Znanstvena-misel-journal-№49-2020-Vol-1

№49/2020
Znanstvena misel journal
The journal is registered and published in Slovenia.
ISSN 3124-1123
VOL.1
The frequency of publication – 12 times per year.
Journal is published in Slovenian, English, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian.
The format of the journal is A4, coated paper, matte laminated cover.
All articles are reviewed
Edition of journal does not carry responsibility for the materials published in a journal.
Sending the article to the editorial the author confirms it’s uniqueness and takes full responsibility for
possible consequences for breaking copyright laws
Free access to the electronic version of journal
Chief Editor – Christoph Machek
The executive secretary - Damian Gerbec
Dragan Tsallaev — PhD, senior researcher, professor
Dorothea Sabash — PhD, senior researcher
Vatsdav Blažek — candidate of philological sciences
Philip Matoušek — doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor
Alicja Antczak — Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor
Katarzyna Brzozowski — PhD, associate professor
Roman Guryev — MD, Professor
Stepan Filippov — Doctor of Social Sciences, Associate Professor
Dmytro Teliga — Senior Lecturer, Department of Humanitarian and Economic Sciences
Anastasia Plahtiy — Doctor of Economics, professor
Znanstvena misel journal
Slovenska cesta 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Email: info@znanstvena-journal.com
Website: www.znanstvena-journal.com

CONTENT
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Zabarna T.
MOISTURE SUPPLY UNDER MEADOW CLOVER
CROPS..........................................................................3
Nykytiyk P., Nykytiyk Yu.
COMPREHENSIVE ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF SOIL
CONDITION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE ACTIVITY
OF ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION OBJECTS................9
Pelekh L.
GROWTH PROCESSES OF SPRING CABBAGE CROPS
INFLUENCE OF FERTILISER.........................................12
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Karakulov A.
ENDOGENOUS VARIABILITY RHODODENDRON
LEDEBOURII POJARK. (ERICACEAE JUSS.) ..................19
Karakulov A.
INTERPOPULATION VARIABILITY OF MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERS OF RHODODENDRON LEDEBOURII
POJARK. (ERICACEAE JUSS.) IN THE ALTAI
MOUNTAINS..............................................................21
ECONOMICS
Kovalchuk A.
THE IMPERATIVES OF STRUCTURING AN ENTERPRISE
ECONOMIC SAFETY SYSTEM IN AN ADAPTIVE
DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT................................25
Mamonov K., Prunenko D.
MODERN TOOLS FOR THE FORMATION AND USE OF
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL OF CONSTRUCTION
COMPANIES...............................................................27
Semashko K., Trokhanovskyi V.
INTERACTION MODELING Of OFFICIAL AND ILLEGAL
ECONOMY .................................................................30
Khioni G., Stoliarchuk N.,
Kostylianu V., Blahodatnyi A.
IMPROVEMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
TO THE VALUATION OF PROPERTY OBJECTS IN
AGRICULTURE............................................................33
Emelyanova O., Kravets M.,
Samsonov V., Shershen I.
ANALYSIS OF THE REMOTE WORKER'S PORTFOLIO TO
DETECT THE TYPOLOGICAL PROFILE OF
ADAPTATION .............................................................38
PHILOLOGY
Ivanov O.
DOPPELGANGER IN RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE NOVELS
«THE EYE» AND «DESPAIR» BY V. NABOKOV............43
Kazhibayeva G., Nurzhaxina M.
TNE NATIONAL IDEAL IN TNE WORDS OF HAKIM
ABAY`S EDIFICATION .................................................46
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Mishin A.
SIGNS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF LAW
ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS ........................................48

Znanstvena misel journal №49/2020 3
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
MOISTURE SUPPLY UNDER MEADOW CLOVER CROPS
Zabarna T.
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University
Vinnytsia
Abstract
One of the key factors of sustainable further development of the livestock industry in Ukraine, especially
dairy cattle breeding, is the formation of an appropriate high-quality fodder base. The basis for solving this issue
is the availability of intensive high-productive varieties of meadow clover, adapted to specific soil and climatic
conditions and able to ensure the production of quality forage. Perennial leguminous grasses play a key role in
meeting this challenge.
Perennial grasses, especially legumes, along with formation of high-protein forage, participate in biological
farming, because they provide the soil with organic matter and biological nitrogen, stabilizing its fertility and in
general positively influence the state of the environment.
It is generally accepted that in the structure of sown areas of Ukraine, the share of perennial leguminous
grasses varies in the range of 50-75%.
The forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, which also include the territory of Vinnytsia region, occupies 202.8
thousand km2
or 33.6% of the total area, where about 43% of gross agricultural production is produced. The
prospect of the development of this region is considered to be high productive cattle breeding, development of
meat and dairy branches of productivity. In order to increase the production, decrease the prime cost of fodder and
improve its quality, it is necessary to improve the structure of areas sown with fodder grain and fodder crops, to
implement and develop special forage crop rotations with the maximum saturation of leguminous crops.
Despite the indicators of the formation of high fodder productivity and significant protein collection, the value
of meadow clover lies also in its ability to provide nitrogen nutrition for its own needs, passes through symbiosis
with nodule bacteria, and the stable high nitrogen content in the residues of roots makes it possible to increase its
share in the soil, turning meadow clover into a productive precursor. Furthermore, the seeds of perennial grasses,
including clover, are in sufficient demand on foreign markets as a source of foreign exchange earnings.
However, the current traditional technology of meadow clover cultivation does not ensure the full use of the
crop's potential. Therefore, the development of new and improvement of existing technological methods of
growing clover meadow for green fodder, is important national economic importance and requires adequate
scientific justification in the soil and climatic conditions of the Vinnitsa region.
Many years of research and practice proved the prospects of growing popular and widespread in the world of
clover meadow. Over the past years of transformation of the agricultural sector in Ukraine significantly reduced
the area of cultivation of perennial leguminous grasses, including clover meadow. It is well known that the leaf
mass of meadow clover is characterized by high digestibility, high content of vitamins, especially carotene and
minerals. In the field rotation it plays an important agrotechnical significance, provides the soil with organic matter
and biological nitrogen, improves its structure, and is also an excellent precursor for subsequent crops of the
rotation.
The article reflects the results of the research, which prove that the optimization of the conditions of mineral
nutrition in the dose (Р60К90) of meadow clover grasses promoted the rational use of productive moisture from the
soil in the formation of meadow clover grasses. It resulted in the decrease of water consumption factor in
comparison with the control variant by 33,0-34,3% in the second year of life and by 25,0-27,9% in the third year
of life of meadow clover.
Keywords: clover meadow, moisture, productivity, variety, mineral fertilizers, climate, moisture
consumption.
Meadow clover is considered to be the best fodder
crop for animals. It is used to make vitamin fodder,
silage, haymeal and green matter. The root system of
clover, when the above-ground part of the plant is
mown, becomes an ideal fertilizer as it starts to actively
accumulate nitrogen and saturate the soil with this
important element. This is why experienced gardeners
intentionally sow clover in order to enrich and improve
its fertility. Meadow clover is well known to
beekeepers as an excellent honey bee, so bees can
collect nectar and pollen from it throughout the summer
and until the end of September [1].
When using intensive cultivation technologies for
all crops in a crop rotation, it is the sowing of perennial
grasses that is the main determinant of reducing the cost
of crop production and obtaining sustainable high
yields of forage crops by introducing into the cycle of
biological nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere. It is well
known, that the main biological feature of all perennial
grasses is their longevity in herbage, besides fast
vegetative regrowth after mowing and high adaptability
to the conditions of cultivation of crops and increasing
of soil fertility.
V. Pereguda adds that the green mass of perennial
grasses is used to make hay and haylage, which are so
necessary for feeding all kinds of farm animals, as well
as balanced in all nutrients. In addition, perennial grass
seeds are in demand on foreign markets, which

4 Znanstvena misel journal №49/2020
generates foreign exchange earnings. One should also
take into account such a biological factor as
improvement of soil structure and increase of its
fertility by enriching it with available nitrogen [2,3].
To date, Ukraine is one of the main areas where
high yields of meadow clover are grown and obtained.
Clover is very valuable fodder crop, allows you to
balance the protein content of carbohydrate fodder,
contains almost all essential amino acids, including the
most important - lysine, methionine, tryptophan. Under
favorable growing conditions, a two-year application of
meadow clover accumulated 4.06-4.08 t/ha of dry root
mass in the soil, containing 83.7-84.3 kg of nitrogen,
24.4-24.5 kg of phosphorus, and 51.1-51.4 kg of
potassium. The application of phosphorus-potassium
fertilizers at the rate of Р60К90 and inoculation
contributed to the maximum productivity of meadow
clover grass. On the non-tillage crops the green mass
yield was 30,20-32,06 t/ha with the yield of 6,24-6,59
t/ha of dry matter. In the sub-covered crops the
productivity values in accordance varied between
31.14-32.97 and 6.29-6.61 t/ha [4].
Scientists recommend that in order to increase the
production of quality high-protein plant resources in
Ukraine, it is worth expanding the sown areas of
perennial leguminous grasses, as well as improving
their cultivation technology for fodder purposes in
different regions. It is through this that the need for
fodder protein can be almost completely satisfied [5].
Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to increase the area
sown with perennial grasses in the total structure of
fodder crops to about 50-60%, without which it is
actually impossible to balance the group of fodder
crops in terms of digestible protein content [6].
The problem of supplying moisture to all crops is
now an acute one for farmers all over the world and is
quite urgent. The climate has been changing very
rapidly in recent years, and seasons with extremely low
rainfall are disastrous for farmers. The problem of soil
moisture supply is systemic and profound and needs to
be addressed urgently. Because soil moisture
availability is directly related to its structure, tillage
method and ultimately affects the overall improvement
of fertility.
Water is a plant temperature regulator: moisture
evaporates through the leaves, lowering the
temperature and preventing the plants from
overheating. About 0.2 to 0.3% of the water absorbed
by plants is used to build up plant mass, and over 99%
is evaporated, providing a transport role and a heat-
protective effect. The evaporation of water by leaves
and other above-ground organs is called transpiration.
Transpiration creates a force in the cells of the leaves
that ensures the transport of water and the substances
dissolved in it from the roots to the leaves. If the plant
evaporates more water than takes it up from the soil, it
loses turgor and withers. In such a plant, photosynthesis
is reduced and the processes of hydrolysis and
decomposition of organic matter are intensified, so that
the coordination of enzymes is disrupted. For many
cultivated plants, moisture in the arable soil layer (0-20
cm), where the main mass of the root system is located,
is of great importance. A decrease in productive
moisture in this layer of less than 20 mm begins to have
a negative impact on yield formation.
For optimal biological processes the agricultural
plants need a certain amount of assimilated moisture
[7].
The productive moisture in the soil is the main
source of crop watering. The productive moisture is
understood as that part of soil moisture, which is
contained in the soil in forces not exceeding the suction
power of the root system of plants, creates optimal
conditions for watering the cells of the plant organism
and is used by them to maintain vital functions and
synthesis of organic matter [8].
Numerous publications of scientists confirm that
an important factor in increasing crop yields is the
rational consumption of productive moisture reserves.
It is known that it is possible to increase the efficiency
of soil moisture use by optimizing the conditions of
mineral nutrition and improving the water and physical
properties of the soil, provides an intensive use of
productive moisture from deep soil layers and reducing
its losses on physical evaporation [9,10].
Soil water regime is directly dependent on the
following factors, namely the amount and frequency of
precipitation, solar energy, soil temperature, air
temperature and many other agrometeorological
factors. However, the crops themselves affect the
formation of the water regime of the soil: the root
system determines the absorption of water from the soil
and its transportation to the vegetative and generative
organs of the plant and the formation of plant tissues
the above-ground mass produces its microclimate,
directly affecting the operation of meteorological
factors [11].
The indicator of water content in plant organs
determines the intensity of physiological and
biochemical processes, enzymatic activity of plants and
their growth and development.
In perennial legume grasses, such as alfalfa and
meadow clover, with increasing temperature and light
the intensity of transpiration increases and reaches a
maximum during the formation of 3-4 true leaves.
During the period of pogonovutvoreniya this indicator
decreased, and at the onset of the phase of budding it
increases again, while at the time of flowering the
consumption of moisture by plants decreases again. If
perennial legumes are not properly supplied with
moisture, the intensity of the pagoneutvival process
stops or weakens, and the number of growth buds on
the root neck of the plants decreases. As a consequence,
the delay of vegetative regeneration has a detrimental
effect on the dynamics of leaf mass accumulation [12].
Researchers have established that the optimal
condition for meadow clover corresponds to the state of
soil moisture, when its pores are 88% filled with water
and 12% with air [13].
I.S. Shatilov adds that the best conditions for
meadow clover are created at 89% NV during
sprouting-early flowering, 60% during flowering and
40% during seed ripening [14]. Yield also depends on
the distribution of moisture relative to the phases of
development, the moisture becomes a limiting factor in
the formation of yield [15].

According to Ulanova E.S. and Zabelin V.M., soil
moisture occupies an important place among the main
factors that ensure the growth and development of
agricultural plants. Its optimal level during the growing
season guarantees high and sustainable crop yields. The
provision of moisture to crops during the growing
season is estimated by its availability in the soil [16].
Adapted to the conditions of the environment
varieties allow maximum use of the growing season,
soil fertility, mineral nutrition, irrigation conditions,
drought tolerance, winter hardiness, as well as
successfully withstand adverse stress factors.
Therefore, two varieties of meadow clover of local
selection, Sparta and Anitra, were selected for the
study. The cover crop was barley of the variety
Sobornyi.
After harvesting the forecrop (winter wheat for
grain) the stubble was tilled followed by under-winter
plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm. Pre-sowing
preparation included tilling to a depth of 10-12 cm
followed by mineral fertilizer application. The soil was
levelled and compacted with a combined unit, after
which seeding was carried out. The sowing rate of
meadow clover was 9.0 and spring barley 2.0 mln. pcs.
of germinated seeds / ha respectively. Before sowing
the meadow clover seeds were prinoculated with a
bacterial preparation. After sowing the crops were
rolled with ring-spiked rollers.
Meadow clover was harvested for green fodder in
the phase of early flowering and barley for grain in the
phase of full grain ripeness.
The laying and field studies were conducted in
accordance with the generally accepted methods
[17,18].
Since the moisture content in the soil is an
important indicator affecting the vital activity of plants
of meadow clover of the first year of life, therefore, we
intended to study the dynamics of productive moisture
content in its crops. Our research on the dynamics of
stocks of productive moisture showed that on average
over the years of research, at the time of sowing of
clover meadow in uncovered and undercover crops
stocks of productive moisture in the soil layer 0-50 cm
were within 95.1 mm.
During the life activity of meadow clover plants,
stocks of productive moisture in the soil varied due to
the moisture regime of the region and the amount of
precipitation (Table 1).
As a rule, the stocks of productive moisture in
grass stands of meadow clover under the cover of
spring barley should be lower in comparison with
uncovered crops. Our study of stocks of productive
moisture in the soil layer 0-50 cm showed that in the
conditions of the region on grey forested silty loam
soils there is little difference between the covered and
uncovered crops.
This can be explained by the fact that the number
of meadow clover plants in uncovered crops was
slightly higher and they were better developed, and
therefore in the process of their life activity they more
intensively used the reserves of productive moisture for
the formation of the leaf-stem mass yield.
Whereas stocks of productive moisture in the
period of full sprouts of clover meadow, for variety
Sparta were in the range 96.5-101.4 mm - in non-tillage
cultivation and 96.2-100.9 mm - in sub-tillage.
Indicators of stocks of productive moisture under
grasses of meadow clover variety Anitra were at the
level of 91.3-96.3 mm - at uncovered cultivation and
91.0-95.8 mm - at undercover cultivation.
Table 1
Dynamics of productive moisture reserves in soil under crops of meadow clover
of the first year of life in the layer 0-50 cm, mm (Average for 2016-2017)
Fertilizer
Landless cultivation Groundcover cultivation
full
sprout
Emergence from
under the cover
Cessation of
vegetation
full
sprout
Emergence from
under the cover
Cessation of
vegetation
Sparta
Without fertiliser
(control)
101,4 28,4 49,4 100,9 27,2 47,6
Inoculation 99,5 27,6 47,1 99,2 26,3 46,6
Inoculation +
Р60К90
98,3 25,8 44,8 98,1 24,9 43,8
Inoculation +
N60Р60К90
96,5 22,7 41,7 96,2 22,3 40,1
Anitra
Without
fertilizer
(control)
96,3 26,4 45,0 95,8 24,6 43,5
Inoculation 94,4 25,0 43,0 94,1 23,7 42,5
Inoculation +
Р60К90
93,1 23,2 41,6 92,9 22,4 41,0
Inoculation +
N60Р60К90
91,3 21,4 38,3 91,0 20,2 37,1

At the time of harvesting barley for grain the
amount of productive moisture in the under- and
uncovered crops differed. Thus, in uncovered crops, on
the variants without fertilizer, stocks of productive
moisture amounted to 26.4-28.4 mm.
Upon application of clover seeds inoculation, the
content of productive moisture in the soil layer 0-50 cm
was 25,0-27,6 mm, while on the plots with the
application of mineral fertilizers in the rate of P60K90
the stocks of productive moisture were 23,2-25, 8
m3/ha.
The least stocks of productive moisture were
(21.4-22.7 m3/ha) on the variants with the application
of full mineral fertilizers, which is explained by
intensive use of water during formation of the leaf mass
yield.
The content of productive moisture in the soil of
meadow clover under crops on the variants without
fertilization was 24.6-27.2 mm, while under
inoculation it was 23.7-26.3 mm.
On meadow clover herbage, where phosphorus-
potassium fertilizers and pre-sowing seed inoculation
with bacterial preparation were applied, stocks of
productive moisture in the soil layer 0-50 cm were
22,4-24,9 mm. At application of full mineral fertilizer
in norm N60Р60К90 during the pre-sowing cultivation
these reserves in the soil were the least and amounted
to 20,2-22,3 mm.
At the end of vegetation meadow clover in the first
year of life stocks of productive moisture were in the
range 41,7-49,4 mm for variety Sparta at non-tillage
cultivation and 40,1-47,6 mm - at under-tillage
cultivation.
At the same time the stocks of productive moisture
in the soil layer 0-50 cm under meadow clover herbage
of the variety Anitra were between 38.3-45.0 mm for
non-tillage crops and between 37.1-43.5 mm for under-
tillage crops.
We found that the processes of the formation of
the leaf-stem mass of meadow clover in the second and
third years of life were influenced by both the equal
mineral nutrition and the ways of growing of meadow
clover and by the varieties and the level of soil
provision with productive moisture.
It was noted that at the time of renewal of spring
vegetation of plants of meadow clover of the second
year of life, the amount of productive moisture in the
soil layer 0-100 cm was 165,1-170,4 mm (Table 2).
At cultivation of a clover meadow variety Sparta
on variants without application of mineral fertilizers for
the period of slope ripening the content of productive
moisture in the soil was 144,6-148,1 mm, and at the
time of the second cutting only 89,6-91,8 mm.
Table 2
Stocks of productive moisture under grasses of meadow clover Sparta variety
of the second year of life in the 0-100 cm layer, mm (Average for 2017-2018)
Fertilizer Growing method Regrowth 1 Grass stand slope 2 Grass stand slope
Without fertilizer
(control)
landless 170,4 148,1 91,8
groundbreaking 168,0 144,6 89,6
Inoculation
landless 169,7 143,8 89,8
Inoculation + Р60К90
landless 166,9 135,1 83,2
Inoculation +
N60Р60К90
landless 168,8 139,4 87,0
When growing meadow clover cultivar Anitra
under similar conditions stocks of productive moisture
were 141,6-145,5 and 87,390,2 mm respectively.
The lowest rates of productive moisture in the soil,
at the collection of leaf mass of meadow clover were
observed in the variants with the introduction of
phosphorus-potassium fertilizer (Р60К90) in the pre-
sowing cultivation and the use of rhizotorfin. Thus,
during the first cutting of clover grass Sparta the
reserves of productive moisture in the soil were 130,5-
135,1 mm and during the second cutting 80,9-83,2 mm.
The stocks of productive moisture in the soil layer
0-100 cm at the time of renewal of spring vegetation of
meadow clover of the third year of life on the average
on the experience were in the range 183,1-189,2 mm
(tab. 3).
On the average for the variants without the
application of mineral fertilizers the stocks of
productive moisture at the time of the first cutting were
185,7-189,2 mm and at the time of the second cutting
they were 158,3-163,5 mm.
Table 3
Stocks of productive moisture under grasses of meadow clover Sparta variety
of the third year of life in the layer 0-100 cm, m3 /ha (Average for 2018-2019r.)
Fertilizer Growing method Regrowth 1 Grass stand slope 2 Grass stand slope
Without fertilizer (control)
landless 189,2 163,5 140,3
Inoculation
landless 188,7 158,4 135,7
Inoculation + Р60К90
landless 185,4 146,8 130,4
Inoculation + N60Р60К90
landless 187,5 152,2 134,8

At carrying out of the pre-sowing inoculation of
clover seeds the content of productive moisture under
grasses of both varieties was 185,3-188,7 mm during
the first cutting and 151,2-158,4 mm - during the
second cutting.
As the meadow clover cultivars formed the highest
yield of leafy mass on the variant with P60K90
application and seed inoculation the content of
productive moisture was correspondingly lower as
compared with other variants. Thus, during the first
cutting the moisture content was 183,1-186,7 mm and
during the second cutting it was 139,6-146,8 mm.
In the third year of life of meadow clover, at
application of N60P60K90 to pre-sowing cultivation
stocks of productive moisture in the soil layer 0-100 cm
during the first mowing were 183.7-187.1 mm, while
during the second mowing they were in the range
145.6-152.2 mm.
For more objective estimation of use of stocks of
productive moisture of soil, at formation of a crop of
leafy mass of clover meadow, except for definition of
stocks of productive moisture we also calculated
indicators of the total water consumption and
coefficient of water consumption.
To determine the total water consumption, we
determined the difference of moisture reserves at the
time of sowing and at the time of harvesting, and then
to this indicator we added the amount of precipitation
that fell during this time.
The water consumption coefficient is defined as
the ratio of total water consumption to crop yield in
absolutely dry matter.
It should be noted that the indicators of total water
consumption of meadow clover plants during the
growing season depended to a large extent on the levels
of mineral nutrition and the method of cultivation in the
first year of life (Table 4).
Thus, in uncovered crops, on the variants without
fertilizer, the indicators of total water consumption
were 256 m3 /ha, while in undercover crops - 256-258
m3 /ha.
The use of seed inoculation when sowing meadow
clover, on average for the experiment, increased the
total water consumption ratios by 234-232 m3/ha - in
no-till crops and by 256-263 m3 /ha.
When P60K90 was applied in pre-sowing
cultivation with inoculation the values of total water
consumption on uncovered crops were 262-264 m3/ha
and on under-covered crops were 262-263 m3/ha.
Under the condition of the introduction of full
mineral fertilizer in the rate of N60Р60К90 with the pre-
sowing seed inoculation the total water consumption of
the meadow clover varieties without grass cover was
260-261 m3/ha, and in the grassland - 261-263 m3/ha.
In the course of the research, it was found that the
higher the water consumption factor of meadow clover
during the growing season was noted on the control
variant. Thus, for the variety Sparta in uncovered crops
it was 565, and in undercover - 557.
Table 4
Total water consumption and water consumption coefficients of meadow clover in the third year of life
depending on fertilizer and cultivation method (average for 2018-2019 yr.)
Variety Fertilizer
Growing
method
Total water consumption during
vegetation, m3 /ha
Water consumption
coefficient per vegetation
Sparta
Without fertilizer
(control)
landless 230 734
groundbreaking 230 722
Inoculation
landless 234 726
Inoculation +
Р60К90
landless 236 574
Inoculation +
N60Р60К90
landless 234 635
The coefficient of water consumption of meadow
clover variety Anitra during the growing season was
535 in uncovered crops and 528 in undercover crops.
The most economically productive moisture is
used by meadow clover crops on the variants with the
application of Р60К90 to the pre-sowing cultivation with
the pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with a bacterial
preparation. Under these growing conditions the water
consumption coefficient of meadow clover variety
Sparta was 421 in uncovered crops and 417 in sub
covered crops. That is, these values were close for the
variety Sparta in the third year of life.
In uncovered cultivars of meadow clover cultivar
Anitra the water consumption factor in the third year of
life was 400, and in undercover cultivars it was 397 -
subject to the application of phosphorus-potassium
fertilizer and seed inoculation.
It should be noted that the indices of total water
consumption in the third year of life were slightly lower
than in the second year, while the indices of water
consumption coefficient, on the contrary, tended to
increase.
On the control variant under cultivation of
meadow clover variety Sparta in uncovered crops the
total water consumption during the growing season was
230 m3/ha, while the water consumption coefficient
was 734. Under similar growing conditions for the
meadow clover variety Anitra, the total water
consumption and the water requirement factor per
vegetation were 231 m3/ha and 666, respectively.
Under the sub cropping method of meadow clover
cultivation on the variant without fertilization the total
water consumption of the variety Sparta was 230 m3 /
ha, and of the variety Anitra - 231 m3/ha, with the
coefficients of water consumption were respectively
722 and 652.
It should be noted that when using phosphorous-
potassium fertilizer (Р60К90) in pre-sowing tillage the

indicators of the total water consumption for meadow
clover varieties without grass cover were 236-240
m3/ha, while in sub-grass crops they were 238-240
m3/ha. At the same time, for uncovered cultivars of
meadow clover the water consumption coefficient was
527-574, and for undercover cultivars it was 521-570.
Thus, it was found that the optimization of the
conditions of mineral nutrition (Р60К90) of meadow
clover grasses contributed to the rational use of
productive moisture from the soil in the formation of
the leaf mass. It resulted in the reduction of water
consumption factor in comparison with the control by
33,0-34,3% in the second year of life and by 25,0-
27,9% in the third year of life of meadow clover.
References
1. Electronic resource:
https://agrostory.com/ua/info-centre/fans/klever-
lugovoy-krasnyy/
https://propozitsiya.com/ua/bagatorichni-travi
3. Petrychenko V. F. Obgruntuvannia
tekhnolohii vyroshchuvannia kormovykh kultur ta
enerhozberezhennia v polovomu kormovyrobnytstvi /
V. F. Petrychenko // Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky. – 2003. №
10. Spetsvypusk S. 6–10.
4. Zabarna T. A. Vplyv siianykh travostoiv
koniushyny luchnoi na nahromadzhennia korenevoi
masy ta zminu fizyko-khimichnykh pokaznykiv
rodiuchosti gruntu Polish journal of science. - 2020. -
№ 26. - P. 3-8.
5. Poberezhna A. A. Ekonomichni problemy
svitovykh vysokobilkovykh roslynnykh resursiv / A. A.
Poberezhna // Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. 2003. Vyp.
50. S. 49–54.
6. Petrychenko V. F. Teoretychni osnovy
intensyfikatsii kormovyrobnytstva v Ukraini / V. F.
Petrychenko // Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky. 2007. № 10.
S.19–22.
https://pidruchniki.com/1352061262645/tovaroznavst
vo/vologozabezpechennya_kultur
8. Verigo S. A. Pochvennaya vlaga:
monografiya. S. A. Verigo, L. A. Razumova. L:
Gidrometeoizdat, 1973. 328 s.
9. Proizvodstvo i ratsionalnoe ispolzovanie
kormovogo proteina / Pod. red. I. P. Proskuryi. K.:
Urojay, 1979. 408 s.
10. Nemtsov N. S. Izmenenie moschnosti
korneobitaemogo sloya i produktivnosti
selskohozyaystvennyih kultur v zavisimosti ot doz
udobreniy i glubinyi ih zadelki / N. S. Nemtsov, V. I.
Karagin, A. A. Moiseev i dr. // Dokladyi Rossiyskoy
akademii selskohozyaystvennyih nauk. 2002. № 1.
yanvar – fevral. S. 20–22.
11. Zabarna T. A. Vplyv hidrotermichnykh umov
na kormovu produktyvnist koniushyny luchnoi v
umovakh pravoberezhnoho Lisostepu / T. A. Zabarna //
Zbirnyk naukovykh prats VNAU. № 10 (50). 2012. S.
85–90.
12. Kvitko H. P. Bahatorichni bobovi travy –
osnova pryrodnoi intensyfikatsii kormovyrobnytstva ta
polipshennia rodiuchosti gruntu v Lisostepu Ukrainy .
Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. 2012. Vyp. 73. S. 113-
117.
13. Babych A. O. Svitovi zemelni, prodovolchi i
kormovi resursy. / A. O. Babych. K.: Ahrarna nauka,
1996. 570 s.
14. SHatilov I. S. Printsipyi programmirovaniya
urojaynosti. Programmirovanie urojaev s.-h. kultur:
Nauch. tr. VASHIIL / I. S. SHatilov. M.: 1975. S.7–17.
https://www.agronom.com.ua/osoblyvosti-
vologozabezpechennya-kukurudzy/
16. Ulanova E.S., Zabelin V.N. Metodyi
korrelyatsionnogo i regressionnogo analiza v
agrometeorologii. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1990. 207s.
17. Dospehov B. A. Metodika polevogo opyita /
B. A. Dospehov M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. 347 s.
18. Metodyka provedennia doslidzhen po
kormovyrobnytstvu / Pid red. A.O. Babycha.
Vinnytsia. 1994. 87 s.

COMPREHENSIVE ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF SOIL CONDITION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
THE ACTIVITY OF ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION OBJECTS
Nykytiyk P.
Nykytiyk Yu.
Polissya National University of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Zhytomyr
Abstract
Regulation of relations in the field of protection, use and reproduction of natural resources, environmental
safety, prevention and elimination of negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment, con-
servation of natural resources, genetic fund of wildlife, landscapes and other natural complexes is the main purpose
of Ukrainian laws. On the protection of the natural environment "," On the protection of atmospheric air "and" On
ensuring the sanitary and epidemic well-being of the population ".
The study of the level of economic activity of modern livestock farms in Ukraine in different areas of pro-
duction: soil, groundwater and surface water, airspace is important for the timely implementation of necessary
measures to improve the overall environment and promote quality livestock production is extremely relevant to-
day.
Keywords: livestock farms, soil pollution, ecological condition of soils.
The coli-titer is the smallest amount of soil in
which Escherichia coli is found. This is the inverse of
the coli index, which is an indicator of fecal contami-
nation.
The presence of Escherichia coli in the soil at a
value of 0.9 and below indicates intense soil contami-
nation with feces. The high titer (from 1.0) of Esche-
richia coli indicates the processes of completion of self-
cleaning of the soil and characterizes the soil as free
from contamination of organic origin and enterobacte-
ria.
Negative impact on the body caused by Esche-
richia coli is characterized by inflammation of the mu-
cous membranes of the stomach and intestines, diges-
tive disorders (decreased appetite, weakness, fever, ab-
dominal pain, nausea). The most dangerous
consequences of this disease are depletion of the body
due to loss of fluid and salts. This can be manifested by
a feeling of thirst and dryness in the mouth and throat.
According to the results of coli-titer indicators, the
sanitary condition of experimental soil samples within
the sanitary protection zones of livestock farms is char-
acterized by a low-contaminated level, and outside the
sanitary protection zones and in the control sample -
corresponds to the "clean" scale. Experimental studies
have established a direct relationship between such in-
dicators as the capacity (number of livestock) of live-
stock and the obtained values of coli-titer: the rate of
soil contamination in the sanitary protection zone of the
studied livestock increases with increasing capacity of
these farms.
The level of soil contamination with Escherichia
coli changes during the year: the ecological condition
of the soil significantly deteriorates during the warm
period of the year. Thus, the soils of SPZ of the studied
enterprises in the winter are "slightly polluted", in the
spring and summer their sanitary condition corresponds
to the values of "slightly polluted", and in the summer
they reach levels corresponding to the value of "heavily
polluted".
In the summer period of the year in the soil sam-
ples taken outside the sanitary protection zones of the
studied livestock farms and the control area are the
level of "slightly contaminated" with Escherichia coli,
during other seasons they are "clean".
pH - a characteristic reaction of the soil solution,
which has a significant impact on soil formation pro-
cesses, the specifics of microbiological processes, plant
growth and development.
The pH value ranges from 3 to 9 for the most com-
mon types of soils and depending on this indicator soils
are divided into the following groups: very acidic (3.1
- 4.0), acidic (4.1 - 5.0), slightly acidic 5.1 - 6.0), neutral
(6.1 - 7.0), alkaline (7.1 - 8.0) and very alkaline (8.1 -
9.0). Swamp and sod-podzolic soils are characterized
by an acid reaction, chestnut soils, silt soils and salt
marshes are characterized by an alkaline reaction, and
a neutral reaction is characteristic of some types of
chernozems.
The acid reaction of the soil has a negative effect
on the assimilation of micro- and macroelements (mag-
nesium, nitrogen, phosphorus) by plants, which in-
creases the level of manganese and aluminum in the
plants. In plants that are inherent in acidic soils, the pro-
cess of formation of disaccharides from monosaccha-
rides and other complex organic compounds is slowed
down, namely, a significant violation of metabolic pro-
cesses and protein synthesis. Even a slight increase in
alkalinity enhances the peptization of colloids in the
soil, adversely affects the growth and development of
plants, resulting in a significant reduction in the quality
of physical and chemical properties and water regime
of the soil.
The pH value of the soil may vary depending on
the reaction of the pH of wastewater around livestock
complexes.
In the study area, the natural reaction of soil pH is
neutral. This is characterized by soil pH values outside
the SPZ of livestock farms and the control area, which
are close to the upper level of the pH limit for "neutral"
soils.
The alkalinity of the soil pH reaction increases
even within the SPZ of the studied livestock enter-
prises. With increasing farm capacity increases the al-
kalinity of the soil and near livestock enterprises of high
capacity soils are classified as "very alkaline".
A slight increase in pH values is observed in the
warm periods of the year, even the pH response of the

soils of livestock farms becomes "very alkaline". Soil
pH values in the winter period of the year within the
SPZ of livestock farms are reduced and are character-
ized by the level of "alkaline". However, as an excep-
tion, high-capacity enterprises, the soils near which are
"very alkaline" throughout the year.
The same fluctuations are characteristic of the pH
response of soils outside the SPZ of other livestock en-
terprises, but these soils correspond to the category of
"alkaline" during the year. Only the control soil has a
neutral pH reaction in the winter and off-season.
Nitrogen is an important natural element that is the
basis of amino acids of protein substances for plants
and natural organic compounds: chlorophyll, phospha-
tides, enzymes, alkaloids, lipoids, nucleoproteins.
In the arable layer of different types of soils, the
level of total nitrogen is from 0.05 to 0.30% and de-
pends on the level of presence of various organic com-
pounds. In ordinary and typical chernozems, the high-
est level of nitrogen is characteristic of the Forest-
Steppe of the Northern Steppe. The lowest content of
nitrogen and its compounds is in Polissya, where sod-
slightly podzolic and medium-podzolic soils predomi-
nate. The total nitrogen content in the arable layer of
the soil depends on soil-forming processes and anthro-
pogenic activity and is in the range from 2 to 8 t / ha
and from 4 to 30 t / ha in the meter layer. According to
the level of total nitrogen content in Ukraine, 6 soil
classes are represented: very low (0.05–0.07), low
(0.07–0.12), reduced (0.12–0.17), medium (0, 17–
0.20), elevated (0.20–0.25), high (0.25 and higher).
Much more often and to a greater extent the need
of plants for nitrogen nutrition is manifested in compar-
ison with other organic elements, which is a significant
indicator of the impact on the level of crop yields.
As noted by the famous agrochemist IV Tyurin:
"Nitrogen is the main limiting element, and the most
important factor in increasing soil fertility is its gradual
accumulation." For intensification of synthesis of the
basic proteinaceous substances, stimulation of growth
and delay of aging of an organism of plants, increase of
vital activity of green weight of plants the correct high-
grade nitrogen food is most important. To a large ex-
tent, with optimal nitrogen nutrition, plant growth is ac-
celerated, more massive stems and leaves of rich green
color are formed, the formation of the main reproduc-
tive organs is improved and productivity is signifi-
cantly increased.
But it is also important that an excessive amount
of nitrogen in plant nutrition does not cause a signifi-
cant increase in their productivity. This effect disrupts
the optimal life of the plant, which, in most cases, leads
to negative consequences: a decrease in the content of
dry matter in grains and roots, significantly reduces the
level of minerals in forage crops, which can lead to an-
imal diseases of various complex diseases, including
and tetany, the stability of fruits and vegetables during
transportation to mechanical damages considerably de-
creases, their taste qualities of a product worsen; the ac-
cumulation of a significant amount of harmful products
(nitrates, nitrites, etc.) increases; the level of suscepti-
bility of plants to diseases and pests (rust, mildew,
aphids, fleas, etc.) increases significantly; the coeffi-
cient of soil nitrogen accumulation by plants is signifi-
cantly reduced.
But even with insufficient nitrogen nutrition there
are negative changes in the body of plants: inhibition of
plant growth and development, as a result, significantly
reduces their resistance to negative factors and produc-
tivity. Nitrogen deficiency primarily affects the discol-
oration of the leaves. First, change the color of the
lower leaves: the color changes to pale green from the
top of the leaf and gradually to the edges. The leaves
turn yellow quickly enough, becoming orange and red.
The color change later leads to the death of the leaves.
Nitrogen deficiency or nitrogen starvation signifi-
cantly delays plant growth and development, which can
be clearly assessed visually. The stems become thinner,
the plant is significantly elongated, there is a weak
branching, the size and shape of the leaves decreases,
the formation of reproductive organs deteriorates.
The main important source of nitrogen is
wastewater from livestock farms. Nitrogen in
wastewater is characterized by an easily digestible
form, although nitrogen becomes available after the de-
composition of organic matter.
The concentration of total nitrogen due to the in-
fluence of the studied livestock farms in the soils of
their SPZ increases by 1.48 times compared to soils
outside the SPZ. It is established that the soils in the
SPZ of livestock farms are characterized by a class of
soils with "reduced" nitrogen content, and near high-
capacity livestock enterprises - to "medium". The con-
tent of total nitrogen in the soils outside the SPZ of live-
stock farms and the control area is at a "low" level.
Thus, the results of experimental studies show that
the issue of soil contamination with nitrogen pig farms
do not have a negative impact on the ecological condi-
tion of soils, but rather improve their quality. In addi-
tion, the concentration of total nitrogen in soils in-
creases in direct proportion to the increase in the capac-
ity of livestock farms.
The content of total nitrogen in the soil changes
during the year. In winter and in the off-season, the
amount of nitrogen in the SPZ of farms belongs to the
level with "reduced" nitrogen content, and in summer
the amount of nitrogen increases and is the value corre-
sponding to the class of soils with "average" total nitro-
gen content.
During the warm periods of the year, the amount
of nitrogen in the soils outside the SPZ of enterprises
and the control area increases, although its level re-
mains "low" throughout the year.
Chlorides are salts of hydrochloric acid (HCl),
which are characterized by a cation and one or more
monovalent anions of chlorine Cl-. In soils, chlorides
are represented mainly by crystalline salts.
Due to the intensive leaching of chlorides by nat-
ural precipitation, the level of chloride ion content does
not reach significant values. But there are cases when
there are significant concentrations of chlorides:
- increasing the level of soil salinity due to the rise
of groundwater with high mineralization;
- regular inflows of natural waters with a signifi-
cant level of liquid evaporation.

Thus, in the case of regular inflows of natural wa-
ters with a significant level of liquid evaporation, chlo-
rides are detected in the form of inclusions of crystal-
line salts in the soil (table salt (NaCl) is the most com-
mon). The chloride content in the soil is insignificant
and is approximately 0.01%.
Excess content of sodium chloride (NaCl) and
magnesium chloride (MgCl2) in the soil contributes to
chloride salinization of soils. Chlorides are extremely
toxic. The growth and development of most plants is
significantly inhibited when the content of chlorides in
the soil at a concentration of 0.03%. In cases of deep
salinization of soils, most tree species are the most vul-
nerable.
According to the results of research, it has been
established that livestock farms increase the chloride
content almost 2 times in the soils of the sanitary pro-
tection zone and their content increases in accordance
with the increase in the capacity of livestock enter-
prises. It should be noted that the content of chlorides
in soils outside the sanitary protection zone of farms
corresponds to the control value.
There was a slight increase in the level of chloride
concentration in the soils at all experimental sites both
within the sanitary protection zone of livestock farms
and outside them during the warm period of the year,
especially in summer. However, it should be noted that
these fluctuations are insignificant: summer indicators
exceeded winter values only by 1.1–1.3 times.
However, the control indicators are twice as high
as the values of the chloride content of soils of the san-
itary protection zone of livestock enterprises.
Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The
most common among soluble soil compounds are sul-
fates of ammonium, potassium, magnesium, and so-
dium.
The main component of ammonium sulfate as a
nitrogen fertilizer is NO4 +, which is easily broken
down from the sulfate anion and assimilated by plants
as a source of valuable nitrogen. In addition, ammo-
nium sulfate is used as an additional source of sulfur to
enrich sandy soils and sandy loams. Magnesium sul-
phate has a significant effect on the germination and
full functioning of pollen grains. Calcium sulfate is
used as an inhibitor of methane release from the soils
of fields with high moisture content.
However, increasing the concentration of various
sulphate compounds in the soil is quite dangerous, as it
can lead to serious diseases of farm animals due to poi-
soning of green mass of plants growing on these soils:
increasing ammonium sulphate in the soil can lead to
polyencephalomyelitis in sheep and cattle. In addition,
the significant accumulation of sodium (Na2SO4) and
magnesium (MgSO4) sulfates contributes to sulfate sal-
inization of the soil.
In the human body, sulfates in large quantities
cause urolithiasis, cardiovascular disease, significantly
impair the basic functional properties of the stomach.
It has been experimentally established that the
content of sulfates in soils near livestock farms is in-
creased by wastewater.
Under the influence of livestock farms, the content
of sulfates in SPZ soils increases 2-3 times, compared
to the corresponding indicators for soils outside the
SPZ and the control area. As a result of the research, a
direct relationship was established between the capac-
ity of livestock farms and the quantitative characteris-
tics of the level of sulfates in the soils of the sanitary
protection zone of livestock farms. In soils, the concen-
tration of sulfates outside the sanitary protection zone
of livestock enterprises does not significantly exceed
the corresponding value of the control soil.
The content of sulfates in soils according to the re-
sults of all research sites by periods of the year does not
differ much: the indicators of the warm period of the
year exceed the winter only 1.3 times. However, it was
found that the content of sulfates in the soils of the stud-
ied areas is higher than the control indicators by 2.1–
2.6 times during the year.
The microbial count is a quantitative characteristic
of the content of microorganisms, the main part of bac-
teria, per 1 g of dry soil.
The level of the total microbial number per 1 g of
soil often reaches 1-4 billion. But for this indicator
there is no single standard, this is due to the fact that in
soils of different types and under different climatic con-
ditions, the number of bacteria varies greatly. Soils in
which about 10% of organic matter in the dry weight of
the soil is richest in microorganisms, namely cherno-
zem. In 1 g of chernozem more than 3.5 million micro-
bial organisms.
To determine the microbial count, microorgan-
isms of fecal origin are taken into account. Accord-
ingly, this soil is a source of dangerous contamination
of living organisms, as well as humans. In the case of
pathogenic microorganisms from the soil into the body
can occur diseases called diseases of soil infections
(botulism, tetanus, dysentery, anthrax, typhoid, etc.).
Another dangerous source of disease is the entry of
pathogenic microorganisms into food.
It should be noted that there was an increase in the
number of microorganisms in 2 - 3 times in the studied
soil samples near livestock farms in comparison with
the values of the microbial number of soil in the
sanitary protection zone of livestock farms with the
values of the control variant. It is established that there
is a direct relationship between the capacity of livestock
and the level of soil pollution in the control areas. As in
the studies of other indicators above, the characteristic
sanitary condition of the soil outside the sanitary
protection zone of enterprises is considered
satisfactory.
Seasonal dynamics is also observed in
microbiological soil contamination. In summer, there is
a significant increase in the number of microorganisms
in the soils of sanitary protection zones of the studied
livestock farms and the control indicator increases by
2.4–3 times.
Significantly lower in spring and autumn
microbial counts than in summer, although they still
exceed the control values by 1.3–2.3 times, in addition,
autumn values are much lower than in spring. The
lowest rates are typical for the winter period of the year,
although even at this time they exceed the control by
1.6-2.1 times.
In soils outside the SPZ of livestock farms and the

control area, the values of the microbial count are
characterized by insignificant fluctuations during the
year: the number of microorganisms in the summer
exceeds the winter by 1.6–2.1 times.
References
1. Chornobylets V. Gruntovi mikroorhanizmy i
yikh znachennia dlia roslyn. Ahrobiznes sohodni. 2011.
№9(208). S. 26–28.
2. Эntomolohycheskye metodы yssledovanyia
pochvы naselennыkh mest na nalychye preymahyn-
alnыkh stadyi synantropnыkh mukh: Metodycheskye
ukazanyia MU 2.1.7.2657–10. [Vveden 2010–07–09]
M.: Federalnaia sluzhba po nadzoru v sfere zashchytы
prav potrebytelei y blahopoluchyia cheloveka, 2010.
11s.
3. Yakist gruntu. Vyznachennia zahalnoho azotu
v modyfikatsii NNTs IHA im. O.N. Sokolovskoho:
DSTU 4726:2007. [Chynnyi vid 2008–01–01]. K.:
Derzhspozhyvstandart Ukrainy, 2008. 10 s. (Natsional-
nyi standart Ukrainy).
4. Yakist gruntu. Vyznachennia rN: DSTU ISO
10390:2007. [Chynnyi vid 2009–10–01]. K.: Derzh-
spozhyvstandart Ukrainy, 2004. 4 s. (Natsionalnyi
standart Ukrainy).
5. Yakist gruntu. Vyznachennia sukhoi
rechovyny ta volohosti za masoiu. Hravimetrychnyi
metod: DSTU ISO 11465:2001. [Chynnyi vid 2003–
01–01]. – K.: Derzhstandart Ukrainy, 2002. 5 s.
(Natsionalnyi standart Ukrainy).
6. Yaroshenko F.O. Ptakhivnytstvo Ukrainy:
stan, problemy i perspektyvy rozvytku. K. : Ahrarna
nauka, 2004. –506 s.
GROWTH PROCESSES OF SPRING CABBAGE CROPS INFLUENCE OF FERTILISER
Pelekh L.
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University
Vinnytsia
Abstract
In fodder production, cabbage plants have been grown for a long time, in particular fodder cabbage - a stalk-
bearing plant and root crops - turnips and turnips. The group of cabbage stalks in fodder production has not become
widespread, the range of species and varieties is also limited. Thus, in Ukraine and Moldova in the 70's on small
areas were grown mainly fodder cabbage and rape, in the 80's the area of cabbage was expanded everywhere, the
species composition of them expanded. Eper, in addition to winter rape and fodder cabbage, grow spring rape,
winter rape, oil radish, perko, white mustard. Of particular importance is the relatively new forage crop typhoon
(a hybrid of Chinese cabbage with turnips). However, it has not yet become widespread, although it is widely used
in Europe and the United States. Less than other cabbage, perca culture is also common.
Cabbages are high protein plants. They can be grown in single crops and in mixtures with annual grasses and
other crops. Against their background, it is better to feed by-products - straw chaff, chaff, etc. Green cabbage mass
increases milk yield, milk fat content, growth of young animals for fattening. When feeding it to sheep, wool
productivity increases. Cabbage - a valuable component of the diet of pigs and poultry. They are widely used in
winter intermediate, early spring, post-harvest and post-harvest crops.
Cabbages are grown not only for green mass, but also for silage mixed with other crops. Their grain is a very
valuable source of concentrated protein feed of the highest quality. Cake and meal from rapeseed, radish, oilseed
rape are physiologically almost inferior to cake and meal from soybeans and sunflowers. Thus, the main protein
component of concentrated feed in Western Europe (Belgium, Germany and especially in the Scandinavian coun-
tries) is cheap and high-quality rapeseed meal. Rapeseed yield reaches 30 c / ha, ie significantly higher than the
average soybean yield and allows to have high-quality feed with minimal losses, which helps reduce the cost of
livestock products[1,4,18 ].
Keywords: cabbage crops, spring rape, white mustard, oil radish, mineral fertilizer.
A rational fertilization system ensures that crops
are optimally supplied with nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium compounds during the growing season. An
organo-mineral fertilization system is effective in crop
rotations. Doses of mineral fertilizers on the back-
ground of manure regulate the level of soil provision of
mobile forms of nutrients, the amount of their removal
by crops, which can reduce the cost of fertilizers per
unit yield and their unproductive use.
Cabbage plants are grown not only for green mass,
but also for silage mixed with other crops. Their grain
is a very valuable source of high-quality concentrated
protein fodder.
Intensive farming without mineral fertilizers is
now as much an expression as hot ice or icy flames.
Every agrarian knows: as much as you "throw" into the
ground, you get out of it, so fertiliser is an important
component of modern crop production. But do we all
do the right thing and or do we apply exactly the right
approaches to mineral nutrition? Even experienced
agronomists often have to learn from experience that
there are some blind spots in the knowledge and under-
standing of good mineral nutrition [1].
The productivity of cabbage crops primarily de-
pends on soil and climatic conditions of growing, bio-
logical features of the crop, growing technology, ferti-
lization, etc. [2,3]. The best predecessors for such crops
are considered to be clean and fallow, also cereals, row
crops and leguminous crops. It is not recommended to

sow after beet, millet and sunflower, as well as annual
grasses [5, 4].
White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) is a more cold-re-
sistant and less drought-resistant crop. It grows well in
areas with 450 mm or more of average annual rainfall.
White mustard is characterized by a furrowed,
branched stem that is covered with stiff, bristly hairs.
The lower leaves are lyre-shaped, dissected, petiolate;
the upper leaves are shortly petiolate, longitudinally
linear, covered with stiff hairs. Flowers yellow with
strong honey odor, collected in clusters of 25-100 flow-
ers. Valuable oil-bearing crop. It is used for food, con-
fectionery, technical and medicinal purposes. Mustard
oil has the lowest acidity index and retains its quality
characteristics longer [6]. In addition, white mustard is
a good melliferous crop and an excellent precursor, and
its roots are excellent at absorbing and assimilating
low-soluble compounds of phosphorus and potassium,
while creating a good soil microflora. Mustard is dis-
tinguished by its volatile and cold tolerance, and it is
also less demanding to the soil conditions of cultiva-
tion, so in Ukraine there is a tendency to expand the
area of cultivation of this crop [7-10].
Oil radish (Raphanus sativum d. Var. Oleifera
Metrg.) is a cold-resistant crop. Seeds begin to germi-
nate at 2°C; the optimum temperature for germination
is 10-12°C. Seeds can survive frosts as low as minus 3-
4°C, and mature plants can grow to minus 5-6°C. Oil
radish is considered a relatively new and promising
crop in modern horticulture and is grown as a valuable
technical, oil-bearing, fodder and hybrid crop. Oil rad-
ish is mainly used as a fodder crop and is relatively un-
demanding in its growing conditions, early maturing,
resistant to disease damage, quickly able to form a mas-
sive crop of biomass. The application of mineral ferti-
lizers for all the above-mentioned cabbage crops is one
of the important elements of cultivation technology,
which helps to ensure optimal nutritional conditions for
the crop and, as a consequence, ensures its high produc-
tivity [10,11,12].
Spring rape (Brassica napus oleifera annua
Metzg.) is a typical cold-resistant plant that, when sown
in spring, goes through all phases of growth and devel-
opment and forms seeds. The growing season of spring
rape is 95-110 days. Sprouts appear on the 5th-6th day
after sowing in the form of asymmetrical blue-green
sycamores. The first true leaves of the rosette are
rounded in shape, mostly undescended [17].
Under the new conditions of farming, there is a
need both to improve the traditional fertilizer systems,
and to develop new ones that can quickly take into ac-
count changes in the market situation (prices and de-
mand for agricultural products and chemicals).
However, under the conditions of acute shortage
of mineral fertilizers and a sharp decrease in the use of
organic fertilizers, a stable yield is conditioned by the
preservation and further improvement of soil fertility as
a result of the optimization of mineral nutrition of crops
in the field crop rotation [13].
Oilseed crops need more fertilizers than cereals.
The assimilation of nutritional elements by plants of
winter rape, kg per 1 t of the main and by-products, is:
nitrogen - 47-65, phosphorus - 22-40, potassium - 50-
80, calcium - 30-70, magnesium - 7-12, sulphur - 15-
30. Mustard extracts 72 kg of nitrogen, 28 kg of phos-
phorus and 54 kg of potassium from soil per 1 t of main
and by-products [14].
Studies by A.P. Alekseev and K.M. Melentieva
[15] found that nitrogen is intensively consumed by
mustard plants throughout the growing season. The
greatest amount of nitrogen is concentrated in the letter.
Excess nitrogen at a young age leads to its accumula-
tion in the form of intermediate products of nitrogen
metabolism, harmful to the plant. An acute nitrogen de-
ficiency, if excluded from the fertilizer complex, leads
to insufficient leaf development of the plants.
In general, cabbage oilseeds respond to the nitro-
gen fertilizer supply in the soil. An important factor de-
termining the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers is the
natural supply of phosphate available to plants in the
soil. The higher it is, the better the crops consume ni-
trogen fertilizers. Consequently, the efficiency of nitro-
gen fertilizers is determined by a complex set of natural
factors, the most important of which are climatic fea-
tures of the territory and specifics of soil cover. There-
fore, when solving practical issues, it is necessary to
take into account the factors affecting nitrogen accumu-
lation in soil: temperature and water regimes, the stock
of organic matter in the soil, the presence of signs of
solonetzicity, as well as contributing to the realization
of accumulated nitrogen: moisture, provision of soil
with other nutrition elements [16].
The application of mineral fertilizers is an obliga-
tory point in the algorithm of actions of a modern
agronomist. But due to carelessness or imperfect com-
position, this seemingly useful process can harm both
crops and the environment as a whole. Worst of all, un-
like the atmosphere and hydrosphere, where there are
processes of periodic self-purification from heavy met-
als, soil has virtually no such self-purification ability.
The metals that accumulate in the soil are removed
from it extremely slowly and only through leaching,
consumption by plants, erosion and deflation. There-
fore, it is necessary to follow the technology of ferti-
lizer application, to monitor their composition and
quality [1].
Thus, the analysis of the scientific literature shows
that among the researchers there is no consensus on the
doses of mineral fertilizers for oilseed rape crops, in
particular the ratio of the use of nitrogen fertilizers in
the main fertilizer and top dressing, the use of forms of
nitrogen fertilizers, etc. Therefore, this issue requires
detailed study on the application of fertilizer system in
the technologies of growing spring rape, white mustard
and oil radish.
The area of the site, within which the research was
conducted, belongs to the central part of the forest-
steppe of Ukraine. Land resources and favorable cli-
matic conditions of this zone cause high potential of ag-
ricultural production.
The soil cover of Vinnitsa region is represented by
36 kinds of soils with different physical and chemical
properties. Black earths occupy about half of the areas
in the region. Typical black earths (28.4%), meadows
(1.8%) and podzols (19.9%), dark grey podzols occupy

17.9% of the area. Almost one third of the farmland
area is occupied by light grey and grey forest soils.
On the territory of the farm the grey forest pod-
zoled soils prevail, formed under broad-leaved forests
in the conditions of moderately humid and warm cli-
mate, mainly on loess rocks.
They have all the features of poorly saturated ba-
ses and little structured soils. Due to low texture and
unfavourable water-air properties clumps are formed
during ploughing. They settle quickly after tillage and
are easily swamped.
The depth of humus eluvial horizon is 25-30 cm.
Below this there is a compacted eluvium horizon and a
soil-forming rock or forest. Depth of carbonate occur-
rence is 80-170 cm. According to granulometric com-
position these soils are loamy.
Agrochemical indices of the arable layer are as
follows: humus content 1,9%, pH - 5,2, hydrolytic acid-
ity - 36,7 mg.-equivalent per 1 kg of soil, sum of ab-
sorbed bases - 176 mg. Eq. per 1 kg of soil, alkalinity -
93,7%, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen with Cornfield -
62,0 mg, mobile phosphorus and available potassium
according to Chirikov - 105 and 119 mg per 1 kg of soil
respectively.
The meteorological conditions prevailing during
the study period with cabbage crops were favourable
for the formation of high fodder productivity.
The precursor for cabbage crops was winter wheat
for grain. After threshing of wheat stubble ploughing
was carried out to the depth of 5-7 cm and after weeds
germination - autumn ploughing to a depth of 25-27
cm.
Pre-sowing preparation involved the application
of mineral fertilizers followed by cultivation to a depth
of 12-15 cm. The soil was levelled and compacted by
the RVC-5,6 combined aggregate.
Sowing was carried out by SZT-3,6 seeder. Seeds
of cabbage crops were sown by conventional line
method (15 cm) to the depth of 1,5-2,0 cm. Consump-
tion rate of the seed material was spring rapeseed vari-
ety of sturgeon - 2.0, white mustard varieties Carolina
- 3.0, oil radish Zhuravka - 2 , 5 million pcs. germinated
seeds per hectare. After sowing, rolling with 3KSh-6
ring-spiked rollers was carried out.
Collection of leaf mass of cabbage crops for green
fodder was carried out at the beginning of the flowering
phase.
The field studies were accompanied by the follow-
ing common observations, counts and laboratory anal-
yses:
- Phenological observations were carried out ac-
cording to the "Methodology for State Variety Test-
ing". At the same time, the beginning of the phase was
noted when it occurred in 10% of plants and full phase
in 75% of plants;
- plant height and leaf mass yield were determined
by conventional methods;
- forage productivity of cabbage crops;
- mathematical processing of the obtained results
was carried out by means of dispersion analysis on a
computer using modern software packages.
In studies, the object of which is a plant, neces-
sarily plan phenological observations, the essence of
which is to record the dates of the phases of growth and
development of plants. This makes it possible to carry
out in a timely manner all agronomic techniques pro-
vided by the cultivation technology, as well as monitor
changes in growth and development of plants, associ-
ated with the influence of the factors put to the study.
Along with such measures, determine the duration of
interphase periods and the total duration of the growing
season, which primarily depend on the genetic charac-
teristics of the variety and environmental factors.
According to the results of our studies, we found
that the period "sowing - full sprouting" in spring rape
lasted 10 days, in white mustard - 9 days and in oil rad-
ish - 6 days, regardless of the levels of mineral nutrition
(Table 1).
Table 1
Effect of mineral nutrient levels on the duration of interphase periods
of development of spring cabbage crops (average for 2018-2019)
Levels of mineral nutrition Crop
sowing
-
sprout-
ing
ladders
-
1
true
leaf
1
true
leaf
-
ro-
sette
rosette
of
leaves
-
stemming
stemming
-
bud-
ding
budding
-
begin-
ning
of
flowering
sowing
-
begin-
ning
of
flowering
Without fertilizer (control)
Spring rape 10 9 17 11 12 10 69
White mustard 9 7 10 9 10 7 52
Oil radish 6 6 14 13 12 11 62
N30P30K30
Spring rape 10 9 18 12 13 11 73
Whit mustard 9 8 10 10 11 8 56
Oil radish 6 7 15 14 13 13 68
N60P60K60
Spring rape 10 10 19 12 14 12 77
White mustard 9 8 11 10 12 9 59
Oil radish 6 7 15 14 14 13 69
Subsequently, the period "sprouting - first true
leaf" for spring rape lasted 9-10 days, for white mustard
- 7-8 days, for oil radish - 6-7 days.
Such an interphase period as "the first true leaf -
the rosette of leaves" lasted 17-19 days for spring rape,
10-11 days - for white mustard, and 14-15 days - for oil
radish.
It was marked that depending on the level of min-
eral nutrition the duration of the phase period "rosette
of leaves - stemming" for spring rape was 11-12 days,

for white mustard - 9-10 days, for oil radish - 13-14
days.
The period "stemming - budding" was 12-14 days
for spring rape, 10-12 days for white mustard and 12-
14 days for oil radish.
The interphase period between budding and flow-
ering for spring rape was found to be 10-12 days. This
period was somewhat less for white mustard - 7-9 days,
and more for oil radish - 11-13 days.
So, improvement of mineral nutrition conditions
for spring cabbage plants by introducing N60P60K60
into pre-sowing cultivation had promoted to prolonga-
tion of interphase periods on the whole and the period
from shoots till mowing in particular.
It has been noted that under these conditions the
flowering period in spring rape was reached in 77 days
after sowing, in white mustard - in 59 days, in oil radish
- in 69 days.
Yield of various crops is determined by many pa-
rameters, important of which are biometric parameters
of plants - height, density of herbage, leaf surface area
and others. Therefore, in the experiment we studied
how the height of spring cabbage crops varies depend-
ing on the conditions of mineral nutrition. The height
of the plants was measured with a ruler. The height of
the stem is measured from the soil surface to the top of
the plant. The average height of the plants is the sum-
ming indicator.
It was found that the height of the cabbage plants
differed depending on the crop as well as on the dose
of mineral fertilizers applied during the lean period (the
beginning of the flowering phase).
At the variant without fertilization the height of
spring rape plants was 75.7 cm, and with the applica-
tion of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N30P30K30, it in-
creased by 17.0 cm and was 92.7 cm (Table 2).
Table 2
Shaping the height of cabbage crops at plant emergence, cm (average for 2018-2019)
Crops
Level of mineral nutrition
Without fertilizer (control) N30P30K30 N60P60K60
Spring rape 75,7 92,7 112,4
White mustard 73,1 90,4 107,2
Oil radish 66,4 87,3 96,5
Increasing the dose of mineral fertilizer to
N60P60K60 contributed to the formation of the highest
height indicators, namely 112.4 cm. Compared to the
control, the height of spring rape plants increased by
36.7 cm.
Cultivation of white mustard on the control ver-
sion provided the plant height of 73.1 cm, while the ap-
plication of basic micro fertilizer in 30 and 60 kg of the
active substance stimulated intensive growth of plants
in height. Thus, in the first case the height of white mus-
tard was 90.4 cm and in the second - 107.2 cm. Thus,
the height of white mustard plants on the fertilized var-
iants increased by 17.3 and 34.1 cm compared to the
control.
Among spring cabbage crops, oil radish was dis-
tinguished by the lowest plant height. So, on the variant
without fertilizers the height of plants was 66,4 cm. At
the dose of N30P30K30 mineral fertilizers 87.3 cm, at ap-
plication of N60P60K60 - 96.5 cm, i.e., plant height in-
creased by 20.9 and 30.1 cm compared to the control.
Thus, the height of spring cabbage plants signifi-
cantly depended on the mineral fertilizers. The highest
height was observed when N60P60K60 was used for pre-
sowing tillage. At the same time an increase of 36,7 cm
was noted in spring rape, 34,1 cm in white mustard and
30,1 cm in oil radish, compared to the control.
The yield of each crop is a complex integral value,
which depends on many, both internal and external fac-
tors. Light, heat, air oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well
as the water and nutrient regimes of the soil, have the
greatest influence on the productivity of the herbage. In
our experiments we studied how the yield of spring cab-
bage crops changes depending on the applied doses of
mineral fertilizers.
Our field researches have shown, that the crop ca-
pacity of spring rape at the variant without fertilizers
was 20.1 t/ha, at application of fertilizers in a dozen
N30P30K30 it was 27.5 t/ha, whereas at application of
N60P60K60 it was 34.1 t/ha. The increase in yield from
the application of mineral fertilizers was 7.04 t/ha in the
first case and 14.0 t/ha in the second (Table 3).
Table 3
Yields of green mass of cabbage crops, t/ha (average for 2018-2019)
Crops
Spring rape 20,1 27,5 34,1
Oil radish 18,4 23,9 30,8
НІР05 (t/ha): A – 1,85; B – 0,20; AB -3,21.
The maximum yield of green mass of white mus-
tard was noted in the variant with the application of
mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60K60 and was 32.3
t/ha, which is 12.7 t/ha more than control. Application
of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N30P30K30 contributed
to the formation of 25.1 t/ha of green mass, 5.5 t/ha ex-
ceeded the control. At the same time, the yield of green
mass of white mustard was 19.6 t/ha on the variant
without fertilizer.
Studies have shown that the yield of green mass of
oil radish was small on the option without fertilizers
and amounted to 18.4 t/ha. The application of 30 and
60 kg of the main macro fertilizer in pre-sowing culti-

vation, contributed to a significant increase in produc-
tivity. At the variant with N30P30K30 application the
yield of oil radish was 23,9 t/ha, and with N60P60K60 it
was 30,8 t/ha. At the same time, there was an increase
in the yield of green mass of oil radish compared to the
control by 5.5 and 12.4 t/ha, respectively.
Dry matter of each crop, including spring cabbage
crops, contains accumulated nutrients, mineral ele-
ments and vitamins. Therefore, its quantity also largely
determines the fodder value of the plants. Conse-
quently, it is important not only to ensure a higher green
matter yield, but also a high content of absolute dry
matter in the green fodder. Dry matter accumulation
also depends on the biological characteristics of crops,
the duration of their vegetation period, as well as on ex-
ternal factors, of which water and nutrient regimes of
the soil have the greatest influence on this process.
As a result of field researches, it has been estab-
lished that a yield of dry matter from spring rape sow-
ings was 2.8 t/ha - at the variant without fertilizers, 3.8
t/ha - at the variant with mineral fertilizers in a dozen
N30P30K30 and 4.7 t/ha - at the variant with mineral fer-
tilizers in a dozen N60P60K60, the gain of dry matter to
the control at the variants with fertilizers was 1.0 and
1.9 t/ha.
At cultivation of white mustard without use of fer-
tilizers (control) the yield of dry matter was 2.8 t/ha.
There was an increase in the yield of dry matter in mus-
tard by 0.7 t/ha compared to the control to 3.5 t/ha - at
the option with the application of N30P30K30. Increasing
the dose of mineral fertilizer twice contributed to the
formation of 4.5 t/ha dry matter of white mustard (Ta-
ble 4).
Table 4
Dry matter yield of cabbage crops, t/ha (average for 2018-2019)
Crops
Spring rape 2,8 3,8 4,7
Oil radish 2,6 3,4 4,4
НІР05 (t/ha): А-0,07; В-0,11; АВ – 0,12.
An herbage on the variants with fertilizer com-
pared to the control variant was noted. Thus, when ap-
plying N30P30K30 the yield of dry matter increased by
0.8 t/ha to 3.4 t/ha, and when applying N60P60K60 it rose
to 4.4 t/ha.
Thus, the application of mineral fertilizers at a
dose of N60P60K60 ensures the formation of high perfor-
mance of spring cabbage crops. At the same time,
spring rape crops formed 34.1 t / ha of green mass with
an output of 4.7 t/ha of dry matter. The white mustard
and oil radish yield 32.3 and 30.8 t/ha of green matter,
yielding 4.5 and 4.4 t/ha of dry matter.
The green matter of cabbage crops is known to be
rich in mineral nutrients. Among individual minerals,
phosphorus takes a significant share, whose content de-
creases by the end of the growing season, and in the
phase of fruit formation is 2.4-8.0 g, the maximum con-
centration of phosphorus (9.0-13.3 g) is noted in the
phase of flowering. The amount of calcium in green
mass is relatively high and reaches especially high lev-
els in young plants (11.2-26.2 g). Its content decreases
almost twofold during the phase of fruit formation.
The green mass of cabbage plants, especially at the
beginning of the flowering phase, contains significant
amounts of such elements as copper, zinc, manganese,
sodium, magnesium. Cruciferous crops occupy first
place among annual plants by the complex of nutrients.
They successfully compete with legumes in terms of
protein content in absolutely dry mass.
Studies have established that a feature of the qual-
itative composition of cabbage crops is a high protein
and fat content. At the beginning of flowering phase 1
kg of dry matter contains 19.1-20.5% raw protein and
3.7-5.0% raw fat.
Characterizing each crop separately, it should be
noted that the crude protein content of spring rape in
the variant without fertilizers was at the level of 19.1%.
At application of mineral fertilizers, it grew to 19,4% -
in the variant with N30P30K30 and 19,6% - in the variant
with N60P60K60 (table 5).
The content of crude protein in 1 kg of dry matter
of white mustard depending on the level of mineral nu-
trition was within the range 19,6-20,5%, whereas in oil
radish - 19,5-20,0%.
It was noticed that crude fibre content of cabbage
plants at the variant without fertilizer was within the
range of 19.7-24.0 %, at application of N30P30K30 -
19.5-23.7 %, whereas at application of N60P60K60 -
19.2-23.2 %.
The content of ash elements in 1 kg of dry matter
of cabbage plants depended to a greater extent on the
level of mineral fertilization and varied from 12.1 to
15.4%.
In variants without mineral fertilizers, the content
of crude fat in dry matter was 3.7-4.6%. When 30 kg
a.d. of basic macrofertiliser was applied, it increased to
3.9-4.8%. Doubling the dose of mineral fertilizer
helped to produce 4.1-5.0% fat in dry matter.

Table 5
Qualitative composition of dry matter in cabbage crops, (average for 2018-2019)
Level of mineral
nutrition
Culture
Content in 1 kg dry matter, %
Crude pro-
tein
Crude fibre Crude ash Crude fat NFA
Without ferti-
liser (control)
spring rape 19,1 19,7 12,1 4,6 44,5
white mus-
tard
19,6 21,7 14,8 3,7 40,2
oil radish 19,5 24,0 13,3 4,3 38,9
N30P30K30
spring rape 19,4 19,5 12,2 4,8 44,1
white mus-
tard
19,9 21,5 14,8 3,9 39,9
oil radish 19,7 23,7 13,9 4,5 38,2
N60P60K60
spring rape 19,6 19,2 13,4 5,0 42,8
white mus-
tard
20,5 21,4 15,4 4,1 38,6
oil radish 20,0 23,2 14,6 4,6 37,6
In general, the nitrogen-free extractive matter
(NFA) content was 37.6-44.5% on a dry matter basis.
One of the important characteristics of the feed is
its nutritive value, i.e., its content of digestible protein
and feed units.
Digestible protein is the complex of nitrogenous
substances in the feed. The majority of protein is pro-
tein, which animals should receive with feed.
Digestible protein is the fraction of crude protein
that is absorbed into the blood and lymph from the di-
gestive tract. Therefore, this indicator describes the to-
tal amount of nitrogen lost from the digestive tract, but
does not determine what form of nitrogen has been ab-
sorbed as ammonium or amino acids.
Feed Unit - A unit of measure of the total nutritive
value of feed. Feeding rates for farm animals are calcu-
lated on the basis of feed units. An indicator of the nu-
tritive value of feed can also be the amount of metabo-
lizable energy contained in it.
It is known that cattle are the main consumers of
green forage from the spring cabbage fodder, therefore,
we determined the digestibility for this group of ani-
mals. Thus, the content of metabolizable energy in 1 kg
of dry matter was, depending on the level of mineral
provision of cabbage crops 9,6-10,1 GJ.
It is noted that the content of digestible protein in
1 kg of dry matter of cabbage was 127.5-131.1 g in the
control variant. At the dose of N30P30K30 application of
mineral fertilizers it rose to 129.7-133.3 g. The content
of digestible protein was high at the variant of
N30P30K30 application and reached 131.1-134.0 g.
The calculations revealed the effect of mineral fer-
tilizers on the content of fodder units in 1 kg of dry mat-
ter. Thus, in the variant without fertilization the content
of fodder units of cabbage crops was at the level of
0.91-0.98 kg per 1 kg of dry matter. When 30 kg a.d. of
basic macro fertilizer was applied, it was 0.91-0.97 kg.
Increasing the dose of mineral fertilizers twice contrib-
uted to the formation of 0,91-0,94 kg of fodder units per
1 kg of dry matter.
It was found that the provision of 1 fodder unit of
digestible protein depended on both the levels of min-
eral nutrition and the cabbage crop. Thus, in spring rape
it was 130,1-139,5 g, in white mustard 144,1-151,2 g
and in oil radish 141,7-147,3 g.
On the basis of the two-year observation of the
growth and development of spring rape, white mustard
and oil radish plants depending on the influence of the
levels of mineral nutrition a number of conclusions can
be made.
The addition of N60P60K60 to the pre-sowing culti-
vation contributes to prolongation of the interphase pe-
riods of spring cabbage crops by 7-14 days comparing
to the control.
There was an increase of the height of the plants
after application of 60 kg a.d. fertilizer in spring rape,
34,1 cm in white mustard and 30,1 cm in oil radish as
compared to the control.
Optimization of the conditions of mineral nutrition
provides formation of 34.1 t / ha of green mass of spring
rape with yield of 4.7 t / ha of dry matter. The white
mustard and oilseed rape crops produce 32.3 and 30.8
t/ha of green matter, with yields of 4.5 and 4.4 t/ha of
dry matter.
The content of crude protein in 1 kg of dry matter
of white mustard depending on the level of mineral nu-
trition was in the range of 19.6-20.5%, in oil radish -
19.5-20.0%, and in spring rape - 19.1-19, 6%.
Thus, the positive role of mineral fertilizers, espe-
cially their application at the dose of N60P60K60 on the
indicators of quality and nutritive value of forage from
spring cabbage crops was noted.
References
https://superagronom.com/articles/134-chim-krasche-
goduvati-roslini-mineralni-dobriva-ta-yihnye-
zastosuvannya-sche-raz-pro-golovne
2. Stankevych S. Chy ye alternatyva ripaku ?
Ahrobiznes sohodni. 2016. No13.S. 46–48.
3. SHpaar D., Ginapp X., SCHerbakov V.
YArovyie maslichnyie kulturyi. Minsk: FUAinform.
1999.288 s.
4. Sorty, hibrydy oliinykh kultur, nasinnytstvo,
tekhnolohiia vyroshchuvannia: NUBIP. Za red. I. D.
Sytnika. Kyiv: Tov Rapsoil, 2011. 103s.
5. Vedmedieva K. Perspektyvni oliini. The
Ukraine Farmer, 2016. No1.S. 20.
6. Kartamashev V. G. Selektsiya i
semenovodstvo gorchitsyi sareptskoy v Rostovskoy
oblasti . Selektsiya i semenovodstvo. 1996 No 1–2.S.
26–29.
7. Zhuikov O.H. Hirchytsia v Pivdennomu
Stepu: ahroekolohichni aspekty i tekhnolohii

vyroshchuvannia: naukova monohrafiia. Kherson:
Vydavets Hrin D. S., 2014. 416 s.
8. Melnyk A. V.,ZherdetskaS. V.Stan ta
perspektyvy vyroshchuvannia hirchytsi v sviti ta na
Ukraini. Visnyk Sumskoho NAU, Seriia «Ahronomiia
i biolohiia». 2015. Vyp. 3 (29). S. 166–169.
9. Roslynnytstvo. Tekhnolohii vyroshchuvannia
silskohospodarskykh kultur. Lykhochvor V. V.,
Petrychenko V. F., Ivashchuk P. V, Korniichuk O. V.
Lviv: NVF «Ukrainski tekhnolohii», 2010. 1085 s.
10. Radchenko M. V. Nasinnieva produktyvnist
redky oliinoi zalezhno vid umov mineralnoho
zhyvlennia. Zbirnyk Instytutu roslynnytstva im. V. Ya.
Yur ́ieva: Selektsiia i nasinnytstvo. Kharkiv. 2008.Vyp.
95. S. 210-214.
11. Kryvytskyi K.N. Mikrobiolohichni
osoblyvosti redky oliinoi. K. : TsRBS AN Ukrainy,
1986.16s
12. Kvitko H.P., Tsytsiura T.V. Optymizatsiia
tekhnolohii vyroshchuvannia ta rezhymu mineralnoho
zhyvlennia redky oliinoi z vykorystanniam chynnyka
reproduktyvnoho zusyllia v umovakh Lisostepu
pravoberezhnoho Ukrainy. Visnyk Lvivskoho
natsionalnoho ahrarnoho universytetu: Ahronomiia,
2013. No 17(1). S. 197–204.
13. Iakist gruntiv ta suchasni stratehii udobrennia
/ za red. D. Melnychuka, Dzh. Khofman, M.
Horodnoho. − K.: Aristei, 2004. – 488 s.
14. Zinchenko O.I. Roslynnytstvo: pidruchnyk /
O.I. Zinchenko, V.N. Salatenko, M.A. Bilonozhko. –
K.: Ahrarna osvita, 2001. – 591 s.
https://buklib.net/books/21965/
15. Alekseev A.P. Vliyanie mineralnogo pitaniya
na produktivnost i postuplenie pitatelnyih veschestv v
rastenie sareptskoy gorchitsyi v zone nedostatochnogo
uvlajneniya / A.P. Alekseev, K.M. Melenteva //
Agrohimiya. – 1975. – S. 114 – 121.
16. Karpinskiy P.P. Osnovnyie usloviya
effektivnogo primeneniya udobreniy / P.P. Karpinskiy,
N.M. Glazunova. – M., 1983. – 191 s.
17. Raps na korm i semena / sost. G.I.
SHeygerevich. – Minsk: Uradjay, 1988. – 48 s
18. Petrichenko V.F., Lihochvor V.V. Roslin-
nitstvo. Novі tehnologії viroschuvannya polovih kul-
tur: pіdruchnik. - 5-te vid., viprav., dopov. Lvіv: NVF
‟Ukraїnskі tehnologії‟, 2020. 806 s.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
ЭНДОГЕННАЯ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ RHODODENDRON LEDEBOURII POJARK.
(ERICACEAE JUSS.)
Каракулов А.В.
Центральный сибирский ботанический сад СО РАН, научный сотрудник
ENDOGENOUS VARIABILITY RHODODENDRON LEDEBOURII POJARK. (ERICACEAE JUSS.)
Karakulov A.
Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the SB RAS, Researcher
Аннотация
Величина годичных приростов у Rhododendron ledebourii и линейные размеры листовых пластинок
средних, самых крупных, листьев на них зависят от местоположения прироста на оси прошлогоднего по-
бега, чем ниже на оси побега расположен прирост, тем меньше его длина и тем меньше линейные размеры
листьев. Изменчивость этих параметров на верхнем приросте, по эмпирической шкале С. А. Мамаева со-
ответствует очень низкой и низкой, следовательно, эти признаки могут использоваться для сравнения с
аналогичными показателями их других популяций Rh. Ledebourii.
Abstract
The size of annual increments in Rhododendron ledebourii and the linear dimensions of the leaf blades of the
middle, largest, leaves on them depend on the location of the increment on the axis of last year's shoot, the lower
the increment is located on the axis of the shoot, the shorter its length and the smaller the linear dimensions of the
leaves. The variability of these parameters at the upper increment, according to the empirical scale of S.A.
Mamaev, corresponds to very low and low, therefore, these characters can be used for comparison with similar
indicators of their other populations of Rh. ledebourii.
Ключевые слова: Rhododendron ledebourii, таксономия, эндогенная изменчивость, коэффициент ва-
риации.
Keywords: Rhododendron ledebourii, taxonomy, endogenous variability, coefficient of variation.
Введение
Рододендрон Ледебура (Rhododendron
ledebourii Pojark.) – кустарник до 3,5 м высотой с
листьями, частично опадающими осенью, обладает
обширным ареалом, включающим горные районы
южной Сибири. Климат, на протяжении этого об-
ширного ареала, меняется от умеренно-континен-
тального (на западных границах ареала) до резко-
континентального (на восточных). Изменение эко-
логических условий произрастания рододендрона
Ледебура, вызванное большой протяженностью
ареала, является одной из основных причин возник-
новения внутривидовой дифференциации. Вид от-
личается чрезвычайно высоким уровнем полимор-
физма. Различия наблюдаются в габитусе взрослых
особей, в размере листьев, в степени листопадно-
сти, в зимнее время, в окраске и размерах венчиков
и т. д. Современная классификация (Коропачин-
ский, Встовская, 2002; Chamberlain, 1996) в этот
таксон, помимо собственно Rh. ledebourii Pojark.,
включает Rh. dauricum L., Rh. mucronulatum Turtsz.,
Rh. sichotense Pojark, которые ранее считались са-
мостоятельными видами. Вместе с тем, ряд авторов
убедительно доказывают видовую самостоятель-
ность упомянутых таксонов (Белоусов М.В. и др.,
2000; Кокшеева И.М., Нарышкина Н.Н., 2013). Тем
не менее, отмечается, необходимость более деталь-
ного изучения изменчивости этого вида на популя-
ционном уровне в границах всего ареала. Для реше-
ния этой задачи необходимо прежде изучить инди-
видуальную или эндогенную изменчивость, в
основе которой лежат биологические особенности
роста и развития данного вида, обусловливающие
взаимную корреляцию органов в пределах индиви-
дуума, и особенности взаимодействия органов рас-
тения с внешней средой.
Материалы и методы
Исследование эндогенной изменчивости одно-
летних приростов Rh. ledebourii проводилось по
гербарным материалам собранным в популяции из
района среднего течения реки Коптj, хребет Тумот-
Тайга (входящий в систему хребта академика Обру-
чева), Каа Хемского района республики Тыва
(51.767415 с.ш., 095.309715 в.д.). Исследованию
подверглись активно растущие генеративные по-
беги, с годовым приростом не менее 5 см, у 30 осо-
бей. Измеряли длину годичного прироста, длину и
ширину листовых пластинок и длину черешков у 5
верхних, 5 средних и 5 нижних листьев. Подсчиты-
вали количество чечевичек на верхней и нижней
стороне листьев и количество генеративных почек,
заложенных на вершине побегов. Годичные приро-
сты, которые у рододендрона даурского закладыва-
ются акросимподиальным способом (Каракулов,
2008), обозначали латинскими буквами сверху
вниз. Таким образом, верхний прирост - «a» служит
в дальнейшем продолжением осевого побега, а
остальные, расположенные ниже «b», «c», «d» и т.
д. – формируют боковые ветви первого порядка
(рис.).

Рис. Схема обозначения годичных приростов у Rhododendron ledebourii, по состоянию на конец вегета-
ционного периода
Условные обозначения: - цветочная почка, - плод
Обработка полученных данных проводилась
пакетом программ «Статистика». Достоверность
различий устанавливали с помощью критерия Сть-
юдента (t) (Шмидт, 1984). Степень варьирования
признаков определяли по эмпирической шкале С.А.
Мамаева (1972), где очень низким уровнем измен-
чивости отличаются признаки с вариабельностью
менее 7 %, низким – 8-12 %, средним – 13-20 %, по-
вышенным – 21-30 %, высоким – 31-40 % и очень
высоким – более 40 %.
Результаты и обсуждение
Величина годичных приростов зависит от их
местоположения на оси побега прошлого года, чем
ниже расположен прирост, тем меньше его длина
(табл.).
Таблица
Величина годичных приростов, линейных размеров средних листьев на них и количества генеративных
почек у Rhododendron ledebourii
Годовой
прирост
Длина при-
роста, мм
Длина листовой
пластинки, мм
Ширина листовой
пластинки, мм
Длина че-
решка, мм
Число генера-
тивных почек
«a» 77,2 ± 3,5 33,2 ± 1,0 13,6 ± 0,4 5,8 ± 0,2 3,2 ± 0,2
«b» 60,6 ± 5,0 28,6 ± 0,5 12,3 ± 0,3 5,0 ± 0,3 2,4 ± 0,2
«c» 49,9 ± 4,6 26,6 ± 0,6 11,7 ± 0,3 4,5 ± 0,2 1,5 ± 0,2
«d» 41,3 ± 4,7 26,5 ± 1,1 10,8 ± 0,4 4,6 ± 0,3 1,1 ± 0,2
Различия в длине приростов «а» и «b» по кри-
терию Стьюдента при 5 % уровне существенности
вполне достоверны. Различия в длине между при-
ростами «b» и «c», а также между приростами «c» и
«d» - при этом уровне существенности уже не до-
стоверны.
Линейные размеры листовой пластинки верх-
них 5 листев на ветви «а» - (20,8 ± 1,3 мм) и (10,1 ±
0,7 мм). Коэффициент вариации длины листовой
пластинки составил 20,2 %, ширины – 19,3 %. Ли-
стовой индекс – 2,06. Длина черешка – 4,1 ± 0,3 мм,
с коэффициентом вариации 25,2%. Длина листовой
пластинки 5 нижних листьев на ветви «а» 22,3 ± 2,3
мм, коэффициент вариации 33,0 %, ширина – 9,7 ±
0,97 мм, коэффициент вариации 31,7 %. Длина че-
решка – 4,8 ± 0,4 мм с вариацией 29,9 %. Следова-
тельно: линейные размеры листовой пластинки и
черешка верхних и нижних листьев отличаются до-
статочно высокой изменчивостью (значительно бо-
лее 13 %) и не могут сравниваться с аналогичными
параметрами у особей из других популяций Rh.
Ledebourii. Cравнению подлежат лишь размеры
средних, самых крупных, листьев на приросте.
Длина и ширина листовой пластинки у 5 сред-
них, самых крупных листьев на приросте также об-
наруживают тенденцию к снижению линейных раз-
меров от прироста «а» к «d». Коэффициент вариа-
ции колеблется у длины листовой пластинки от 5,9
% до 12,7 %, у ширины – от 6,6 % до 9,8 %, что по
эмпирической шкале С.А. Мамаева соответствует

Znanstvena-misel-journal-№49-2020-Vol-1

Znanstvena-misel-journal-№49-2020-Vol-1

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Znanstvena-misel-journal-№49-2020-Vol-1

Similar to Znanstvena-misel-journal-№49-2020-Vol-1 (20)

More from Znanstvena misel journal

More from Znanstvena misel journal (20)

Znanstvena-misel-journal-№49-2020-Vol-1