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behind the line: women's military service in first world world Britain
write a 2 page summary n ANALYZE about women during war in own words
Solution
World War I By 1914 nearly 5.09 million out of the 23.8 million women in Britain
were working. Thousands worked in munitions factories (see Canary girl), offices and large
hangars used to build aircraft.[1] Women were also involved in knitting socks for the soldiers on
the front, as well as other voluntary work, but as a matter of survival women had to work for
paid employment for the sake of their families. Many women worked as volunteers serving at the
Red Cross, encouraged the sale of war bonds or planted "victory gardens". Not only did
women have to keep "the home fires burning" but they took on voluntary and paid employment
that was diverse in scope and showed that women were highly capable in diverse fields of
endeavor. There is little doubt that this expanded view of the role of women in society did
change the outlook of what women could do and their place in the workforce. Although women
were still paid less than men in the workforce, women's equality were starting to arise as women
were now getting paid two-thirds of the typical pay for men. However, the extent of this change
is open to historical debate. In part because of female participation in the war effort Canada, the
USA, Great Britain, and a number of European countries extended suffrage to women in the
years after the First World War. British historians no longer emphasize the granting of woman
suffrage as a reward for women's participation in war work. Pugh (1974) argues that
enfranchising soldiers primarily and women secondarily was decided by senior politicians in
1916. In the absence of major women's groups demanding for equal suffrage, the government's
conference recommended limited, age-restricted women's suffrage. The suffragettes had been
weakened, Pugh argues, by repeated failures before 1914 and by the disorganizing effects of war
mobilization; therefore they quietly accepted these restrictions, which were approved in 1918 by
a majority of the War Ministry and each political party in Parliament.[2] More generally, Searle
(2004) argues that the British debate was essentially over by the 1890s, and that granting the
suffrage in 1918 was mostly a byproduct of giving the vote to male soldiers. Women in Britain
finally achieved suffrage on the same terms as men in 1928. Military service Nursing became
almost the only area of female contribution that involved being at the front and experiencing the
war. In Britain the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, First Aid Nursing Yeomanry
and Voluntary Aid Detachment were all started before World War I. The VADs were not
allowed in the front line until 1915. More than 12,000 women enlisted in the United States Navy
and Marine Corps during the First World War. About 400 of them died in that war. Over 2,800
women served with the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps during the First World War and it
was during that era that the role of Canadian women in the military first extended beyond
nursing.Women were given paramilitary training in small arms, drill, first aid and vehicle
maintenance in case they were needed as home guards. Forty-three women in the Canadian
military died during WWI. The only belligerent to deploy female combat troops in substantial
numbers was the Russian Provisional Government in 1917. Its few "Women's Battalions"
fought well, but failed to provide the propaganda value expected of them and were disbanded
before the end of the year. In the later Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks would also employ
women infantry. World War II In many Allied countries women were encouraged to join
female branches of the armed forces or participate in industrial or farm work. With this
expanded horizon of opportunity and confidence, and with the extended skill base that many
women could now give to paid and voluntary employment, women's roles in World War II were
even more extensive than in the First World War. By 1945, more than 2.2 million women were
working in the war industries, building ships, aircraft, vehicles, and weaponry. Women also
worked in factories, munitions plants and farms, and also drove trucks, provided logistic support
for soldiers and entered professional areas of work that were previously the preserve of men. In
the Allied countries thousands of women enlisted as nurses serving on the front lines. Thousands
of others joined defensive militias at home and there was a great increase in the number of
women serving in the military itself, particularly in the Red Army (see below). In the World
War Two era, approximately 400,000 U.S. women served with the armed forces and more than
460 — some sources say the figure is closer to 543 — lost their lives as a result of the war,
including 16 from enemy fire. Women became officially recognized as a permanent part of the
armed forces with the passing of the Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948.[4]
Several hundred thousand women served in combat roles, especially in anti-aircraft units. The
U.S. decided not to use women in combat because public opinion would not tolerate it.[7] This
necessity to use the skills and the time of women was heightened by the nature of the war itself.
While World War I was mainly fought in France and was a war arguably without clear aggressor
or villain, World War II involved global conflict on an unprecedented scale against certain
aggressors. In these circumstances the absolute urgency of mobilizing the entire population made
the expansion of the role of women inevitable. The hard skilled labour of women was
symbolized in the United States by the figure of Rosie the Riveter. Many women served in the
resistances of France, Italy, and Poland, and in the British SOE which aided these. [edit] Britain
A woman machinist talking with Eleanor Roosevelt during her goodwill tour of Great Britain in
1942 In Britain, women were essential to the war effort, in both civilian and military roles. The
contribution by civilian men and women to the British war effort was acknowledged with the use
of the words "Home Front" to describe the battles that were being fought on a domestic level
with rationing, recycling, and war work, such as in munitions factories and farms. Men were thus
released into the military. Many women served with the Women's Auxiliary Fire Service, the
Women's Auxiliary Police Corps and in the Air Raid Precautions (later Civil Defence) services.
Others did voluntary welfare work with Women's Voluntary Service for Civil Defence and the
salvation Army. Women were "drafted" in the sense that they were conscripted into war work
by the Ministry of Labour, including non-combat jobs in the military, such as the Women's
Royal Naval Service (WRNS or "Wrens"), the Women's Auxiliary Air Force {WAAF or
"Waffs") and the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). Auxiliary services such as the Air
Transport Auxiliary also recruited women.[8] British women were not drafted into combat units,
but could volunteer for combat duty in anti-aircraft units, which shot down German planes and
V-1 missiles.[9][10] Civilian women joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE), which used
them in high-danger roles as secret agents and underground radio operators in Nazi occupied
Europe.[11]

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behind the line womens military service in first world world Brit.pdf

  • 1. behind the line: women's military service in first world world Britain write a 2 page summary n ANALYZE about women during war in own words Solution World War I By 1914 nearly 5.09 million out of the 23.8 million women in Britain were working. Thousands worked in munitions factories (see Canary girl), offices and large hangars used to build aircraft.[1] Women were also involved in knitting socks for the soldiers on the front, as well as other voluntary work, but as a matter of survival women had to work for paid employment for the sake of their families. Many women worked as volunteers serving at the Red Cross, encouraged the sale of war bonds or planted "victory gardens". Not only did women have to keep "the home fires burning" but they took on voluntary and paid employment that was diverse in scope and showed that women were highly capable in diverse fields of endeavor. There is little doubt that this expanded view of the role of women in society did change the outlook of what women could do and their place in the workforce. Although women were still paid less than men in the workforce, women's equality were starting to arise as women were now getting paid two-thirds of the typical pay for men. However, the extent of this change is open to historical debate. In part because of female participation in the war effort Canada, the USA, Great Britain, and a number of European countries extended suffrage to women in the years after the First World War. British historians no longer emphasize the granting of woman suffrage as a reward for women's participation in war work. Pugh (1974) argues that enfranchising soldiers primarily and women secondarily was decided by senior politicians in 1916. In the absence of major women's groups demanding for equal suffrage, the government's conference recommended limited, age-restricted women's suffrage. The suffragettes had been weakened, Pugh argues, by repeated failures before 1914 and by the disorganizing effects of war mobilization; therefore they quietly accepted these restrictions, which were approved in 1918 by a majority of the War Ministry and each political party in Parliament.[2] More generally, Searle (2004) argues that the British debate was essentially over by the 1890s, and that granting the suffrage in 1918 was mostly a byproduct of giving the vote to male soldiers. Women in Britain finally achieved suffrage on the same terms as men in 1928. Military service Nursing became almost the only area of female contribution that involved being at the front and experiencing the war. In Britain the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, First Aid Nursing Yeomanry and Voluntary Aid Detachment were all started before World War I. The VADs were not allowed in the front line until 1915. More than 12,000 women enlisted in the United States Navy
  • 2. and Marine Corps during the First World War. About 400 of them died in that war. Over 2,800 women served with the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps during the First World War and it was during that era that the role of Canadian women in the military first extended beyond nursing.Women were given paramilitary training in small arms, drill, first aid and vehicle maintenance in case they were needed as home guards. Forty-three women in the Canadian military died during WWI. The only belligerent to deploy female combat troops in substantial numbers was the Russian Provisional Government in 1917. Its few "Women's Battalions" fought well, but failed to provide the propaganda value expected of them and were disbanded before the end of the year. In the later Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks would also employ women infantry. World War II In many Allied countries women were encouraged to join female branches of the armed forces or participate in industrial or farm work. With this expanded horizon of opportunity and confidence, and with the extended skill base that many women could now give to paid and voluntary employment, women's roles in World War II were even more extensive than in the First World War. By 1945, more than 2.2 million women were working in the war industries, building ships, aircraft, vehicles, and weaponry. Women also worked in factories, munitions plants and farms, and also drove trucks, provided logistic support for soldiers and entered professional areas of work that were previously the preserve of men. In the Allied countries thousands of women enlisted as nurses serving on the front lines. Thousands of others joined defensive militias at home and there was a great increase in the number of women serving in the military itself, particularly in the Red Army (see below). In the World War Two era, approximately 400,000 U.S. women served with the armed forces and more than 460 — some sources say the figure is closer to 543 — lost their lives as a result of the war, including 16 from enemy fire. Women became officially recognized as a permanent part of the armed forces with the passing of the Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948.[4] Several hundred thousand women served in combat roles, especially in anti-aircraft units. The U.S. decided not to use women in combat because public opinion would not tolerate it.[7] This necessity to use the skills and the time of women was heightened by the nature of the war itself. While World War I was mainly fought in France and was a war arguably without clear aggressor or villain, World War II involved global conflict on an unprecedented scale against certain aggressors. In these circumstances the absolute urgency of mobilizing the entire population made the expansion of the role of women inevitable. The hard skilled labour of women was symbolized in the United States by the figure of Rosie the Riveter. Many women served in the resistances of France, Italy, and Poland, and in the British SOE which aided these. [edit] Britain A woman machinist talking with Eleanor Roosevelt during her goodwill tour of Great Britain in 1942 In Britain, women were essential to the war effort, in both civilian and military roles. The contribution by civilian men and women to the British war effort was acknowledged with the use
  • 3. of the words "Home Front" to describe the battles that were being fought on a domestic level with rationing, recycling, and war work, such as in munitions factories and farms. Men were thus released into the military. Many women served with the Women's Auxiliary Fire Service, the Women's Auxiliary Police Corps and in the Air Raid Precautions (later Civil Defence) services. Others did voluntary welfare work with Women's Voluntary Service for Civil Defence and the salvation Army. Women were "drafted" in the sense that they were conscripted into war work by the Ministry of Labour, including non-combat jobs in the military, such as the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS or "Wrens"), the Women's Auxiliary Air Force {WAAF or "Waffs") and the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). Auxiliary services such as the Air Transport Auxiliary also recruited women.[8] British women were not drafted into combat units, but could volunteer for combat duty in anti-aircraft units, which shot down German planes and V-1 missiles.[9][10] Civilian women joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE), which used them in high-danger roles as secret agents and underground radio operators in Nazi occupied Europe.[11]