Indian Railway Industrial Training provides practical knowledge and hands-on experience to individuals aspiring to work in the railway sector. The program covers various aspects of railway operations, maintenance, and technology, offering insights into locomotives, signaling systems, and safety protocols. Participants gain expertise in troubleshooting, repair, and maintenance of railway equipment, enhancing their technical skills. This comprehensive training fosters a deep understanding of the railway industry's intricacies, preparing individuals for careers in railway engineering and management. The program emphasizes safety standards, quality control, and efficiency, aligning with the dynamic and demanding nature of the railway sector.

1. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT NORTH
CENTRAL RAILWAY JHANSI
Submitted By-
Aayush Shrivastava
ECE 3rd Year
(2100430310002)

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Indian Railways………………………………………………………..3
2. Signal And Telecommunication Department…………………………..4
3. Optical Fibre Communication..…………...………………………...…5
4. Public Reservation System…………………………………………….8
5. Railnet...……………………………………………………………....12
6. Exchange……………………………………………………………...14

4. INDIAN RAILWAYS
1. Indian Railways is one of the largest railway networks globally, spanning over 67,000 kilometers and
connecting the entire nation.
2. Versatile Services: Indian Railways offers diverse services, from long-distance passenger trains to
urban metro systems, serving millions daily.
3. Economic Driver: Crucial to India's economy, it transports goods, fuels industries, and generates
millions of jobs.
4. Modernization Drive: Indian Railways is modernizing with high-speed trains, station redevelopment,
and digital ticketing systems.
5. National Backbone: It remains a lifeline, connecting people, places, and industries across the nation.
6. It plays a pivotal role in the transportation of passengers and goods, making it a crucial part of India’s
infrastructure.

5. SIGNAL & TELECOMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT
• Providing telecommunication infrastructure for:
1. Safe and efficient operation of trains
2. Administrative voice and data circuits
3. Passenger Reservation System (PRS)
4. Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS)
5. Freight Operation Information System (FOIS)
6. Crew Management System (CMS)
7. Coaching Operating Information System (COIS)
8. Management Information System (MIS)
• Management of Railways Corporate Wide Information System (RAILNET)

6. OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
• As Indian Railways continues to grow and modernize, the need for efficient and advanced
communication systems becomes paramount.
• Challenges such as the vast network, remote locations, and high passenger volumes necessitate cutting-
edge communication solutions.
• Optical fibers are thin, flexible, and transparent strands made of glass or plastic that transmit data using
light signals.
• They offer several advantages, including high bandwidth, low signal loss, and immunity to
electromagnetic interference.
Advantages:
• High-speed data transmission for real-time information.
• Enhanced reliability and reduced maintenance.
• Improved security through encrypted data transmission.
• Optical fiber networks are continually expanding to reach remote and underserved areas, improving
connectivity across the railway network.

7. PARTS OF OPTICAL FIBRE

8. Technical Standards of OFC used in Indian Railways

9. PUBLIC RESERVATION SYSTEM
• A Booking Terminal on any locations attached to
assign PRS via dedicated 2Mbps links through
Router- Modem connectivity.
• All the locations have redundant links, either RCIL
& BSNL or both.
• Each Dumb terminal port is connected to Terminal
server port which in turn connected to central server
via Switches, Router and Modems.
• PRS servers are located at 5 locations Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai & Sikandrabad.
• These servers are connected in fully mesh topology.

11. KEY DEVICES
• STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode):
• STM is a high-speed data transmission technology, operating at fixed, synchronous rates.
• It uses circuit-switching, making it ideal for low-latency and high-bandwidth applications like voice and
video communication.
• Router:
• Routers manage network traffic by directing data packets between different networks.
• They enhance network security with features like firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
• Modem (Modulator-Demodulator):
• Modems connect local office networks to the internet.
• They have evolved to support broadband technologies, enabling high-speed internet access.

12. Block Diagram Of Connectivity Between two Stations

13. RAILNET
• High-speed internet connectivity for railway operations
• Data communication between various railway divisions
• Enabling e-ticketing and passenger information systems
• Enhancing safety and security measures
• Supporting administrative and financial functions
• The extensive fiber optic network backbone that ensures data transmission reliability.
• Satellite communication systems to bridge connectivity gaps in remote areas.
• Centralized data centers and servers for data storage and processing.
• Improved communication and coordination among railway personnel.
• Enhanced passenger services, including Wi-Fi at stations.
• Real-time tracking and monitoring of trains for improved operational efficiency.
• Efficient ticketing and reservations through online systems.
• Cost savings and revenue generation through digital initiatives.

14. PULSE CODE MODULATION
• Sampling: The analog signal is sampled at regular intervals.
• Quantization: Each sample is assigned a discrete value from
a finite set.
• Encoding: The quantized values are converted into binary
code.
• Transmission: The binary code is transmitted digitally.
• Immunity to analog signal degradation over long distances.
• High signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in improved signal
quality.
• Compatibility with digital processing and storage systems.
• Telecommunications: PCM is fundamental in digital
telephone systems.
• Audio Recording: CDs and digital audio formats use PCM
for high-quality audio.
• Data Transmission: PCM is used in digital data
communication systems.

15. SOME IMPORTANT DEVICES
1.A NIC card, or Network Interface Card, is a crucial hardware component that enables
computers to connect to a network, facilitating data transmission between devices.
2.RJ-45 connectors are commonly used in Ethernet networks, serving as the standard interface
for connecting devices to a network through Ethernet cables.
3.Hubs are basic network devices that broadcast data to all connected devices, making them
inefficient for modern networks due to their limited intelligence.
4.Switches are intelligent network devices that efficiently route data packets to specific
devices within a network, improving network performance.
5.LAN extenders are devices used to extend the reach of a local area network (LAN) over
longer distances, maintaining network connectivity in remote locations.
6.Media converters bridge the gap between different types of network media, converting
signals from copper to fiber optics, or vice versa, to ensure seamless communication in
diverse network environments.

16. TOPOLGIES
1.In a star topology, each device in the network connects to a central hub or switch, allowing
for easy management and fault isolation but requiring more cabling.
2.A bus topology uses a single central cable to which all devices connect, simplifying
installation but making the network vulnerable to a single point of failure.
3.Tree topology combines elements of star and bus, with multiple star-configured networks
connected to a central bus backbone, offering scalability and redundancy.
4.In a ring topology, each device is connected to exactly two others, forming a closed loop,
which can efficiently transmit data but can become problematic if one connection fails.
5.A hybrid topology combines two or more different network topologies, offering flexibility
and redundancy while also being more complex to manage.
6.Mesh topology connects every device to every other device, creating a highly redundant
and fault-tolerant network but often requiring a substantial number of connections and
resources.

17. Various Topologies used in Networking

18. Flow Chart showing connectivity of

19. EXCHANGE
1. Call Routing:
1. Exchanges connect calls from the caller to the receiver.
2. They find the most efficient route through the network.
3. Involves multiple exchanges and trunk lines for efficiency.
2. Number Translation:
1. Exchanges handle number translation services.
2. Examples include converting alphanumeric numbers and short codes (e.g., 911) into routing instructions.
3. Call Switching:
1. Exchanges temporarily connect the caller's line to the receiver's line.
2. Modern exchanges use digital switching for efficiency and quality.
4. Call Management:
1. Exchanges provide call management features such as call waiting, call forwarding, voicemail, and caller ID.
2. These features enhance the functionality of telecommunications services.
5. Network Management:
1. Telecommunications exchanges play a crucial role in managing the overall network.
2. They monitor traffic, allocate resources, and ensure the efficient operation of the network.
•

20. 1. Subscriber Line Module Analog Vinetic (SLMAV):
1. Type: Analog module
2. Function: Likely used for connecting analog subscriber lines to a telecommunications network. Vinetic might refer to a
technology or brand.
2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI):
1. Type: Interface standard
2. Function: PRI is a digital interface used in telecommunications to provide multiple voice and data channels over a single
line. It's often used for connecting PBX systems to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
3. Subscriber Trunk Module IP Extended (STMIX):
1. Type: IP-based trunk module
2. Function: It appears to be a module designed for extending trunk lines in an IP-based telecommunications network. This
could be used for connecting to external networks or services.
4. Analog Trunk Module (TMANI):
1. Type: Analog trunk module
2. Function: Likely used for connecting analog trunk lines to a telecommunications system. Analog trunks are used for handling
multiple incoming and outgoing calls.
5. Digital Subscriber Module (SLMU-24):
1. Type: Digital module
2. Function: This module may be used for connecting digital subscriber lines to a telecommunications network. The "SLMU-
24" suggests it may support up to 24 digital subscribers.

21. Block diagram of Exchange

22. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Optical fibres, cables and system ITU-T Manual 2009
• Centre for Railway Information Systems, INDIAN RAILWAYS, DELHI
• Fundamentals of Photonics Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich
• Signalling and Telecommunication in Indian Railways Report No. PA 26 of 200809
• (Railways)
• Wikipedia – Indian Railways
• Telecom Hand Book - IRISET

23. THANK YOU