past perfect

1. Present perfect
simple
Past perfect
simple
Present perfect
cont.

2. Present Perfect
Structure :
(+)Has/have + past participle
(-) Hasn’t /haven’t + past participle
(?) Has/have + subject + past
participle

3. 1) For an action which started in the past
and continues in the present.
Examples:
I have studied in French since March
My Brother has lived in
Paris for 3 years
Functions :

4. 2) For an action which took place in the past
and the result is visible in the present.
Example:
He has just broken her
leg, so he can’t play
football

5. • ever/never
• alreday
• just
• yet
• recently
• lately
• in recent years
• for/since
• How long...?
TIME EXPRESSIONS:

6. Past Perfect
Structure :
(+)had + past participle
(-) hadn’t + past participle
(?) Had + subject + past participle

7. Function :
An action that took place before a specific
moment in the past.
(1st action in past perfect, 2nd action in past simple)
Ex:
I had already eaten my breakfast when he picked me
up
Past Perfect
ACTION 1 ACTION 2

8. • already
• by the time
• before
• after
• until
• never
• just
• when
• as soon as
Past Perfect
TIME EXPRESSIONS:

9. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Function:
A long action that started in the past and
continuous in the present.
Structure :
(+)has/have + been + verb -ing
(-) hasn’t /haven’t + been + verb -ing
(?) Has/have + subject + been +verb -
ing

10. Examples:
• I have been working in a shop for a year.
• I have been cooking all morning, so please
eat!!
TIME EXPRESSIONS
• for a month/year…
• all morning/day/night/week
• since
• How long…?

11. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Functions:
1. An action that continued for some
time up to another action in the past
Structure :
(+)Had + been + verb -ing
(-) Hadn’t + been + verb -ing
(?) Had + subject + been +verb -ing

12. Examples:
• They had been studying several hours when
they fell asleep
• She had been watching TV for twenty minutes
when they arrived.
TIME EXPRESSIONS

13. The End