This document provides instructions for upgrading a router's firmware and describes various router networking configuration options. It discusses upgrading firmware by dragging and dropping files, configuring NTP for time synchronization, using the router as a DNS server and cache, setting up DHCP for IP address leasing, implementing bandwidth management through speed limiting and queues, and using ARP for MAC address resolution.

1. Router manual upgrade
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•From Files
•Drag and drop
to files
•Reboot

2. Import and Export
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3. NTP(Network Time Protocol)
 To upgrade time from internet or local NTP
server
 For logging and graphing
 Router OS have both NTP Server and Client
 NTP Server need package installing
 NTP Client in system->NTP Client and add
NTP address time.nist.gov
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4. DNS Client and Cache
 Can be DNS-Server
 Minimize DNS resolution time
 Adding DNS address to router
 Click “Allow remote request” check box to
use as DNS-Server
 The DNS configuration provided to DHCP
,PPPOE and Hotspot
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5. DHCP lease process
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6. DHCP Client
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7. DHCP Client
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8. DHCP Server Step 1
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There is one DHCP server can be configured per
interface

9. Step 2
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10. DHCP Static Lease
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12. Bandwidth management
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13. Speed limiting
 Router controls the rate of data by dropping
packets
 Simple queue is the easiest way
 One can limit
 Client Rx (download)
 Client Tx (upload)
 Both(aggregate)by using Total-Max-limit
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14. Simple Queue
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15. Simple Queue
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Simple Queue basic parts are Target address and Max-Limit
That speed is dedicated its just make a Max-Limit
Queue don’t guarantees

16. Burst
 Ensure batter QoS
 Allow higher data rates (exceed the max-limit for
period of time)
 To calculate the actual burst time
 Actual Time=burst time/(burst limit/burst
threshold)
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18. PCQ
 PCQ was introduced to optimize massive QoS systems,
where most of the queues are exactly the same for different
sub-streams. For example a sub-stream can be download or
upload for one particular client (IP) or connection to
server.
 PCQ parameters:
 pcq-classifier (dst-address | dst-port | src-address | src-
port; default: "") : selection of sub-stream identifiers
 pcq-rate (number) : maximal available data rate of each
sub-steam
 pcq-limit (number) : queue size of single sub-stream (in
KiB)
 pcq-total-limit (number) : maximum amount of queued
data in all sub-streams (in KiB)
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20. Hard rate limit
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23. ARP
 Its used to associate MAC to IP addresses
 ARP requester send broadcast frame asking about
destination MAC
 The destination respond to requester sending
direct frame filling its MAC address and save
requestor MAC address in ARP Table
 IP -> ARP
 Static entry can added if ARP is disabled
 Used only with IPv4
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24. ARP Table
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25. Thanks