Related to this concern for the problems of gender equality is not just placed in perspective the role of equity, but also related to how men and women understand their role in efforts to increase agricultural production.

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KKI-PK
KOMITE KEMITRAAN INDONESIA UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN KESEJAHTERAAN
GENDER ASSESSMENT FINDINGS OF AMARTA II PROJECT

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GENDER ASSESSMENT FINDINGS OF AMARTA II PROJECT
A. Introduction
a) Background
Agriculture is one sector that sustains life and provides employment to
millions of people in Indonesia. This led to the agricultural sector is still
regarded as a strategic sector by the government, not only to enhance
food security, but also to reduce poverty. One strategy would be done to
improve the welfare of farmers is to encourage farmers to grow
agricultural products that have a high market prices, such as coffee,
chocolate, and other agricultural products.
This condition causes the onset of diversification of agribusiness on
agricultural products. Although there has been a diversification of
agricultural products, but these efforts have not significantly improve the
welfare of farmers. Some of the problems of agriculture are often found in
every region in Indonesia are: lack of infrastructure and agricultural
support infrastructure, limited knowledge possessed by farmers in
increasing agricultural production, the limited land holding owned by
farmers, limited personel of facilitator in agricultural sector, limited
access to information and markets , and limited access to capital and
financing to support the development of agricultural businesses.
In addition to the issues mentioned above, another important aspect that
rarely get attention in the development of agriculture is the equal
participation of men and women. It is inevitable in farm households, men
and women play an important role in agricultural production, as well as
being a key in an effort to increase agricultural production. Related to this
concern for the problems of gender equality is not just placed in
perspective the role of equity, but also related to how men and women
understand their role in efforts to increase agricultural production.

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b) Objective
a) Identifying the role of women in the production chain of superior
products (coffee, chocolate, and chili) agriculture.
b) Identify the needs required by women in the development of capacity
in the agricultural sector.
c) Identify new opportunities or roles that can be done by women in
agricultural production chain.
B. Overview of Process for Gender Analysis Phase 1
The first stage of the process of gender analysis is more focused on data
collection related to the basic questions/information. Stages of the process of
primary and secondary data collection are:
a) Interview with key informants
 At Jakarta
Interviews conducted in Jakarta held to gather information related
with: the AMARTA II project, value chain, and key informants at
locations (sites). The GA team interviewed the CoP, value chain
leaders, and other project staff.
 At locations
Interviews conducted at locations (sites), which are: North Sumatera,
South Sulawesi, and West Java held to gather information about: i) the
role of women in the production chain of superior products (coffee,
chocolate, and chili) agriculture; ii) the needs required by women in
the development of capacity in the agricultural sector; iii) the
opportunities or roles that can be done by women in agricultural
production chain.
The data compilation method is not only semi-structured interview,
but also PPA (participatory poverty alleviation), especially activity
calendar method, and season calendar.
The interview started with key informants determination using
snowball method.
b) Desk Review
Desk review is one method in analyzing secondary data. The source of
secondary data is not only from the project document, but also data from
BPS, and literature.
c) Finding analysis
As the data compilation method use semi structured interview,
data/finding analysis started with transcribing the interview result,
categorization, and analyze it with gender analysis framework. Main

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framework used to analyze the finding is Harvard Model (especially to
make activity profile).
C. Description of Preliminary Findings
1. Gender Dynamics
Based on data released by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization),
the number of women involved in the agricultural sector showed an
increase number every year. Women participation in the agricultural
sector increase fourfold since 1960 (7.43 million in 1960, to 20.82 million
in 2000).
In Indonesia, women's labor force was estimated at 41.41 million, which
50.28% of that number worked in agriculture. This suggests that women
play an important role in increasing agricultural production. In 2010
BPS’s (Central Bereau of Statistic) data show that 50% of 237 million
people of Indonesia (119 million) lived in the village with the main job is
in the agricultural sector, and that most of them in poor condition. And
49% of them (59 million) are women.
However, women do not always get attention in the development of
capacity either individually or in groups, especially in the development of
knowledge to engage in a greater contribution in the development of the
agricultural sector.
Many factors are thought to be the cause of gender inequality and
inequity in agriculture, but cultural factors create major obstacles to
gender equality in Indonesia. Almost all regions in Indonesia adopts a
patriarchal culture, which directly or indirectly resulted in women
becoming citizens "second class". Discrimination against women in the
division of labor (daily activities), remuneration, access, and participation
in social construct. This occurs in almost all sectors of life, as well as the
agricultural sector. The division of labor, though not written, there was
segregation between jobs (daily activities) which are the responsibility of
men, and work (daily activities) are the responsibility of women. Women
usually do more reproductive activity (domestic activity) as well as
production. While men do more production activities. This condition is
encountered in the agricultural sector of coffee, chocolate, and food crops
(chili). Another stereotype that resulted in the division of labor against
the backdrop of physical strengths and weaknesses owned males and
females. Women who are labeled as the party is weak physically, but has
advantages in terms of diligence and thoroughness, to handle jobs that

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require precision and persistence, and not rely on physical power, such
as: choosing seeds, peel, etc.. While men who have the physical strength to
handle jobs that rely on physical strength, such as keeping the warehouse,
lifting, etc. In terms of standard of payment (wages), there are also
differences between women and men, with the same workload (mostly in
the sectors of food crops). Women earn lower wages than men.
Furthermore, differences occur regarding access, better access to
resources, finance, marketing, and information. Women are more difficult
access to bank loans. Only a few women who became leaders of farmer
organizations. And women are more difficult to obtain information about
the market, and also participated in training (or other public activities).
Description of gendered division of labor, and opportunies to increase
women participation in agricultural sector, especially coffee, chocolate,
and horticulture (chili) write on this next section:
2. Gendered division of labor
a. Coffee value chain
Coffee production chain is quite complex involving farmers, gatherers,
processors, exporters, as well as at national and international buyers.
In addition, the roles of men and women are quite unique, especially at
the level of farm families. Generally, women's role in production chain,
namely: coffee planting, plant care, picking cherries, coffee fruit drying,
and selling, while men are more involved in land clearing, punching
holes in the ground, and grind coffee. Moreover, jobs performed by
men can actually be done by women, but the type of work is very heavy
and requires considerable effort. Judging from the roles of men and
women described above, the role of women are more numerous and
highly Strategic compared with men. Women not only play a role in the
domestic sphere but also play a role in negotiating the price and the
sale by the buyer or collector.

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Table 1. The roles of men and women in production chain of coffee
Work Types Roles
Men Women
Land Clearing X
Planting X X
Caring X X
Harvesting X
Transporting X
Washing and Drying X
Grinding X
Marketing X
Some of women also have role in processor chain. Here is a division of
labor between men and women at the coffee bean processing company.
Table 2: Role of Men & Women At the Coffee Bean Processing Company
No Role Female Male
1 Transporting coffee from car X
2 Coffee Bean store in the
Warehouse
X
3 Processing of coffee beans to
green coffee bean
X
4 Separation of good and bad
quality of coffee
X
5 Drying coffee bean X
Data sources: interviews with business owners of the coffee processing
In domestic life (or reproduction activity based on Harvard Model GA),
the role performed by women is also greater than that of men. These
conditions indirectly provide an additional burden for women who are
engaged in agriculture. Based on interviews with women farmers,
found that in a day they spent about 7 hours in the fields, sometimes
even more. The following are the daily activities undertaken by women
farmers.

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Table 3: Daily activities of Women Farmer
Time Activities
06.00-07.00 Cooking
07.00-09.00 Washing and Cleaning house
09.00-31.00 Working in the field (around 11:00 usually take a break)
13.00-14.00 Break/ Take a rest
14.00-17.30 Working in the field
17.30 - Bathing, cooking, and care of children.
Data Source: Interview with women farmers
Besides the different roles in agricultural production, other differences
that occurred in the coffee production chain is a standard wage. Based
on information obtained from sources, different wages to women
workers has been implemented in several locations. Wages of male
workers as much as Rp.40,000/day, while women's wages
Rp.35,000/day
b. Chocolate value chain
Unlike the production chain in coffee plants, the roles of men and
women in the Chocoa production chain are generally more even. There
is no division of roles in particular between men and women to be
involved in every process of production, processing or marketing.
However, based on interviews conducted with cocoa farmers, it is
known that women are more involved in the processing of chocolate
such as in the manufacture of chocolate Candil, or cakes made of
chocolate. While more men involved in drying and stripping the fruit
brown. On the marketing aspects of the actual roles of men and women
are almost equal, but if the marketing is a bit far from home, then the
activity is carried out by men. While the differences on standard of
wage between women and men is not become the issue at chocolate
sector.
Even though on chocolate value chain, roles performed by men and
women are relatively more balanced, but pointed out there is still a
discrepancy between the roles of men and women. For example, in the
aspect of heavy or light work. If the work is said to be a tough job it is
done by men, and vice versa. In interviews conducted with
stakeholders from the government saying that the customs and

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cultural factors also play a role in determining the roles of men and
women. For example, the activity of planting and picking the more used
by women, whereas the activity of peeling, cleaning, or spraying done
by men.
c. Chili value chain
Chili value chain (in Pangalengan and Cimaung, West Java) is:
Small farmer (independent)  local wholesaler/local market  big
wholesaler/central market
Small farmer (capital loans from wholesaler)  big wholesaler 
central market
Big farmer (independent)  Bandung central market?jakarta central
market
Big farmer (investor)  central market/supermarket/processing
industry (indofood)
The role of women and men on that value chain described on next
table:
Type of farmer Capital
Source
Selling Female Role Male Role
Small farmer
(independent)
Indepen
dent
Local
market or
local
wholesaler
Helping in the
packaging
process
Transporting to car
and carried out to
market/wholesaler;
financial transaction
Small farmer
(capital from
wholesaler)
wholesa
ler
wolesaler Helping in the
packaging
process
Transporting to car
and carried out to
market/wholesaler;
financial transaction
Petani besar
(Mandiri)
indepen
dent
Central
market
(bandung/j
akarta)
Involved in
management and
human resources
management
Involved in all value
chain (from production
to marketing)
Big farmer
(partnership)
Investor Modern
market,
indofood
Involved in
management and
human resources
management
Involved in all value
chain (from production
to marketing)
Beside the differences on workload between female and male, there is
the difference on standard of wage. Wage for men is RP. 25.000/bedug,
and for women is only Rp.15.000 / bedug (1 bedug = 6 hours, starting
at 7 am to 1 pm)

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3. Opportunities
 A very strategic role of women in the coffee production chain, needs to
be improved both at the level of production, processing, and on
marketing. Some things are very important strategic role in increasing
women's capacity in terms of knowledge about how to improve or get
a quality coffee beans yan. This is related to the role of women in
planting and caring for coffee plants.
At the marketing level, needs to be strengthened for women's access
to information on prices, thus increasing the family income.
 One of the weaknesses of the cocoa production chain today is access to
information and market prices are still controlled by traders or
suppliers. Therefore, the need to also think about the improvement of
access to information and product prices to farmers.
Besides other important aspect is the increase in the capacity of
knowledge about improving the quality of chocolate. For example, the
water content and the processing of chocolate. On the processing
aspects of chocolate that had been done by women should be
improved both in terms of quality, diversification of processed
products, and packaging products
4. Other Important findings
 Another aspect that is important is to encourage women farmers'
groups as a medium of learning or socialization of the planting, care,
or make marketing more effectively. The entire value chain (coffee,
chocolate, Horticulture), women are mostly in the production chain
and the processor
 In each sector found institutions / individuals who are concerned with
 Women in general do not realize that there has been injustice against
him
 Still a lack of understanding of gender, both by men and women
D. Summary of Recommendation
1. Value chain coffee
a) Farmer Field School
 Regular Counseling and empowerment (pemberdayaan and
penyuluhan)

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 Entrepreneurship training for women farmer
 Training on Coffee Cultivation
 This training held for farmers, especially women farmers
 Training on Post Harvest Strategy
 This training consist of: production and marketing strategy,
especially for women
b) Providing community media information
 This activity held for providing information that needed by
small farmer or organization so they can have information
about coffee (especially: production strategy, price, market,
gender issues; etc)
c) Developing multi-stakeholders alliance on coffee value chain
 This activity held in order to streamline the value chain
through connecting all the actor involved in that value chain
d) Strengthening of district farmers network (nationan and
international)
e) Developing holding company (cooperation or farmer business
company) as a production shelter.
2. Value chain chocolate
a) Farmer Field School
 Regular Counseling and empowerment (penyuluhan dan
pemberdayaan)
 Entrepreneurship training for women farmer
 Training on Chocolate Cultivation
 This training held for women farmers
 Training on Post Harvest Strategy
 This training consist of: production and marketing strategy,
especially for women
b) Providing community media information
 This activity held for providing information that needed by
small farmer or organization so they can have information
about coffee (especially: production strategy, price, market,
gender issues, etc)
c) Developing multi-stakeholders alliance on coffee value chain
 This activity held in order to streamline the value chain
through connecting all the actor involved in that value chain
d) Strengthening of district farmers network (nationan and
international)

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e) Developing holding company (cooperation or farmer business
company) as a production shelter.
3. Value chain chili
a) Farmer Field School
 Regular Counseling and empowerment (penyuluhan and
pemberdayaan)
 Entrepreneurship training for women farmer
 Training on chili/horticulture Cultivation
 This training held for women farmers
 Training on Post Harvest Strategy
 This training consist of: production (especially value added),
and marketing strategy, especially for women
b) Providing community media information
 This activity held for providing information that needed by
small farmer or organization so they can have information
about coffee (especially: production strategy, price, market,
gender issues, etc)
c) Developing multi-stakeholders alliance on coffee value chain
 This activity held in order to streamline the value chain
through connecting all the actor involved in that value chain
d) Strengthening of district farmers network (nationan and
international)
e) Developing holding company (cooperation or farmer business
company) as a production shelter.
4. Cross cutting
a) Gender awareness for men and women
 This activity held based on the condition that only a few people
that know about gender
 Strategy: workshop; community media campaign;
Attachment:
 Summary of recommendation table (matrix)

12. Gendered division of labor Gender dynamic in farmer's group
Intra-household income & budget allocation
patterns
Factors affecting women contribution Opportunites/Potential Partners
1 Coffee There is gendered division of labor in coffee
value chain, which are:
In Production Chain (women are more
involved in this chain) :
F: coffee planting, caring, harvesting,
washing & drying, and selling/marketing (non
physical task)
M: land clearing, planting,
caring,transporting, grinding (physical task)
In Processor company:
F: Separation of good and bad quality of
coffee
M: transporting from car, bring to
warehouse, processing to green coffee bean,
drying coffee bean
There are some women farmer group
(who become the member of Petrasa),
but women not on strategic/important
position or a leader. Usually they become
a secretary or treasurer
Women (wife) role: manage family daily
financial activities
Culture : patriarchal system PETRASA, Baperda Organik
Cooperative; Volopi, CV. Asahan,
Indocafco
There is gendered division of daily activity,
which is:
F: reproduction (F/m) & production activity
(M/f)
M: production activity
There is an NGO that focused on farmer
capacity building, namely PETRASA,
which its member is mostly women
(P=2616; L=1688)
There is a cooperative that concern with
coffee farmer, namely: Baperda Organik
(in Sumbul sub-district-Dairi)
Women support the family economy lack of gender awareness among
women themselves
There is the difference on wage standard
between women and men. Women earn
smaller wage than men (F=Rp.35.000;
M=Rp.40.000 per day)
There are companies that concern with
farmer, namely: Volkopi, CV Asahan,
Indocafco
2 Cocoa There is gendered division of labor in cocoa
value chain:
women are more involved in processing,
while men more involved in production
(drying and stripping the cocoa bean)
There is a women cocoa farmer group in
Bantaeng. And there is a sertified
women farmer group, but not cocoa
farmer (corn and carrots) in Tinco village,
Soppeng.
Women (wife) role: manage family daily
financial activities
Culture : a local proverb that place
woman (as a wife) as a life source of
family; patriarchal system
Cocoa Development Coordinating
Forum; Local Government (estate
agency)
There is gendered division of daily activity,
which is:
F: reproduction (F/m) & production activity
(M/f)
M: production activity
There is a cocoa forum (consist of 21
association) named "Cocoa Development
Coordinating Forum (Forum Koordinasi
Pengembangan Coklat)". 2 women
become top manager and only 1 men
become top manager. And 1 women
become the board member, of 5 men.
Women support the family economy (work as
farm worker; open a kiosk (small shop))
Negative stereotype: women are not
allowed to work outside the house (in
Pinrang) and to outside the house at
night; the role of woman as a wife is
taking care her husband (domestic
role)
3 Chili Women are more involved in production
chain, especially in: seeding (F/M), planting
(F/m), spraying (F/m); harvesting (F/M)
Women are rarely involved (become a
member) in farmer group, and don’t have
an oportunity to become a gropu leader
Women manage the family finance and some
of them support the family economy (work as
a farm worker; open a kiosk)
Culture: patriarchal system There are some farmers group (not
specifically women farmer group),
namely: Baliktik (Margamulya village,
Pangalengan); Cabe Arum Sari
(margamulya village); Prima Niagro
Desantara
There is gendered division of daily activity,
which is:
F: reproduction (F/m) & production activity
(M/f)
M: production activity
There are some farmers group (not
specifically women farmer group),
namely: Baliktik (Margamulya village,
Pangalengan); Cabe Arum Sari
(margamulya village); Prima Niagro
Desantara
Steretype: work in the field is hard, so
that only men could do that. So
women don’t have information about
the work (or chili farm management),
and don’t have control on it.
There is a women empowerment
group (but not specifically in
agricultural sector)
There is the difference on wage standard
between women and men. Women earn
smaller wage than men (F=Rp.15.000;
M=Rp.25.000 per bedug (per 6 hours))
There is a women empowerment group
(but not specifically in agricultural sector)
There is an NGO that focused on small
farmer and women farmer, namely
Pasundan Farmer's Union (SPP)
There is an NGO that focused on small
farmer and women farmer, namely
Pasundan Farmer's Union (SPP)
There is a farmer company (not
specifically for women) namely "PD
Hikmah"
There is a farmer company (not
specifically for women) namely "PD
Hikmah"
There are government policies &
program (on agriculture sector),
namely: Desa Peradaban Program;
Argoplitan Policy of Bandung District
There are government policies &
program (on agriculture sector), namely:
Desa Peradaban Program; Argoplitan
Policy of Bandung District
Summary of Preliminary Findings
No Value chain
Findings