Alcohol use and different ways of preventing the outcomes of alcohol in the society

1. Running head: CRASH RISK STUDY 1
ALCOHOL USE AND CRASH RISK STUDY
Students name
Institutional affiliation
Date

2. CRASH RISK STUDY 2
Alcohol use and crash risk case study
Describe what a population-based case-control study is and why it is appropriate to use
for this type of study
The population-based case control is the control study that is based on the population
source well defined. The cases that rise must be from the source population that is being
based on in the certain period of time. The cases that are accumulated in the given population
can be calculated and the incidence is known. The population-based case-control studies
consist of the random sampling of people who are not infected by the disease from the
population of the spread. The cases consist of the random sample of the cases. (Gsil,2021)
The study reduces the selection bias and it is combined with the data from the census of the
source population to yield the information on the absolute and the relative risk.
The studies aim at answering the research questions from the population defined. The
answers must be in the position to be generalised and disseminated to the population at whole
which has been addressed in the hypothesis of the study. This must not be to the exceptional
of the individuals that have been inclusive of the study (Gail,2021).
In the population-based case-control cases, there is the formulation of hypothesis that
is clearly defined. This happens especially for the epidemiological investigations where the
study begins with the formulation of the hypothesis clearly defined. This is to ensure that the
case definition is define clearly during the investigations in order to ensure that the cases are
all included in the similar diagnostic criteria. Therefore, the source of the cases needs a clear
definition (Gail,2021).
There is the selection of the cases which might involve the prevalent cases and the
incident cases. The incident cases always comprise of the cases that have been newly
diagnosed in the a given time period. It is preferential to use the incident cases since they

3. CRASH RISK STUDY 3
recall the past exposures to the infections and they are accurate. the prevalence cases in the
source population are comprised of the people who have experienced an outcome during the
investigation for a given time. These prevalent cases are not in the position to report the
exposures accurately and always give rise to bias in the source population (Gail,2021).
The controls in the source population are particularly used for the estimation of the
prevalence of the exposure in the source population where the cases are. The control group
comprises of the sample that has been randomly selected from the source population. The
individuals in the population with the similar status of distribution of exposure are selected
when the association of the exposure disease is absent (Setia,2016).
Usually, the bias is minimised by doing selection of the controls which are dependant on the
source population. The controls selected should also be the representative sample from the
source population (Setia,2016).
In the source population during the measurements of the exposure status, there is
assessment of the level of the exposure of the individuals for a given period of time. This is
done on the beginning pf the disease outbreak in the population of the infestation. Different
methods can be used in the ascertaining of the exposure status (Researchgate,2021).
The studies are analysed and the odds ratio is calculated in order to remove the strength of
association between the outcome and the exposure. This is shown in the a 2x2 table.
Summarize the statistical data presented in the article and how it relates to other data studied
in this course.
There is an implication that the number of people who are using drugs and alcohol is
increasing from time to time. This is due to the fact that these people are highly exposed and
the cases have increased in the united states.

4. CRASH RISK STUDY 4
The effects have of the drug use has been seen in the crashing of the drivers off the road after
being positive for drug or alcohol use (Researchgate,2021).
Data collection methodology
The data during the study is collected using different easily accessible means from the
source population. They must be able to deal with and eliminate the bias that is caused
during the data collection from the population.
Biological samples, this is the form of data which is collected from the samples
carried out from the laboratories from the patients in the population at risk. They are gotten
through the diagnosis of the patients(Henderson & vaught,2021).
The samples are collected from the patients and they are tested in the laboratories to detect
the presence of a given disease of interest. This is done in the health facilities and hospitals.
The samples might urine samples, blood samples and the fecal samples and they are properly
handled in the laboratories. This prevents contamination that will lead to inconsistent results
during the research. The standard operating procedures are followed as well as the appropriate
controls to assure quality of the samples (Henderson & vaught,2021).
Standardized questionnaire, the standardized questionnaire is the instrument of
research consisting of the different questions that are aimed at collection of the information
that is vital from the respondent. It involves the opened questions and close-end questions in
order to give the respondent to express their thoughts and experiences for the outcome and
exposure in the source population Researchgate,2021).
The data collected from the use of the questionnaire is both quantitative and qualitative in
nature. The questionnaire must be in the position to include all the requirements of the
research in order to assure success in the survey and study.

5. CRASH RISK STUDY 5
The questions asked to the correspondent must be in position to be understood by the
respondent and they must give appropriate answers with the concern of the study (Henderson
& vaught,2021).
Medical records from the health facilities pharmacy and records, these are the records
that are collected from the pharmacies where the patients have been reporting to collect and
buy the medicine from. The data is collected and taken for analysis for a given period of time
from the source population of the study.
Employment records, the records are collected from the place of work of the cases.
They are evaluated and sampled randomly from the source population in order to eliminate
bias from the study (Henderson & vaught,2021).
Alcohol use
The use of alcohol commonly known as alcoholism is a disorder that normally
happens when the individual becomes addictive and uncontrollable.
However, this has a lot of complications to the body by affecting the body health and
increasing the risks of the harmful health infections and conditions. The effects od too much
drinking will lead to the attainment of injuries from the accidents of vehicle crashes as well as
burns. This affects the research being conducted from different studies and the validity tests
of the research lose context and become inaccurate. Alcoholism leads to the violence, suicide
and homicides, it also leads to sexual assault. The are associated long term risks that pose
complications to life, these include the liver disease, stroke, digestive problems and heart
diseases. Alcohol also causes anxiety and depression which are mental health problems
(Setia,2016).
Marijuana use

6. CRASH RISK STUDY 6
Marijuana is commonly known as the cannabis which is in form of a green shredded
leaves from plant known as the cannabis sativa.
The use of marijuana daily will lead to distortion of the brain and will lead to mental illness
and disorders to the individuals. It leads to addiction and people will usually use it on a daily
basis and used in high dozes. This will lead to the disorientation and lead the unpleasant
thoughts of anxiety and depression of the individual.
The smoke from the marijuana smoked by the individual will cause the complications
on the body of the individual. This will lead to the complications in the respiratory tract of the
individual and the lungs will eventually suffocate.
The marijuana affects the brain due to the altering compounds that it contains. The effect of
the marijuana will affect many research studies cause of the effects it causes (Setia,2016).
Multi-substance use
The use of many substances in the body causes a lot of body changes that will lead to
many health effects to the individual. The substances change the functionality of the body
and the response of the body to certain conditions changes which is harmful to the body. It
will be hard for the identification of the effects caused by the a given substance in the body.
Driver demographics
The demographics of the population and the number of the people in the source
population is identified in order to determine the composition of the cases in the population.
The changes in the gender, age and race demographics are analyzed. (Researchgate,2021)
Sample population

7. CRASH RISK STUDY 7
This the population in which the study is being conducted basing on the data needed
from the population. The population sample includes the observations that are the bigger
population with measurable characteristics which is a statistic. The sample is selected from
the population randomly containing the information of the population parameter. The people
in the sample population must show the effects from alcohol being the main cause of the
traffic crash.
How do the results effect your understanding of traffic crash risks?
The traffic car risks have usually been caused by very many different activities on the
roads which might not be specifically the use of alcohol and other substances and this leads to
the inconsistences in the results as far as the exposure is concerned (Research,2021).

8. CRASH RISK STUDY 8
References
Gail, H.M. (2021). Case–Control Study, Population‐ Based. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/0470011815.b2a03026 pp,1-2.
ResearchGate, (2021).population-based case-control studies. DOI:DOI: 10.1016/S0169-
7161(09)00238-7. PP,1.
Setia, S.M. (2016).Methodology Series Module 2: Case-control Studies. journal of
Dermatology, DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.177773,61(2), pp,146.
Henderson K.M. and Vaught, B.J.(2021).Biological sample collection, processing, storage
and information management. retrieved from, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22997855/
pp,23-42.