This document discusses several controversial social science experiments conducted on human subjects without full consent. It summarizes the Monster Study where researchers gave negative speech therapy to orphan children to induce stutters, harming the children. It also describes the infamous John/Joan case where a boy was raised as a girl after a botched circumcision and the unethical sexual abuse he endured as part of the experiment. Finally, it provides an overview of the famous Stanford Prison Experiment that studied the psychological effects of assigning people as prisoners and guards.

1. Social Science
Experiments
on
People
Sebnem Ozdemir
November 2014

3. Dr.
J.
Marion
Sims

4. • Anthropology
• Economics
• Poli8cal
science
• Psychology
• Sociology
Social
science
is
concerned
with
society
&
The
rela8onships
among
individuals
within
a
society

5. Contents
• Being Human
• The Monster Study
• John / Joan Case
• The Grant Study
• Kitty Genovese
• Stanford Prison Experiment
• Credits / Sources

6. • Intelligence
• Conscience
• Consciousness
• Discernment
• Inner
man
• Morals
• Character
• Grace
• Humanitarianism

8. The
Monster
Study

9. The
Monster
Study
• 22
orphan
children
in
Davenport,
Iowa
in
1939.
• conducted
by
Wendell
Johnson
at
the
University
of
Iowa.
• Johnson
chose
one
of
his
graduate
students,
Mary
Tudor,
to
conduct
the
experiment,
and
he
supervised
her
research.
• ANer
placing
the
children
in
control
and
experimental
groups,
Tudor
gave
posi8ve
speech
therapy
to
half
of
the
children,
praising
the
fluency
of
their
speech,
and
nega8ve
speech
therapy
to
the
other
half,
beliPling
the
children
for
every
speech
imperfec8on
and
telling
them
they
were
stuPerers.
• Many
of
the
normal
speaking
orphan
children
who
received
nega:ve
therapy
in
the
experiment
suffered
nega:ve
psychological
effects
and
some
retained
speech
problems
for
the
rest
of
their
lives.

10. The
Monster
Study
• Dubbed
the
"Monster
Study"
by
some
of
Johnson's
peers,
who
were
horrified
that
he
would
experiment
on
orphan
children
to
prove
a
hypothesis,
the
experiment
was
kept
hidden
for
fear
Johnson's
reputa8on
would
be
tarnished
in
the
wake
of
human
experiments
conducted
by
the
Nazis
during
World
War
II.
Because
the
results
of
the
study
were
never
published
in
any
peer-­‐reviewed
journal,
Tudor's
disserta8on
is
the
only
official
record
of
the
details
of
the
experiment.
• The
University
of
Iowa
publicly
apologized
for
the
Monster
Study
in
2001.
• On
17
August
2007,
six
of
the
orphan
children
were
awarded
$925,000
by
the
State
of
Iowa
for
lifelong
psychological
and
emo8onal
scars
caused
by
six
months
of
torment
during
the
Iowa
University
experiment.

11. John
/
Joan
Case
(David
Reimer)

12. • David
John
/
Joan
Case
(David
Reimer)
Reimer
was
born
in
Winnipeg,
Manitoba.
He
was
originally
named
Bruce,
and
his
iden8cal
twin
was
named
Brian.
• At
the
age
of
6
months,
aNer
concern
was
raised
about
how
both
of
them
urinated,
the
boys
were
diagnosed
with
phimosis.
They
were
referred
for
circumcision
at
the
age
of
7
months.
In
1966,
an
urologist
performed
the
opera8on
using
the
unconven8onal
method
of
cauteriza8on.
The
procedure
did
not
go
as
doctors
had
planned,
and
Bruce's
penis
was
burned
beyond
surgical
repair.
• The
parents,
concerned
about
their
son's
prospects
for
future
happiness
and
sexual
func8on
without
a
penis,
took
him
to
Johns
Hopkins
Hospital
in
Bal8more
to
see
John
Money,
a
psychologist
who
was
developing
a
reputa8on
as
a
pioneer
in
the
field
of
sexual
development
and
gender
iden8ty,
based
on
his
work
with
intersex
pa8ents.
Money
was
a
prominent
proponent
of
the
"theory
of
Gender
Neutrality”

13. • Money
John
/
Joan
Case
(David
Reimer)
and
the
Hopkins
team
persuaded
the
baby's
parents
that
sex
reassignment
surgery
would
be
in
Reimer's
best
interest.
At
the
age
of
22
months,
baby
Bruce
underwent
an
orchidectomy,
in
which
his
testes
were
surgically
removed.
He
was
reassigned
to
be
raised
as
female
and
given
the
name
Brenda.
• Psychological
support
for
the
reassignment
and
surgery
was
provided
by
John
Money,
who
con8nued
to
see
Reimer
annually
for
about
a
decade
for
consulta8ons
and
to
assess
the
outcome.
This
reassignment
was
considered
an
especially
valid
test
case
of
the
social
learning
concept
of
gender
iden8ty
for
two
reasons:
– First,
Reimer's
iden8cal
twin
brother,
Brian,
made
an
ideal
control
because
the
brothers
shared
genes,
family
environments,
and
the
intrauterine
environment.
– Second,
this
was
reputed
to
be
the
first
reassignment
and
reconstruc8on
performed
on
a
male
infant
who
had
no
abnormality
of
prenatal
or
early
postnatal
sexual
differen8a8on.

15. • Reimer
John
/
Joan
Case
(David
Reimer)
said
that
Dr.
Money
forced
the
twins
to
rehearse
sexual
acts
involving
"thrus8ng
movements",
with
David
playing
the
boPom
role.
Reimer
said
that,
as
a
child,
he
had
to
get
"down
on
all
fours"
with
his
brother,
Brian
Reimer,
"up
behind
his
buP"
with
"his
crotch
against"
his
"buPocks”.
• Dr.
Money
forced
David,
in
another
sexual
posi8on,
to
have
his
"legs
spread"
with
Brian
on
top.
Dr.
Money
also
forced
the
children
to
take
their
"clothes
off"
and
engage
in
"genital
inspec8ons”.
• On
at
"least
one
occasion",
Dr.
Money
took
a
photograph
of
the
two
children
doing
these
ac8vi8es.
Dr.
Money's
ra8onale
for
these
various
treatments
was
his
belief
that
"childhood
'sexual
rehearsal
play'"
was
important
for
a
"healthy
adult
gender
iden8ty”.

16. • Money
John
/
Joan
Case
(David
Reimer)
wrote,
"The
child's
behavior
is
so
clearly
that
of
an
ac8ve
liPle
girl
and
so
different
from
the
boyish
ways
of
her
twin
brother.”
The
twin
brother,
Brian,
later
developed
schizophrenia.
• From
22
months
into
his
teenaged
years,
Reimer
urinated
through
a
hole
that
surgeons
had
placed
in
the
abdomen.
Estrogen
was
given
during
adolescence
to
induce
breast
development.
• This
was
later
expanded
into
a
full-­‐length
book
As
Nature
Made
Him:
The
Boy
Who
Was
Raised
as
a
Girl,
in
which—contrary
to
Money's
reports—when
living
as
Brenda,
Reimer
did
not
iden8fy
as
a
girl.
He
was
ostracized
and
bullied
by
peers,
and
neither
frilly
dresses
nor
female
hormones
made
him
feel
female.

17. • By
John
/
Joan
Case
(David
Reimer)
the
age
of
13,
Reimer
was
experiencing
suicidal
depression,
and
he
told
his
parents
he
would
take
his
own
life
if
they
made
him
see
John
Money
again.
In
1980,
Reimer's
parents
told
him
the
truth
about
his
gender
reassignment,
following
advice
from
Reimer's
endocrinologist
and
psychiatrist.
• At
14,
Reimer
decided
to
assume
a
male
gender
iden8ty,
calling
himself
David.
By
1997,
Reimer
had
undergone
treatment
to
reverse
the
reassignment,
including
testosterone
injec8ons,
a
double
mastectomy,
and
two
phalloplasty
opera8ons.
On
September
22,
1990,
he
married
Jane
Fontaine
and
became
a
stepfather
to
her
three
children.

18. • In
John
/
Joan
Case
(David
Reimer)
addi8on
to
his
lifelong
difficult
rela8onship
with
his
parents,
Reimer
had
to
deal
with
unemployment
and
the
death
of
his
brother
Brian
from
an
overdose
of
an8depressants
on
July
1,
2002.
• On
May
2,
2004,
his
wife
Jane
told
him
she
wanted
to
separate.
On
the
morning
of
May
4,
2004,
Reimer
drove
to
a
grocery
store's
parking
lot
and
took
his
own
life
by
shoo:ng
himself
in
the
head
with
a
sawed-­‐off
shotgun.
He
was
38
years
old.

19. The
Grant
Study
Harvard,
1938
On
724
people

21. The
Grant
Study

22. The
Grant
Study
• Alcoholism
is
a
disorder
of
great
destruc8ve
power.
• Financial
success
depends
on
warmth
of
rela8onships
and,
above
a
certain
level,
not
on
intelligence.
• Poli8cal
mindedness
correlates
with
in8macy:
Ageing
liberals
have
way
more
sex.
• The
warmth
of
childhood
rela8onship
with
mothers
maPers
long
into
adulthood.
• The
warmth
of
childhood
rela8onship
with
fathers
correlated
with
life
sa8sfac8on.

24. KiPy
Genovese
–
Bystander
Effect
• Genovese
had
driven
home
from
her
job
working
as
a
bar
manager
early
in
the
morning
of
March
13,
1964.
Arriving
home
at
about
3:15
a.m.,
she
parked
in
the
Long
Island
Rail
Road
parking
lot
about
100
feet
(30
m)
from
her
apartment's
door,
• As
she
walked
toward
the
building,
she
was
approached
by
Winston
Moseley.
Frightened,
Genovese
began
to
run
across
the
parking
lot
and
toward
the
front
of
her
building
• Moseley
ran
aNer
her,
quickly
overtook
her,
and
stabbed
her
twice
in
the
back.

25. KiPy
Genovese
–
Bystander
Effect
• Genovese
screamed,
"Oh
my
God,
he
stabbed
me!
Help
me!"
• When
Robert
Mozer,
one
of
the
neighbors,
shouted
at
the
aPacker,
"Let
that
girl
alone!”,
Moseley
ran
away
and
Genovese
slowly
made
her
way
toward
the
rear
entrance
of
her
apartment
building.
• Moseley
entered
his
car
and
drove
away,
only
to
returned
ten
minutes
later.
In
his
car,
he
changed
to
a
wide-­‐brimmed
hat
to
shadow
his
face.

26. KiPy
Genovese
–
Bystander
Effect
• Moseley
proceeded
to
further
aPack
Genovese,
stabbing
her
several
more
8mes.
• While
Genovese
lay
dying,
Moseley
raped
her.
He
stole
about
$49
from
her
and
leN
her
in
the
hallway.
• The
aPacks
spanned
approximately
half
an
hour.
• A
few
minutes
aNer
the
final
aPack,
a
witness,
Karl
Ross,
called
the
police.
Genovese
was
taken
away
by
ambulance
at
4:15
a.m.
and
died
en
route
to
the
hospital.

28. Stanford
Prison
A
Famous
Experiment
in
Social
Psychology
hPp://www.prisonexp.org/

29. The Arrest
• On
a
quiet
Sunday
morning
in
August,
a
police
car
swept
through
the
town
picking
up
college
students
as
part
of
a
mass
arrest
for
armed
robbery
and
burglary.
• The
suspects
were
picked
up
at
their
home,
charged,
spread-­‐eagled
against
the
police
car,
searched,
and
handcuffed.

30. Booking and Holding Cells
• The
car
arrived
at
the
police
sta8on,
the
suspects
were
brought
inside,
formally
booked,
read
their
Miranda
Rights,
finger
printed,
and
a
complete
iden8fica8on
was
made.
– The
suspects
were
then
taken
to
a
holding
cell
where
they
were
leN
blindfolded
for
as
long
as
two
hours.

31. Volunteering for the Experiment
• College
students
answered
a
newspaper
ad
asking
for
volunteers
in
a
study
of
the
psychological
effects
of
prison
life,
in
an
experiment
designed
by
Philip
Zimbardo,
a
Stanford
psychology
professor.
• More
than
70
applicants
answered
the
ad
and
were
given
diagnos8c
interviews
and
personality
tests
to
eliminate
candidates
with
psychological
problems,
medical
disabili8es,
or
a
history
of
crime.
– 24
college
students
from
the
U.S.
and
Canada
who
happened
to
be
in
the
Stanford
area
were
selected
and
set
to
earn
$15/day.

32. Constructing the Experiment
• The
prison
was
constructed
by
boarding
up
each
end
of
a
corridor
in
the
basement
of
Stanford's
Psychology
Department
building.
– That
corridor
was
"The
Yard"
and
was
the
only
place
where
prisoners
were
allowed
to
walk
around,
eat,
or
exercise.
– Cells
were
made
from
laboratory
rooms
with
specially
made
doors
with
steel
bars
and
cell
numbers.

33. Humiliation
• Each
prisoner
was
systema8cally
searched
and
stripped
naked.
He
was
then
deloused
with
a
spray,
to
convey
the
belief
that
they
may
have
germs
or
lice.

34. Humiliation
• The
prisoner
was
then
issued
a
uniform.
The
main
part
of
this
uniform
was
a
dress,
or
smock,
which
each
prisoner
wore
at
all
8mes
with
no
underclothes.
• On
the
smock,
in
front
and
in
back,
was
his
prison
ID
number.
• On
each
prisoner's
right
ankle
was
a
heavy
chain,
bolted
on
and
worn
at
all
8mes.

35. Becoming a Prisoner
• The
chain
on
their
foot
was
used
in
order
to
remind
prisoners
of
the
oppressiveness
of
their
environment.
– When
a
prisoner
turned
over,
the
chain
would
hit
his
leg,
waking
him
up
and
reminding
him
that
he
was
s8ll
in
prison.
• The
process
of
having
one's
head
shaved
is
designed
in
part
to
minimize
each
person's
individuality.
It
is
also
a
way
of
gesng
people
to
begin
complying
with
the
arbitrary,
coercive
rules
of
the
ins8tu8on.

36. Enforcing the Law
• The
guards
were
free,
within
limits,
to
do
whatever
they
thought
was
necessary
to
maintain
law
and
order
in
the
prison.
– The
guards
made
their
own
set
of
rules.
• All
guards
were
dressed
in
iden8cal
uniforms
of
khaki,
and
wore
a
whistle
around
their
neck
and
a
Billy
club
borrowed
from
the
police.
– Guards
also
wore
mirror
sunglasses
which
prevented
anyone
from
seeing
their
eyes
or
reading
their
emo8ons.

37. Asserting Authority
• At
2:30
A.M.
prisoners
were
awakened
from
sleep
by
blas8ng
whistles
for
the
first
of
many
"counts."
The
counts
served
as
a
way
to
familiarizing
the
prisoners
with
their
numbers.
– More
importantly,
they
provided
a
regular
occasion
for
the
guards
to
exercise
control
over
the
prisoners.

38. Physical Punishment
• Push-­‐ups
were
a
common
form
of
physical
punishment
imposed
by
the
guards,
for
infrac8ons
of
the
rules
or
displays
of
improper
astudes
toward
the
guards
or
ins8tu8on.
• One
of
the
guards
stepped
on
the
prisoners'
backs
while
they
did
push-­‐ups,
or
made
other
prisoners
sit
on
the
backs
of
fellow
prisoners
doing
their
push-­‐ups.

39. Prisoner #8612
• Less
than
36
hours
into
the
experiment,
Prisoner
#8612
began
suffering
from
acute
emo8onal
disturbance,
disorganized
thinking,
uncontrollable
crying
and
rage.
• ANer
a
mee8ng
with
the
guards
where
they
told
him
he
was
weak,
but
offered
him
“informant”
status,
#8612
returned
to
the
other
prisoners
and
said
“You
can't
leave.
You
can't
quit.”
• Soon
#8612
“began
to
act
‘crazy,’
to
scream,
to
curse,
to
go
into
a
rage
that
seemed
out
of
control.”
– It
wasn’t
un8l
this
point
that
the
psychologists
realized
they
had
to
let
him
out.

40. Back to Reality
• Zimbardo
said,
"Listen,
you
are
not
#819.
You
are
[his
name],
and
my
name
is
Dr.
Zimbardo.
I
am
a
psychologist,
not
a
prison
superintendent,
and
this
is
not
a
real
prison.
This
is
just
an
experiment,
and
those
are
students,
not
prisoners,
just
like
you.
Let's
go."
• He
stopped
crying
suddenly,
looked
up
and
replied,
"Okay,
let's
go,“
as
if
nothing
had
been
wrong.

41. An End to the Experiment
• Chris8na
Maslach,
a
recent
Stanford
Ph.D.
brought
in
to
conduct
interviews
with
the
guards
and
prisoners,
strongly
objected
when
she
saw
our
prisoners
being
treated
so
poorly.
– Out
of
50
or
more
outsiders
who
had
seen
our
prison,
she
was
the
only
one
who
ever
ques8oned
its
morality.
• Once
she
countered
the
power
of
the
situa8on,
however,
it
became
clear
that
the
study
should
be
ended.
Maslach was dating
Zimbardo at the time. They
are still married to this day.

42. In the End
• “By
the
end
of
the
study,
the
prisoners
were
disintegrated,
both
as
a
group
and
as
individuals.
There
was
no
longer
any
group
unity;
just
a
bunch
of
isolated
individuals
hanging
on,
much
like
prisoners
of
war
or
hospitalized
mental
pa8ents.
The
guards
had
won
total
control
of
the
prison,
and
they
commanded
the
blind
obedience
of
each
prisoner.”
-­‐Philip
Zimbardo

43. The End of the Experiment
• ANer
only
six
days,
the
planned
two-­‐week
prison
simula8on
was
called
off.
• Do
we
see
similari8es
to
present
day?

44. Jeremy
Meeks’
star-­‐quality
mugshot
taken
aNer
his
arrest
this
week
on
felony
weapons
charges
has
become
an
Internment
sensa8on,
with
more
than
100,000
'likes'
on
Facebook.
The
30-­‐year-­‐old
career
criminal
has
become
an
object
of
lust
for
women
the
world
over
who
took
to
Facebook
and
TwiPer
lavishing
praise
on
his
high
cheekbones,
full
lips
and
piercing
blue
eyes.

45. See
also
• Milgram
Experiment
• An
American
Crime
• Josef
Mengele,
Angel
of
Death
• Nazi
Experiments
• Unit
731
• Prisoner’s
Dilemma
• Psmme8chus
Experiment
• Lost
Wallet
Test
• Asch‘s
Conformity
Experiments
• !................................

48. Greek
eu:
"good/real"
+
"social"

50. Credits
&
Sources
• Prisoner’s
Dilemma
game
(Ahmed
&
Salas
2008).
• AP
Psychology
Mr.
Tusow
• hPp://www.prisonexp.org/
• Wikipedia
• Acikbilim.com
• Eksisozluk.com