Running head: INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODS SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODS SECTION 2 Introduction, Literature Review and Methods Section Katie Lopez Argosy University Introduction, Literature Review and Methods Section Introduction In this study the researcher will seek to determine the impacts of HIV/AIDS on the productivity of labor at coffee farms in Kona District, Hawaii. To successfully undertake this study, the researcher will utilize the use of retrospective cohort design to analyze the attendance and productivity of individual workers in the coffee estates. This will include checking records to know the numbers of works in the tea estates who died or medically retired because of HIV/AIDS and other related causes between 2010 and 2014. It will also include using questionnaires to get information from some of the workers in the coffee estates. The research will also characterize the impacts of HIV/AIDS and ARVs treatment on both medium term and long-run productivity of labor in the coffee estates. This will be affected using data of workers absenteeism in the coffee estates and the information from an HIV/AIDS treatment program. The researcher will present a concise empirical and theoretical review on the problems related with the impact of HIV/AIDS on the productivity of human labor in labor intensive activities. This information will majorly be extracted from what other researchers have written. Other additional information will be from journals, magazines, textbooks, local newspapers and reports. The information from all these sources will be presented by the researcher and show whether each of these support or does not support the development of the hypothesis in question. This will also be based of the relevance of the information to the success of the study. Literature review In literature review both the theoretical and the empirical literature will be presented and these literatures will aid the research in developing this study by finding the crucial supporting information from facts and studies developed earlier by other researchers. Theoretical literature The emergence and spread of HIV/AIDS has been attributed to slow growth of economy in the nations that are most affected. This is because the workers and employees that suffers from the disease workers less hours or in a week because of going for medical attention within the working days and thus this scenario reduces the availability of labor. In addition the this, the these workers will also require additional medical care to be offered by the organization they are working with and thus increases the cost of medical insurance. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in a region has led to high mortality rate and this mainly affect the productive age bracket of between 15 to 64 years and thus reducing the skilled and productive population and labor force in a regio.

1. Running head: INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW
AND METHODS SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODS
SECTION 2
Introduction, Literature Review and Methods Section
Katie Lopez
Argosy University
Introduction, Literature Review and Methods Section
Introduction
In this study the researcher will seek to determine the impacts
of HIV/AIDS on the productivity of labor at coffee farms in
Kona District, Hawaii. To successfully undertake this study, the
researcher will utilize the use of retrospective cohort design to
analyze the attendance and productivity of individual workers in

2. the coffee estates. This will include checking records to know
the numbers of works in the tea estates who died or medically
retired because of HIV/AIDS and other related causes between
2010 and 2014. It will also include using questionnaires to get
information from some of the workers in the coffee estates. The
research will also characterize the impacts of HIV/AIDS and
ARVs treatment on both medium term and long-run productivity
of labor in the coffee estates. This will be affected using data of
workers absenteeism in the coffee estates and the information
from an HIV/AIDS treatment program.
The researcher will present a concise empirical and theoretical
review on the problems related with the impact of HIV/AIDS on
the productivity of human labor in labor intensive activities.
This information will majorly be extracted from what other
researchers have written. Other additional information will be
from journals, magazines, textbooks, local newspapers and
reports. The information from all these sources will be
presented by the researcher and show whether each of these
support or does not support the development of the hypothesis
in question. This will also be based of the relevance of the
information to the success of the study.
Literature review
In literature review both the theoretical and the empirical
literature will be presented and these literatures will aid the
research in developing this study by finding the crucial
supporting information from facts and studies developed earlier
by other researchers.
Theoretical literature
The emergence and spread of HIV/AIDS has been attributed to
slow growth of economy in the nations that are most affected.
This is because the workers and employees that suffers from the
disease workers less hours or in a week because of going for
medical attention within the working days and thus this scenario

3. reduces the availability of labor. In addition the this, the these
workers will also require additional medical care to be offered
by the organization they are working with and thus increases the
cost of medical insurance. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in
a region has led to high mortality rate and this mainly affect the
productive age bracket of between 15 to 64 years and thus
reducing the skilled and productive population and labor force
in a region. If the productive population is wept out the
remaining will be the young, unskilled and inexperienced
populations that will lead to a reduced productivity and
eventually results in a regressive economic growth in a nation.
The united nations development program (UNDP), the united
nations (UN) and the World health organization (WHO) have
documented the existence of a correlation between the
decreasing life expectancy and the growth of gross domestic
products (GDP) in countries that have a HIV/AIDS prevalence
rate of 10 percent and more. Indeed in 1972, the prediction that
the high prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS will lower the economic
growth rate in these countries was published. The
macroeconomic effects of the existence of HIV/AIDS in these
countries are very substantial and there are many policies that
have been used to deal with the situations though some are
controversial. One is that whether or not the costly AVR drugs
should only be targeted at the economically productive groups
of people in a nation.
Empirical literature
According to ILO Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World of
Work (2006), besides human costs, HIV/AID has profound
impacts on the economic development and productive
employment in many countries all over the world. Therefore,
these countries should speedily develop and implement policies
that will help manage and control the pandemic before it affects
the whole economic processes.
Jenkins, C. L. et al (2003) established that the spread of
HIV/AIDS is aided by the existence of discrimination and
stigma on the people infected. This has helped keep the disease

4. underground and prevent people for gong and get tested for the
disease or seek medical treatment from hospitals. The number of
people who have been tested for the disease is relatively low
and that around 90 percent of those who have the disease are
not aware of their health status.
Haacker, M, & IMF (2004) asserted that despite the biting
magnitude of the problem in question, little empirical research
exist on the micro effects of HIV/AIDS on productivity of labor
on firm’s and industry’s levels have been developed. The
unpublished cases in various countries showed some varied
impacts of the disease of the general productivity and economic
growth of a country.
MacFarlan, M et al. (2001) noted that it is particularly
important to explore the correlation of HIV/AIDS and labor
productivity in the context where zero-status is not known by
the researcher and is also unlikely known to the respondent.
Methods Section
Methods sections will include the participants, the instruments,
the procedures and also the ethical issues that will be
considered and how these ethical issues will be handled.
The Participants
The participants in this research are also called the human
subjects, trial or experiment in a research. These participants
will include the researcher and the respondents. The researcher
is one who carries out the study and thus will be the facilitator
in the interviews and distribution of questionnaires. The
respondents are the human subjects from where the information
will be collected through interviewing them or using
questionnaires to get information from them. The respondents in
this study will be the 800 workers in the coffee estates in Kona
district, Hawaii. 550 of which are infected with HIV/AIDS who
will be the cases and 250 who are not infected and thus will be
the controls.
The instruments
A research instrument is a test, survey, questionnaire, scale or a

5. tool that has been designed to measure the variables,
information of interest, characteristics and a psychological or a
behavioral characteristic of a study. In this particular study,
questionnaire will be utilized as a research instrument to
conduct the study. This is because of the nature of the
respondents. Both the cases and the controls will fill the
questionnaires by providing information needed. These will also
including using the workers’ attendance records in some of the
estates in Kona district, Hawaii.
The research procedure
In this the following procedure will be followed in carrying out
the research:
1. Giving a statement of the general objectives of the research.
2. Stating the specific questions of the research.
3. Determining the necessary data for each of the specific
questions.
4. Identify the research design and the corresponding analysis
of data that are appropriate for each research question and
objective.
5. Taking an appropriate data for a specified analysis.
6. Analyzing the data using a computer or other means.
7. Representing the analyzed data in form or graphs and charts.
8. Drawing logical interpretations and conclusions from the
analyzed data.
9. Reporting the findings of the study
10. Providing recommendations and conclusion.
The ethical issues considered
According to Thurston, R. W., et al. (2013), there are some
potential ethical issues since the research revolves around a
very sensitive matter that touches the confidential part of a
person’s life. The researcher therefore would not write names of
those workers who are infected with HIV/AIDS during the
research and this will afford possible stigmatization. Therefore,
giving this information to the public is not ethical. The research
will only be interested with figures of those infected with the

6. disease within the given age bracket. These ethical issues can be
address by keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the
information collected.
References
Haacker, M., & IMF. (2004). The macroeconomics of
HIV/AIDS. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund.
ILO Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work. (2006).
HIV/AIDS and work: Global estimates, impact on children and
youth, and response. Geneva: ILO Programme on HIV/AIDS and
the World of Work.
Jenkins, C. L., Robalino, D. A., World Bank., World Health
Organization., & Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDS. (2003). HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North
Africa: The costs of inaction. Washington, DC: World Bank.
MacFarlan, M., Sgherri, S., International Monetary Fund., &
International Monetary Fund. (2001). The macroeconomic
impact of HIV/AIDS in Botswana. Washington, D.C.:
International Monetary Fund, Research Dept. and African Dept.
Thurston, R. W., Morris, J., & Steiman, S. (2013). Coffee: A
comprehensive guide to the bean, the beverage, and the
industry.