boris Yeltsin names Vladimir Putin, former head of the
KGB, Premier then President
Dmitri Medvedev replaced him, but Putin still made many
decisions. Putin is now President again after elections many
think were rigged.
Today’s Russia (continued)
--Ethnic groups want autonomy or Independence

--Putin has destroyed Chechnya, Dagestan
--Reports of rapes and pillage
--Nationalists want powerful Soviet Union
--Questions still needing answers
Winners
Communist Party
Some Workers
Massive Literacy Project—all those who learn to read and write
Vastly improved health care—all those who lived longer and
healthier
WomenLosersPoorest peasantsTraditional Russian upper
classesMany of those in traditional Russian middle classesThose
killed or imprisoned because of oppressive regimeJews,
MuslimsOther ethnic minorities (maybe)Russian
EconomyRussian Democracy
Russian Revolution: Who Won, Who Lost?
How Technology Changed the Face of the War

Readings: Smith, et al., 891-902
WHY GLOBAL WAR IN 1914?
Break of Multi-national Empires
Intense Nationalism
Social Darwinism
Yellow Journalism
Arms Race and Rise of Armaments Industry
New Weapons
New Weapons (continued)

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Serbian nationalism is a big problem then and now
Who Fought?
England, France, Belgium (neutral but attacked), Russia, Serbia,
Italy, Rumania, U.S., Japan, China, and Brazil
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
Battlefronts
Western front and Trenches

Lusitania
How World War I ends:
All European powers worn down—millions of casualties,
millions of mutilated men
British blockage leads to famine conditions in Germany and
Austria-Hungary
Germans believed they had to resume u-boat attacks
US Enters the War:
Germans feel they have to renew unrestricted submarine warfare
to end British blockade or morale will be totally ruined
Zimmerman Telegram and U.S. – Mexico Relations
April 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war.
Ludendoff Offensive in March 1918
Germans defeated 11 of November 1918

Casualties of World War I
Great Britain: 947, 000 dead; 2,122,000 wounded
France: 1,385,000 dead; 3,044,000 wounded
Russia: 1,700,000 dead; 4,950,000 wounded
Italy: 460,000 dead; 947,000 wounded
US: 115,000 dead; 206,000 wounded
Germany: 1,808,000 dead; 4,247,000 wounded
Austrio-Hungarian Empire: 1,200,000 dead; 3,620,000 wounded
Ottoman Empire: 325,000 dead; 400,000 wounded
The Chinese and Japanese Response to Industrialization
Readings: Smith, et al., 802-810, 841-849, 868-887

Lecture 17--Chinese/Japanese Response
1
China
English want to sell goods to China
China Emperors have no interest in buying anything from
Europe.
Emperor wrote letter to English king in which he says that
Chinese produced everything of value.
Jesuits and others brought clocks and mechanical toys to China.
Father Mateo Ricci was in charge of missionary duties in China
Chinoiserie
Europeans wanted:
Porcelain
Wallpaper

Chinese art
Chinese deer
Tea
Chinoiserie
India
Began decline under Aurangzeb (1659)
British, French and Portugal all establish colonies
British East India Company gains control
British win over Muslims in 1858

India (continued)
British destroy India’s cotton industry
Had been best cotton producers
Sold opium to Chinese and grew it in India
China, Britain and India
Opium Wars
British use steamships with cannons.
They take the ships up the Chinese rivers
They threaten the Chinese interior
Treaty of Nanjing
Dismantled Chinese tributary states.
Created “Treaty ports” where Europeans could trade

China Increasingly Unstable
The Taiping Rebellion went on from 1850-1864
The Self-Strengthening Movement went on from 1860-1895
1885 France takes over Vietnam
Japan forces Chinese to grant independence to Korea and took
control of Taiwan and Liaodong Peninsula
1898-Foreign powers divide China into spheres of influence
The HUNDRED DAYS Reform also took place.
Boxer Rebellion took place in 1899.
Taiping Revolution

French colonies
Results
Took control of China in 1911.
He proclaimed Chinese Republic in 1912.
Government was very weak and warlords gained control
throughout the country.
Japan
Japan was feudal and was ruled by shoguns in reality.

By 19th century, Japan was in very bad shape
The Economy was stagnating
There were many revolts going on.
Japan
In 1853, Matthew Perry arrives in Tokyo Bay with the message,
“Trade with us or we’ll kill you!”
The boy emperor Mutsuhito takes power. His rule is known as
Meiji (“Enlightened Rule”)
Japan’s Desires
Japan wants to become an Imperial Power.
To do this, Japan invests heavily in weapons and ships.
Japan’s Army modeled on Germany
Japanese Navy modeled on Britain.

The New Imperialism
Readings: Smith, et al., 825-829, 836-841, 843-852, 857-868,
869-881
Lecture 16
1
Neocolonialism
Nothing really new but great powers decide to carve up world,
especially Africa, Far East and the Pacific Islands
Colonies—during New Imperialism

Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
Why Neocolonialism?
Economic motivations
1870s: The first “Great Depression”, prices fall with
competition from US
Believed that by taking colonies, they could create “sheltered”
markets
Needed places to invest
Other reasons for Neocolonialism
Raw materials
Gold
Diamonds
Rubber
Pineapples
Bananas

Sugar
Oil
Social Darwinism/The “White Man’s Burden”
Theory of Evolution
Europeans believed that “white races” are superior to “colored
races”
Karl Pearson
Japanese
The Industrial Revolution
Readings: Smith, et al., 791-802, 812-818
Lecture 14
1
The Industrial Revolution
Has its main effects from 1780-1850:
Time of transformation of work
From hand to machine

From rural areas to cities
Created social classes
Workers, the Proletariat
Changed family life
Changes which occurred because of the Industrial Revolution
Migration to industrialized nations
Changed way of buying and selling
Creation of new leisure activities
Transferred balance of power toward industrialized countries
Why ENGLAND?
Science most advanced
Protestantism
Agricultural Revolution most advanced in England

New Technology
New Technology
John Kay—Flying Shuttle
(1733)
James Hargreaves—Spinning Jenny (1764)
Samuel Cromptom— “The Mule” (1779)
Edmund Cartwright—Power Loom (1775)
Eli Whitney– Cotton Gin (1793)
New Bottleneck is Factory problems
Factory location because of Factory size.

Fuel problems
England was running out of wood
Coal accumulated water in the mines so that pumps had to be
used
Engines
Savery—1698
Necomen—1705
John Wilkinson did a boring mill in 1774
James Watt did the steam engine in 1775
George Stephenson came up with the “The Iron Horse in 1829
Second level
Third level
Fourth level

Fifth level
England and the Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
Technology used to transform means of war
1851—England produced 2/3 of the world’s coal.
England produced ½ the world’s iron and cotton.
Problems in factories
Standard of living?
HISTORY 110B
WORLD CIVILIZATIONS SINCE THE 16TH CENTURY
DR. NANCY FITCH
Summer 2013
1. What was the industrial revolution? Why is it significant?

Compare and contrast the differences between the U.S., Russia,
Chinese, and Japanese responses to the industrial revolution.
What do you believe accounts for the differences in which
different countries responded to England’s industrial challenge?
Economically, today, our world may be changing as much as it
changed in the nineteenth century. On the basis of your answer,
what advice would you give to policy makers examining the
global economy today?
2. It has been argued that the roots of many of the current
tensions in the Middle East and the Arab world can be traced to
the events during and immediately after World War I (including
the treaties that ended the war). Would you agree with this
conclusion? Give specific examples. Based on your answer to
this question, what advice would you give foreign policy
officials in the U.S. today?
3. What is fascism? Both the Germans and the Japanese
developed politics in the 1930s that deeply challenged the
parliamentary and democratic traditions that developed in
England, France, and the United States. Some historians have
called the kind of political organization in these countries
Totalitarianism and have included the government Stalin formed
in the USSR as well. What do you believe these historians
meant by totalitarianism? What are the similarities between
what the Japanese, Germans, and Soviets believed? What are
the differences?

4. How did the strategies to end World War II lead to the
outbreak of the Cold War? How did the Cold War shape
developments in Europe, China, Viet Nam, and Korea? In
looking at the policies of the United States and the Soviet
Union, were they different from one another, or essentially
similar in their respective goals and methods?
PAGE
2

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