Assignment Slides- A short intro to chemical bondings, Water molecule, pH. This is part of larger course of molecular electronics and biomolecules of nanotechnology. Note- This is just basic concise part I made for assignment, any scientific inaccuracies is probable and highly regretted. Any constructive criticism is welcome.

1. Chemical Bonding
Achal Singh
M.tech Nanotechnology(2nd Sem)
Scholar No-2221050102
NT-560 Molecular Electronics and Bio-Molecules

2. Contents
Need of Chemical Bonding
Types of Bonding
Functional Groups
pH Scale
Water molecule
Ref.-Science4Fun

3. Need of chemical bondings
Atoms need to complete their octet in order to achieve stability.
They transfer or share electrons to reach a minimum energy state.
Ref.-Inspirt

4. Types of Bonding
Primary bonding
Secondary bonding
Primary Bonding Secondary Bonding
Transfer/ sharing of electrons Subtle attraction between positive and negative
charges
Much stronger than secondary bonding Weaker than primary bonding
Types: Ionic bonds, Covalent Bonds, metallic bonds Types: Bonds arising due to dipole-dipole interactions,
i.e, Vander Waal's forces, London dispersion forces,
Hydrogen bonds

5. Ionic Bonds
Involves complete electron transfer from one atom to another atom
It arises due to electronegativity difference between the participating
atoms.
Eg, NaCl,
Ref.-ChemistryLearner

6. Covalent Bonding
It involves sharing of
electrons between
atoms to achieve a
stable configuration.
The participating
atoms have similar
electronegativities.
Carbon usually
shares electrons to
form covalent bonds,
since it is not
possible for carbon to
completely loose or
gain 4 electrons in its
valence shell.
Most organic
molecules are formed
by covalent bonding
between Carbon and
hydrogen.
Ref.techscience

7. Vander Vaal’s forces
They arise due to asymmetrical distribution of positive/ negative
charges inside atoms or molecules.
Due to asymmetrical distribution, temporary dipoles are formed which
give rise to Vander Vaal’s forces.
Ref.-Chemistry.libretexts

8. Hydrogen Bonding
It is a type of dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen atom and
three most electronegative elements in periodic table, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, and fluorine.
It gives extra stability to molecules.
This is the fundamental force in forming of DNA structure
Ref-Wikipedia

9. Functional groups
Forms covalent bonds with main
molecules.
They impart special
properties(functions) to main
molecules.
Each organic molecules have some
kind of functional group
Ref.-masterorganicchemistry

10. pH Scale
pH refers to power of Hydrogen
It denotes the hydrogen ion
concentration in aqueous solution
 𝐻2𝑂 → 𝐻+ + 𝑂𝐻−
pH=-log10[𝐻+]
Ref-Wikimedia,chemistryonline

11. Water molecule
Water molecule is a polar molecule
with bent shape, with H-O-H bond
angle 104.5deg.
It forms Hydrogen bond, this helps in
creating a hydration shell around ionic
molecules.
It is also called universal solvent
Ref-USGS.gov

12. References
Dr. Fozia Z. Haque, NT-550 Molecular Electronics and Biomolecules,
Simple Molecules- Lecture plan.