diseases of eye may be related to a variety of systemic disorders. prompt management is important to prevent long term complictions. it includes diseases such as ROP, cataract, conjunctivitis, strabismus, refractive errors, retinoblastoma, congenital glaucoma, etc.

1. PREPARED BY
AAKANKSHA BAJPAI
NURSING LECTURER
RAMA UNIVERSITY

3. Retinopathy of prematurity
Childhood cataract
Conjunctivitis
Strabismus
Refractive errors
Visual disorders
Visual impairments
retinoblastoma

4.  ROP may develop in preterm infant (, 33 weeks of
GA)
 It occurs due to retinal immaturity and hyperoxia
resulting from high concentration of oxygen therapy.

5. Sick neonates with respiratory distress
Apnea
Bradycardia
Infection
Anemia
Heart disease
Hypoxia
Hypercarbia
Acidosis

6. It is a bilateral complications of preterm
infants.
There is cessation of vasculogenesis with poor
vasculariztion and myelination.

7. Hyperoxia
Vasoconstriction of retinal arteries
Retinal hypoxia, retinal edema
A demarcated line develops between the
vascularized and avascular retina
The line changes into a ridge with extraretinal
fibrovascular tissue
Retinal hemorrhage, subtotal retinal detachment

9. Early diagnosis
ROP screening
Laser therapy
Cryotherapy to avascular retina
In case of total retinal detachment, vitreoretinal
surgery may be performed.

10. Prevention of preterm delivery
Appropriate use of oxygen therapy
Vitamin E supplementation

11. Childhood cataract (opacity of lens) may be
congenital or acquired.
Congenital cataract are usually bilateral.

12. Prematurity
Maternal infections
Chromosomal disorders
Metabolic disirders
Eye trauma
Child abuse
Hypoglycemia
hypocalcemia

13. Visible clouding of lens
Varying impairment of vision
Amblyopia

14. Surgical removal of lens (early by 6 months of
age) followed by correction of aphakia and
amblyopia.
Antibiotics
Steroid ointment

15. It is the inflammation of the conjunctiva. In
neonate it is termed as Ophthalmia
Neonatorum.
It may be infectious or non infectious

16. Viruses/ bacteria
Allergy, irritants or toxins

17. Redness of eye
Excessive tearing
Sticky eye lid
Mucopurulent discharge
photophobia

18. 1. Bacterial conjuncivitis
 Saline irrigation
 Antibiotic eye ointment
2. Allergic conjuntivitis
 Hydrocortisone ophthalmic ointment
 Antibiotic eye ointment
 Cold compress
3. Viral conjuncivitis
 No specific treament
 Antibiotic eye ointment o prevent secondary
infection.

19. Also known as squint which means looking
obliquely.
It is an abnormality of ocular movement and an
important cause of visual impairment.

20. Non paralytic strabismus: in this movement of
extraocular muscles are normal and diplopia
never occurs. The deviation is secondary to
visual or ocular defect of the affected eye.
Paralytic strabismus: it occurs due to weakness
or paralysis of extraocular muscles resulting in
limitation of eye movements.

21. History
Eye examination
Visual acuity test
Corneal light reflex test

22. Early recognition of the problem.
Correction of refractive errors.
Occlusion therapy for normal eye for one or
two weeks helps the deviated eye to improve
vision by continuous exercises.
Surgical intervention involves shortening,
lengthening and repositioning of extraocular
muscles.

23. AMBLYOPIA: dimness of vision or subnormal
vision in one or both eyes.
AMAUROSIS: partial or total loss of vision
may be found in the form of profound
impairment.
NIGHT BLINDNESS (NYCYTALOPIA):
inability to see well a night or in faint light.

24. DOUBLE VISION (DIPLOPIA): it is found
in squint, and ptosis.
COLOR BLINDNESS: it is generally
determined condition in which color
perception is defective or absent. It can be
detected at the age of 5 o 6 years.

25. It is also termed as ametropia.
It occurs when the images fail to come to a
proper focus on the retina due to discrepancy
between the size and refractive power of the
eye.
The ideal optical state is emmetropia when the
parallel light rays coming to a focus on the
retina.

26. The refractive errors are presented as:
1. Myopia (near sightedness)
2. Hyperopia (far sightedness)
3. Astigmatism

27. The child usually complaints blurred vision,
for distant objects as difficulty in reading
blackboard writing in classroom.
Near vision is usually not impaired except in
high myopia.
Child tends to keep reading books close to the
eyes.

28. It occurs when parallel light rays come to focus
in front of the retina, due to too long
anteroposterior diameter of the eye, higher
refractive power of the cornea or lens and
anterior dislocation of the lens.
It is corrected with concave lenses.

31. The child is unable to see distant objects
clearly but near vision is impaired.
The children may complain eye strain,
headaches, redness of the eye, blurring vision.
It occurs when the parallel light rays fall
behind the retina due to short anteroposterior
diameter of the eye.
It can be corrected by convex lenses.

33. It is caused by the irregularity in the curvature
of the cornea or lens.
Child complains of distorted vision, burning
sensation in eyes and headache.
The error is corrected by cylindrical lens.

35. It is a condition in which intraocular pressure
(IOP) increases beyond normal.
Congenital type occurs from defective
development of some component of aqueous
humor.
Increased pressure on optic nerve causes
eventual atrophy and blindness.

37. Loss of peripheral vision-mostly seen in
acquired type.
Perception of halos around objects
Pain or discomfort
Eye redness
Epiphora
Photophobia
Blepharospasm
Buphthalmos

38. Goniotomy- to open outflow tracts

39. The WHO proposed a uniform criterion and
defined blindness as, “visual acuity of less than
3/60 (Snellen) or its equivalent.”

40. Categories of visual
impairment
Maximum less than
Minimum equal to or
better than
Low vision
6/18 6/60
6/60 3/60
Blindness
3/60 (finger counting at 3
mtrs)
1/60 (finger counting at 1
mtr)
1/60 (finger counting at 1
mtr)
Light perception
No Light perception

41.  Trachoma
 Conjunctivitis
 Vitamin A deficiency
 Eye injury
 Tuberculosis
 Glaucoma
 Refractory errors
 Severe measles

42. Promotion of breast feeding
Vitamin A rich diet/ supplements
Avoid harmful practice (kajal)
Regular eye check up
Avoid excessive watching TV and maintaining
distance (at least six feet)
Early detection

43. It is a malignant glioma of the retina.
It may be unilateral (70%) or bilateral (30%).
About 90% cases are found in less than 5 years
of age.
It usually develops in the posterior portion of
the retina.
The retinoblastoma gene is located on
chromosome 13.

45. Leukocoria
Loss of vision
Pain in eye
Hyphema
Increased ICP
Bony pain

46. Fundoscopy to detect leukocoria
CT scan
CSF study

47. Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Scleral plaque irradiation
Cryotherapy