Homework 1 1. A politician who is running for mayor of Riverside with 350,000 registered voters conducts a survey. In the survey, 76% of the 500 registered voters interviewed say they planned to vote for her. A) What is the population of interest? B) What is the sample? C) Is the 56% a parameter or a statistic? 2. The grades on a statistics exam for a sample of 40 students are as follows: 63 74 42 65 51 54 36 56 68 57 62 64 76 67 79 61 81 77 59 38 84 68 71 94 71 86 69 75 91 55 48 82 83 54 79 62 68 58 41 47 3. Construct frequency and relative frequency distributions for the data using seven class intervals using Excel. Submit excel file separately. 4. 3. The following table represents exam grades from 36 students in a statistics class. Construct a pie chart using classes with grades 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, and 91-100, using Excel. Submit excel file separately. 60 79 75 84 85 74 81 95 89 58 66 98 99 99 62 86 85 99 79 82 98 72 72 72 75 88 86 81 96 86 78 91 83 85 92 68 4. The following data represents the years of service for 10 employees at a particular company. (Show mathematical steps in detail to receive full credit) 8 11 6 2 11 6 5 6 10 15 A) Calculate mean, and variance B) Calculate 75th percentile C) Determine the quartiles COMMERCE CLAUSE CRITICAL LEGAL THINKING Why was the Supremacy Clause added to the U.S. Constitution? What would be the result if there were no Supremacy Clause? The Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with Indian tribes.”6 Because this clause authorizes the federal government to regulate commerce, it has a greater impact on business than any other provision in the Constitution. Among other things, this clause is intended to foster the development of a national market and free trade among the states. Commerce Clause A clause of the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with Indian tribes.” The U.S. Constitution grants the federal government the power to regulate three types of commerce: · 1. Commerce with Native American tribes · 2. Foreign commerce · 3. Interstate commerce · Each of these is discussed in the following paragraphs.Commerce with Native Americans Before Europeans arrived in the “New World,” the land had been occupied for thousands of years by people we now refer to as Native Americans. There were many different Native American tribes, each having its own independent and self-governing system of laws. When the United States was first founded more than 200 years ago, it consisted of the original 13 colonies, all located in the east, primarily on the Atlantic Ocean. At that time, these colonies (states), in the U.S. Constitution, delegated to the federal government the authority to regulate commerce with the Native American tribes—in both the original 13 states and the territ.

1. Homework 1
1. A politician who is running for mayor of Riverside with
350,000 registered voters conducts a survey. In the survey, 76%
of the 500 registered voters interviewed say they planned to
vote for her.
A) What is the population of interest?
B) What is the sample?
C) Is the 56% a parameter or a statistic?
2. The grades on a statistics exam for a sample of 40 students
are as follows:
63
74
42
65
51
54
36
56
68
57
62
64
76
67
79
61
81
77
59
38

2. 84
68
71
94
71
86
69
75
91
55
48
82
83
54
79
62
68
58
41
47
3. Construct frequency and relative frequency distributions for
the data using seven class intervals using Excel. Submit excel
file separately.
4.

3. 3. The following table represents exam grades from 36
students in a statistics class. Construct a pie chart using classes
with grades 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, and 91-100, using
Excel. Submit excel file separately.
60
79
75
84
85
74
81
95
89
58
66
98
99
99
62
86
85
99
79
82
98
72
72
72
75
88
86
81
96

4. 86
78
91
83
85
92
68
4. The following data represents the years of service for 10
employees at a particular company.
(Show mathematical steps in detail to receive full credit)
8
11
6
2
11
6
5
6
10
15
A) Calculate mean, and variance
B) Calculate 75th percentile
C) Determine the quartiles
COMMERCE CLAUSE
CRITICAL LEGAL THINKING
Why was the Supremacy Clause added to the U.S. Constitution?
What would be the result if there were no Supremacy Clause?
The Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress
the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and
among the several states, and with Indian tribes.”6 Because this
clause authorizes the federal government to regulate commerce,

5. it has a greater impact on business than any other provision in
the Constitution. Among other things, this clause is intended to
foster the development of a national market and free trade
among the states.
Commerce Clause
A clause of the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the
power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among
the several states, and with Indian tribes.”
The U.S. Constitution grants the federal government the power
to regulate three types of commerce:
· 1. Commerce with Native American tribes
· 2. Foreign commerce
· 3. Interstate commerce
· Each of these is discussed in the following
paragraphs.Commerce with Native Americans
Before Europeans arrived in the “New World,” the land had
been occupied for thousands of years by people we now refer to
as Native Americans. There were many different Native
American tribes, each having its own independent and self-
governing system of laws.
When the United States was first founded more than 200 years
ago, it consisted of the original 13 colonies, all located in the
east, primarily on the Atlantic Ocean. At that time, these
colonies (states), in the U.S. Constitution, delegated to the
federal government the authority to regulate commerce with the
Native American tribes—in both the original 13 states and the
territory that was to eventually become the United States of
America.
Under its Commerce Clause powers, the federal government
entered into treaties with many Native American nations. Most
tribes, in the face of white settlers’ encroachment on their land
and federal government pressure, were forced to sell their lands
to the federal government. The Native Americans received
money and goods for land. The federal government obtained
many treaties through unscrupulous means, cheating the Native
Americans of their land. These tribes were then relocated to

6. other, smaller, pieces of land called reservations, often outside
their typical tribal lands. The federal government eventually
broke many of the treaties.
· Once Native Americans came under U.S. authority, they lost
much of their political power. Most tribes were allowed to keep
their own governments but were placed under the “protection”
of the U.S. government. In general, the United States treats
Native Americans as belonging to separate nations, similarly to
the way it treats Spain or France; however, it still considers
Native Americans “domestic dependent” nations with limited
sovereignty.
· Today, many Native Americans live on reservations set aside
for various tribes. Others live and work outside reservations.
· Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
· In the late 1980s, the federal government authorized Native
American tribes to operate gaming facilities. Congress passed
the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act,7 a federal statute that
establishes the requirements for conducting casino gambling
and other gaming activities on tribal land. This act allows
Native Americans to negotiate with the states for gaming
compacts and ensures that the states do so in good faith. If a
state fails to do so, the tribe can bring suit in federal court,
forcing the state to comply. Today, casinos operated by Native
Americans can be found in many states. Profits from the casinos
have become an important source of income for members of
certain tribes.Foreign Commerce
The Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution gives the federal
government the exclusive power to regulate commerce with
foreign nations. This is called the Foreign Commerce Clause.
Direct and indirect regulation of foreign commerce by state or
local governments that unduly burdens foreign commerce
violates the Commerce Clause and is therefore unconstitutional.
Foreign Commerce Clause
Commerce with foreign nations. The Commerce Clause grants
the federal government the authority to regulate foreign
commerce.

7. Examples The federal government could enact a law that forbids
another country from doing business in the United States if that
country engages in activities that are not condoned by the
United States. A state, however, could not enact a law that
forbids a foreign country from doing business in that state if
that country engages in activities that are not condoned by that
state.
Examples The state of Michigan is the home of General Motors
Company, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler Corporation,
three large automobile manufacturers. Suppose the Michigan
state legislature enacts a law that imposes a 100 percent tax on
any automobile imported from a foreign country that is sold in
Michigan, but does not impose the same tax on domestic
automobiles sold in Michigan. The Michigan tax violates the
Foreign Commerce Clause and is therefore unconstitutional and
void. However, 2425the federal government could enact a 100
percent tax on all foreign automobiles sold in the United States,
but not on domestic automobiles sold in the United States, and
that law would be valid.Interstate Commerce
The Commerce Clause gives the federal government the
authority to regulate interstate commerce. Originally, the courts
interpreted this clause to mean that the federal government
could only regulate commerce that moved in interstate
commerce, that is, commerce that is conducted across state
borders. The modern rule, however, allows the federal
government to regulate activities that affect interstate
commerce.
Under the effects on interstate commerce test, the regulated
activity does not itself have to be in interstate commerce. Thus,
any local (intrastate) activity that has an effect on interstate
commerce is subject to federal regulation. Theoretically, this
test subjects a substantial amount of business activity in the
United States to federal regulation.
Example In the famous case Wickard, Secretary of Agriculture
v. Filburn,8 a federal statute limited the amount of wheat that a
farmer could plant and harvest for home consumption. Filburn,

8. a farmer, violated the law. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the
federal statute on the grounds that it involved interstate
commerce because the statute was designed to prevent
nationwide surpluses and shortages of wheat. The Court
reasoned that wheat grown for home consumption would affect
the supply of wheat available in interstate commerce.
In the following landmark U.S. Supreme Court case, the Court
decided the scope of interstate commerce.
“The American Constitution is, so far as I can see, the most
wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and
purpose of man.”
W. E. Gladstone Kin Beyond Sea (1878)
The power of Congress over interstate commerce is not confined
to the regulation of commerce among the states. It extends to
those activities intrastate which so affect interstate commerce or
the exercise of the power of Congress over it as to make
regulation of them appropriate means to the attainment of a
legitimate end, the exercise of the granted power of Congress to
regulate interstate commerce. One need only examine the
evidence which we have discussed above to see that Congress
may—as it has—prohibit racial discrimination by motels
serving travelers, however “local” their operations may appear.
25 26
The U.S. Supreme Court held that the challenged provisions of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were constitutional as a proper
exercise of the commerce power of the federal government.
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241, 85 S.Ct.
348, 13 L.Ed.2d 258, Web 1964 U.S. Lexis 2187 (Supreme
Court of the United States)
Critical Legal Thinking Questions
Why was this case so important? Why did the U.S. Supreme
Court develop the “effects on interstate commerce” test? Is most
commerce considered “interstate commerce” that can be
regulated by the federal government?

9. 1