COMPUTER PPT

2. CONTROL PANEL (WINDOWS)
 The Control Panel is a part of the Microsoft Windows, in older
versions, which allows users to view and manipulate basic
system settings and controls via applets, such as
adding hardware, adding and removing software,
controlling user accounts, and changing accessibility options.
Additional applets can be provided by third party software.
 The Control Panel has been an inherent part of the Microsoft
Windows operating system since Windows with many of the
current applets being added in later versions. Beginning
with Windows 95 the Control Panel is implemented as a special
folder, i.e. the folder does not physically exist, but only
contains shortcuts to various applets such as Add or Remove
Programs and Internet Options. Physically, these applets are
stored as files. For example, the Add or Remove
Programs applet is stored under the name appwiz.cpl in
the SYSTEM32 folder.

4. In recent versions of Windows, the Control Panel has two
views, Classic View and Category View, and it is possible to
switch between these through an option that appears on
either the left side or top of the window.
Many of the individual Control Panel applets can be accessed
in other ways. For instance, Display Properties can be
accessed by right-clicking on an empty area of the desktop
and choosing Properties.
The classic view consists of shortcuts to the various control
panel applets, usually without any description (other than the
name). The categories are seen if the user use "Details" view.
The category view consists of categories, which when clicked
on display the control panel applets related to the category.
In Windows Vista the category used applets below the name
of the category.

5. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)
A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within
a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O)
operations specified by the instructions. The computer industry has
used the term "central processing unit" at least since the early
1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more
specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing
these core elements of a computer from external components such
as main memory and circuitry

6. COMPUTER MEMORY
In computing memory refers to the computer hardware devices involved
to store information for immediate use in a computer it is synonymous
with the term "primary storage. Computer memory operates at a high
speed, for example random-access memory (RAM), as a distinction
from storage that provides slow-to-access program and data storage but
offers higher capacities. If needed, contents of the computer memory can
be transferred to secondary storage, through a memory management
technique called "virtual memory. An archaic synonym for memory
is store.

7. The term "memory", meaning "primary storage" or "main memory", is
often associated with addressable semiconductor memory,
i.e. integrated circuits consisting of silicon-based transistors, used for
example as primary storage but also other purposes in computers and
other digital electronic devices. There are two main kinds of
semiconductor memory, volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-
volatile memory are flash memory (used as secondary memory)
and ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM memory (used for
storing firmware such as BIOS). Examples of volatile memory are
primary storage, which is typically dynamic random-access
memory (DRAM), and fast CPU cache memory, which is typically static
random-access memory (SRAM) that is fast but energy-consuming,
offering lower memory areal density than DRAM.

8. Most semiconductor memory is organized into memory
cells or bistable flip-flops, each storing one bit (0 or 1). Flash
memory organization includes both one bit per memory cell and
multiple bits per cell (called MLC, Multiple Level Cell). The memory
cells are grouped into words of fixed word length, for example 1, 2, 4,
8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bit. Each word can be accessed by a binary
address of N bit, making it possible to store 2 raised by N words in the
memory. This implies that processor registers normally are not
considered as memory, since they only store one word and do not
include an addressing mechanism.

9. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
(RAM)
Random-access memory (RAM ) is a form of computer data
storage that stores data and machine code currently being used.
A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written
in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of
data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data
storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the
older magnetic tapes and drum memory, the time required to read and
write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations
on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media
rotation speeds and arm movement.

10. RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the
data lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry.
Usually more than one bit of storage is accessed by the same address,
and RAM devices often have multiple data lines and are said to be "8-
bit" or "16-bit", etc. devices.
In today's technology, random-access memory takes the form
of integrated circuits. RAM is normally associated with volatile types of
memory (such as DRAM modules), where stored information is lost if
power is removed, although non-volatile RAM has also been
developed.[ Other types of non-volatile memories exist that allow
random access for read operations, but either do not allow write
operations or have other kinds of limitations on them. These include
most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash.

11. READ ONLY MEMORY
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used
in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can only
be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to
store firmware (software that is closely tied to specific hardware, and
unlikely to need frequent updates) or application software in plug-in
cartridges.
Strictly, read-only memory refers to memory that is hard-wired, such
as diode matrix and the later mask ROM (MROM), which cannot be
changed after manufacture. Although discrete circuits can be altered in
principle, integrated circuits (ICs) cannot, and are useless if the data is
bad or requires an update. That such memory can never be changed is a
disadvantage in many applications, as bugs and security issues cannot
be fixed, and new features cannot be added.

12. More recently, ROM has come to include memory that is read-only in
normal operation, but can still be reprogrammed in some way. Erasable
programmable read-only memory (EPROM) and electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) can be erased and re-
programmed, but usually this can only be done at relatively slow
speeds, may require special equipment to achieve, and is typically only
possible a certain number of times.

13. ARITHMETIC LOGI UNIT
(ALU)
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital electronic
circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary
numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates
on floating point numbers. An ALU is a fundamental building block of
many types of computing circuits, including the central processing
unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units (GPUs). A
single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs.

15. The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands,
and a code indicating the operation to be performed; the ALU's output
is the result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also
has status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey information about a
previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the
ALU and external status registers.