The document discusses different players that have worked to sustain life on the margins, including individuals/farmers, governments, businesses, NGOs, research organizations, and international governmental organizations like the UN and FAO. It notes that while all have made positive contributions, such as the UN's Millennium Development Goals to reduce poverty and hunger, more international cooperation is still needed to sufficiently address this issue in a holistic and sustainable way.

1. Where in the world?

2. Weighing up the most effective initiatives from
different key players in sustaining life on the margins

3. UN Millennium Development Goals
• End date 2015
• First goal was to ‘eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger’. Two targets attached were
1. Reduce by half the proportion of people living on
less than a dollar a day.
2. Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer
from hunger.
• The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
is responsible for making progress towards these
goals.
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

4. Who has been most effective at reducing
life of margins?
Individuals (e.g.
Farmers)
Governments Businesses
NGO’s
Research
Organisations
International
Governmental
Organisations (e.g.
UNEP, FAO)

5. 1. Individuals
• How do they sustain life on margins?
– Direct producers
– Invaluable sources of local knowledge with strong
innovative ideas.
– Environment will only be sustained with their
cooperation.
• Examples;
– Woman's role in crop choice
– Kuapa Kokoo Fairtrade cooperative. Video
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

6. 2. Governments
• How do they sustain life on margins?
– Fund agricultural research and development.
– Create stable political and economic
circumstances to ensure food supply.
– Relief aid in times of crisis
• Examples;
– Large scale rehabilitation schemes e.g. China’s
Great Green Wall
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

7. 3. Businesses
• How do they sustain life on margins?
– Research and invest into new farming methods
– Resource exploitation and trade in cash crops &
farm machinery
– Be aware of profit motive
• Examples;
– Development of GM crops, e.g. Golden rice.
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

8. 4. NGO’s
• How do they sustain life on margins?
– Community support for farmers in LEDC’s
– Provide education, training and skills.
– Promote social equity (e.g. Female
empowerment)
• Examples;
– Practical Action projects, such as Zeer Pot. Video
here
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

9. 5. Research Organisations
• How do they sustain life on margins?
– Conduct scientific research on new crop varieties
– Education and skills training for farmers
– Not for profit motive
• Examples;
– Development of HYV’s by the International Rice
Research Institute.
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

10. 6. International Governmental
Organisations (e.g. UNEP, FAO)
• How do they sustain life on margins?
– Implementation of global actions such as the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s)
– Help to monitor and research agricultural
problems world wide.
• Examples;
– World Bank’s Global Response Food Programme.
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

11. TASK
• Rank the 6 different players in to what you see
as the most effective.
Individuals (e.g.
Farmers)
Governments Businesses
NGO’s
Research
Organisations
International
Governmental
Organisations (e.g.
UNEP, FAO)
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

12. Greater international efforts needed
• Whilst all these different players have all made
positive steps forward more still needs to be
done on an international scale in order to sustain
life on the worlds most marginalised areas.
• Farming needs to be intensified if production is to
be increased and an international holistic
approach is required.
• Way forward needs to look beyond agriculture
and take account of health, education and social
welfare whilst being sensitive to the economic,
cultural and political context.
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?

13. Greater international efforts needed
• However as food production is increased it
needs to be sustainable. Making sure that the
environment and people are not ignored to
the determent of their futures.
LO: Who has been most effective at reducing life of margins?