4. Changes after Cell Death
Two types of pathologic changes
may superimpose following cell
injury:
Gangrene (after necrosis) and
Pathologic Calcification (after
degenerations as well as necrosis).
5. Gangrene
Gangrene is necrosis of tissue
associated with superadded
putrefaction.
Most often following coagulative
necrosis due to ischaemia (e.g in
gangrene of limb and gangrene of the
bowel).
6. Causes
Arterial
Obstruction
Infection Trauma Physical Agents
Due to
• Thrombosis
• Embolus
• Diabetes
• Buerger’s
Disease
• Raynaud’s
disease
In
• Boils
• Carbuncles
In
• Crush injuries
• Pressure sores
With
• Burns
• Frostbite
7. Risk Factors
Any condition that decreases your blood
flow increases your chances of getting
gangrene, including:
Diabetes
Infection
Narrowed arteries (atherosclerosis)
Peripheral artery disease
Smoking
Trauma or serious injury
Obesity
Weakened immune system
8. Symptoms
Skin Discoloration ,
Numbness ,
Skin that feels cold or cold to the touch ,
Swelling and pain at the site of infection ,
Fever ,
Foul-Smelling pus leaking from a blister or sore ,
Shiny appearance to the skin ,
Septicemia(Blood Poisoning or Spreading of infection by blood as in Wet
Gangrene) , and
Crepitation/Production of Crackling sound when you press on your skin (this
signals there’s a buildup of gas in your tissue in case of Gas Gangrene).
9. Types of Gangrene
There are two main types of Gangrene:
Dry Gangrene ,
Wet Gangrene ,
and a variant of wet gangrene called Gas Gangrene.
10. Dry Gangrene
In this type of Gangrene
Coagulative Necrosis occur .
Main Cause
This form of gangrene begins in the
distal part of a limb due to
Ischemia.
The typical example is the dry
gangrene in the toes and feet of an
old patient due to severe
atherosclerosis.
Why?
11. Other Causes of Dry Gangrene
Buerger’s disease/Thromboangiitis Obliterans(Mostly in Chronic Smokers
due to Arterial blockage in the distal areas of Arms and Legs).
Raynaud’s disease(spasm of the arteries in the extremities, especially the
fingers and is typically brought on by constant cold or vibration).
Trauma
Ergot poisoning(Ergot is a chemical which causes Vasoconstriction).
12. Pathophysiology
1. Atherosclerosis due to deposition of Fat and Cholesterol
2. Narrowing of Blood Vessels
3. Decreased Blood Supply
4. Ischemia
5. Hypoxia (Deficiency of Oxygen)
6. Necrosis (Coagulative)
7. Dry Gangrene
13. Why we call it Dry Gangrene?
Proximal
Portion
Distal Portion
Gangrenous Tissue(Dry Gangrene)
Blockage in
Artery
No Blockage in Vein
Clear Line of
Demarcation between
Healthy and Gangrenous
Tissue
Features
1. Arterial Occulsion
2. Slow Infection
3. No/less Systemic infection(Transferable from one organ to other)
4. No septicemia
14. Morphology of Dry Gangrene
Grossly, affected part is
Dry,
Shrunken, and
Dark black resembling the foot of a mummy.
Why Gangrenous Tissue is
black?
1. It is black due to liberation of haemoglobin from haemolysed red blood cells
which is acted upon by hydrogen disulfide (H2S) produced by bacteria
resulting in formation of black iron sulfide. The line of separation usually
brings about complete separation with eventual falling off of the gangrenous
tissue if it is not removed surgically (i.e spontaneous amputation).
15. Wet Gangrene
Wet Gangrene is naturally occur in:
Moist tissues and organs such as Bowel,mouth,lungs,cervix and vulva.
Other Examples
To other examples of wet gangrene having clinical significance are as follows:
1. Diabetic foot which is due to high glucose content in the necrosed tissue which favours growth of bacteria.
2. Bed sores occurring in a bed ridden patient due to pressure on sites like the sacrum, buttocks and heels etc.
Main Cause
It is mainly due to blockage of Venous flow.
Why?
16. Why we call it Wet Gangrene?
Distal Portion
Proximal
Portion
Blockage in Vein
No Clear Line of
Demarcation between
Healthy and Gangrenous
Tissue
Gangrenous Tissue
Features
1. Venous Blockage
2. Rapid Infection
3. Systemic infection(Transferable from one organ to other)
4. Septicemia
Peripheral
Arteries
Infectious
Bacteria
No Blockage in
Artery
17. Morphology of Wet Gangrene
The affected part is:
Wet,
Soft,
Swollen,
Putrid,
Rotten, and
Dark black.
Bowl Gangrene
18. Gas Gangrene
It is a special form of wer gangrene.
Main Cause
It is caused by gas-forming clostridia (gram-positive anaerobic bacteria) e.g
Clostridium perfringens .
which gain entry into the tissues through open contaminated wounds,
especially in the muscles, or as a complication of operation on colon which
normally contains clostridia.
They release dangerous toxins or poisons, along with gas that can be trapped in
tissue.
Skin may become pale and gray.
Why?
19. Why we call it Gas Gangrene?
Distal Portion
Proximal
Portion
Blockage in Vein
No Clear Line of
Demarcation between
Healthy and Gangrenous
Tissue
Gangrenous Tissue
Features
1. Venous Blockage
2. Rapid Infection(e.g Clostridium Perfringens)
3. Systemic infection(Transferable from one organ to other)
4. Septicemia
5. Crepitation (due to CO2 formation).
Peripheral
Arteries
Clostridia
Perfringens
No Blockage in
Artery
20. Morphology of Gas Gangrene
The affected area is
Swollen,
Oedematous,.
Painful, and
Crepitant due to accumulation of gas bubbles of carbon dioxide within the
tissues formed by fermentation of sugars by Clostridia Perfringens.
21. Difference between Dry,Wet and Gas
Gangrene.
Features Dry Wet Gas
Blockage Arterial Venous Venous
Oedma No(Dry) Yes(Wet) Yes
Color Black Black Gray/Pale
Margines of
Gangrene
Clear Not clear Not clear
Speed of Infection Slow Rapid Rapid
Systemic Infection No Yes Yes
Septicemia No Yes Yes
Complications Less More More
Smell No Foul Foul
22. Diagnosis
To make a diagnosis,the doctor will carry out the following test:
Blood tests to look for the presence of certain bacteria or other germs. An
abnormally elevated white blood cell counts usually indicate the presence of infection.
Imaging tests including CT scan, X-ray, or a magnetic resonance imaging scan to view
body structures, internal organs, blood vessels or bones, and check the extent to
which the gangrene has spread.
Fluid or tissue culture to examine for the bacterium Clostridium perfringens.
In some cases, surgery may be performed to check the extent of spread.
23. Treatment
Treatment options may depend on the severity of your gangrene. Usually, tissues
that have been damaged by gangrene cannot be saved, but steps can be taken to
reduce the progression of your condition.
Antibiotics that are given intravenously or taken orally.
Surgery to remove dead tissues which may help to stop gangrene from spreading
and allows healthy tissue to heal
If possible, damaged or diseased blood vessel may be repaired in order to increase
blood flow to the affected area.
In severe cases, an affected body part may need to be amputated.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may also be used. In this type of treatment, you are
placed in a specially designed chamber filled with oxygen at a high Pressure than
the one found in the outside air.
The theory is that blood rich in oxygen slows the growth of bacteria and helps
infected wound heals more easily.
Editor's Notes
Coagulative necrosis
Is a type of cell death
that occurs when blood flow to cells stops or slows (ischemia).
It can occur anywhere in the body except the brain.
Many conditions can cause ischemia, including atherosclerosis.
Treatment and prognosis depend on the extent of the damage to the cells and tissues.
Putrefying Bacteria
Putrefaction involves the decomposition of proteins, breakdown of the tissues, and liquefaction of the organs by the action of microorganisms resulting in the production of a foul smell.
e.g. Staphylococcus (aerobic), Clostridium (Anaerobic).
Boil
A boil is a painful, pus-filled bump that forms under your skin when bacteria infect and inflame one or more of your hair follicles.
Boils (furuncles) usually start as reddish or purplish, tender bumps.
Carbuncle
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils that form a connected area of infection under the skin.
Frostbite
Frostbite is an injury caused by freezing of the skin and underlying tissues.
Frostnip
In the earliest stage of frostbite, known as frostnip, there is no permanent damage to skin.
Symptoms include cold skin and a prickling feeling, followed by numbness and inflamed or discolored skin.
Arterial occulsion.
Less Blood Supply.
Dry Gangrene (Tissue death and Decay).