Evolution of wireless data Networks, Modulation and multiple access techniques for 5G

13 November 2019, GNDU, Amritsar Term-paper presentation
GNDU Term Paper III
Evolution of Wireless Mobile Data Networks,
Modulation and Multiple Access Techniques for 5G
Zakir Gulzar
M. Tech. (ECE), 3rd Sem.
Enrol No.: 27301873903
Dr. Hardeep Kaur
(Supervisor)
Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar, GT Road-143005

GNDU Introduction
 Mobile communication is deliberated as one of the fastest developing segment of the
communications industry.
 Each generation have some standards, different capacities, new techniques and new features
which differentiate it from the previous one.
 The first generation (1G) mobile wireless communication network was analog used for voice calls
only.
 The second generation (2G) is a digital technology and supports text messaging.
 The third generation (3G) mobile technology provided higher data transmission rate, increased
capacity and provide multimedia support.
 The fourth generation (4G) integrates 3G with fixed internet to support wireless mobile internet,
which is an evolution to mobile technology and it overcome the limitations of 3G. It also increases
the bandwidth and reduces the cost of resources.
 5G technology will be most powerful and in huge demand in the near future.

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 5G networks should support three major families of applications,
• Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB).
• Massive machine-type communications (mMTC).
• Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC).
 On top of this, enhanced vehicle-to-everything (eV2X) communications are also considered as an
important service that should be supported by 5G networks.
 These scenarios require massive connectivity with high system throughput and improved spectral
efficiency (SE) and impose significant challenges to the design of general 5G networks.
 To meet these new requirements, new modulation and multiple access (MA) schemes are being
explored.
Introduction cont….

GNDU Evolution of wireless mobile networks (G)
First Generation (1G): These phones were the first mobile phones to be used, which was introduced
in 1982 and completed in early 1990. It was used for voice services and was based on technology called
as Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
Its basic features are:
 Speed-2.4 kbps.
 Allows voice calls in ‘1’ country.
 Use analog signal.
 Poor voice quality.
 Poor battery life.
 Large phone size.
 Limited capacity and Poor security.
 Poor handoff reliability.
 Offered very low level of spectrum efficiency.

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Second Generation (2G):Main focus of this technology was on digital signals and provides
services to deliver text and picture message at low speed (in kbps). It uses the bandwidth of
30 to 200 KHz.
The main features of 2G and 2.5G are:
2 G:
 Data speed was up to 64kbps.
 Use digital signals.
 Enables services such as text messages, picture
messages and MMS.
 Provides better quality and capacity.
 Unable to handle complex data such as videos.
Evolution of wireless mobile networks (G) cont…

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2.5 G:
 Send/receive e-mail messages, Web browsing.
 Speed is 64-144 kbps
 Camera phones.
Third Generation (3G): It is based on GSM and was launched in 2000.
It has a bandwidth of 15-20MHz.
The main features of 3G are:
 Speed 2 Mbps.
 Expensive 3G phones, Typically called smart phones.
 High bandwidth requirement.
 Send/receive large email messages.
 TV streaming/mobile TV/Phone calls.

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Fourth Generation (4G): 4G offers a downloading speed of 100Mbps. 4G provides same feature as 3G
and additional services like Multi-Media Newspapers, to watch T.V programs with more clarity and send
data much faster than previous generations.
 Capable of provide 10Mbps-1Gbps speed.
 High quality streaming video.
 Combination of Wi-Fi and Wi-Max.
 High security.
 Battery uses is more.
 Hard to implement.
 Need complicated hardware.
 Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

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Fifth Generation (5G): 5G refer to Fifth Generation which was started from late 2010s. Facilities that
might be seen with 5G technology includes far better levels of connectivity and coverage. The main
focus of 5G will be on world-Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW). It is a complete wireless
communication with no limitations.
 High speed, high capacity.
 Provides large broadcasting of data in Gbps.
 Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video.
 Faster data transmission that of the previous generation.
 Large phone memory, dialling speed, clarity in audio/video.
 It is highly supportable to WWWW (wireless World Wide Web).
 Multi-media newspapers, watch TV programs with the clarity(HD Clarity).

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Comparison of different Generations

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5G networks have to support not only a massive number of users but also dramatically different types
of users that have different demands.
Traditional OFDM can no longer satisfy these requirements, and therefore novel modulation techniques
with much lower OOB leakage are required.
The new modulation techniques for 5G networks should also have the following key features to address
the new challenges.
 High SE: New modulation techniques should be able to mitigate OOB leakage among adjacent users
so that the system SE can be improved significantly by reducing the guard band/time resources.
 Loose synchronization requirements: Massive number of users are expected to be supported,
especially for the Internet of things (IoT), which makes synchronization difficult. Therefore, new
modulation techniques are expected to accept asynchronous scenarios.
 Flexibility: The modulation parameters (e.g., subcarrier width and symbol period) for each user
should be configured independently and flexibly to support users with different data rate
requirements.
Modulations and multiple access

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Modulations and multiple access cont…

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Modulations based on Pulse Shaping
 Pulse shaping, which is also regarded as subcarrier-based filtering, it can effectively reduce OOB
leakage.
 According to the Heisenberg-Gabor uncertainty principle, the time and frequency widths of the
pulses cannot be reduced at the same time.
1. Filter bank multicarrier(FBMC): It consists of IDFT and DFT, synthesis and analysis polyphase filter
banks. The prototype filter in FBMC performs the pulse shaping.
 The bandwidth of the pulse, which is different from the pulse in the traditional OFDM that has a long
tail.
 linear filters are used here.

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2. Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM): OFDM and single-carrier frequency division
multiplexing (SC-FDM) can be regarded as two special cases of GFDM. The unique feature of GFDM is to
use circular shifted filters instead of linear filters that are used in FBMC, to perform pulse shaping.

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Modulations based on Sub-band Filtering
Sub-band filtering is another technique to reduce the OOB leakage.
1. Universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC): In UFMC, the sub-bands are with equal size, and each filter
is a shifted version of the same prototype filter.
 Bandwidth of the filter in UFMC is much wider than that of the modulations based on the pulse
shaping, the length in time domain is much shorter.

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2. Filtered OFDM (f-OFDM):
 f-OFDM has a similar transmitter structure as UFMC.
 The main difference is that f-OFDM employs a CP and usually allows residual inter-symbol
interference (ISI).
 Another difference from UFMC is that the subcarrier spacing and the CP length do not have to be
the same for different users in f-OFDM.
 The most widely used filter in f-OFDM is the soft-truncated sinc filter , which can be easily used in
various applications with different parameters. Therefore, f-OFDM is very flexible in the frequency
multiplexing.

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Performance Comparison of Different OMA Modulations
We compare the power spectral density (PSD) and bit-error rate (BER) of different modulations.
PSD:
 Suppressing the OOB leakage is a key purpose for
most of the modulation candidates for 5G networks.
 The PSDs of the some modulations are shown in Fig.
From the figure, all modulations achieve much lower
leakage compared to the traditional OFDM.
 f-OFDM have the lowest leakage.
 So FBMC and f-OFDM, can achieve much better
performance than the traditional OFDM.

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BER: In order to reduce the OOB leakage, many modulations utilize techniques, such as
pulse shaping and sub-band filtering, which may introduce ISI and ICI. Hence, the BER
performance of different modulations is compared here.

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Non-Orthogonal multiple access
In order to support higher throughput and massive and heterogeneous connectivity for 5G networks,
we can adopt novel modulations for OMA, or directly use NOMA with effective interference mitigation
and signal detection methods.
The key features of NOMA can be summarized as follows:
 Improved SE: NOMA exhibits a high SE, which is attributed to the fact that it allows each resource
block (e.g., time/frequency/code) to be exploited by multiple users.
 Ultra high connectivity: With the capability to support multiple users within one resource block,
NOMA can potentially support massive connectivity for billions of smart devices.
 Relaxed channel feedback: In NOMA, perfect uplink CSI is not required at the base station (BS).
Instead, only the received signal strength needs to be included in the channel feedback.
 Low transmission latency: In the uplink of NOMA, there is no need to schedule requests from users
to the BS, which is normally required in OMA schemes. As a result, a grant-free uplink transmission
can be established in NOMA, which reduces the transmission latency drastically.

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1. Power-Domain NOMA: Different users are allocated different power coefficients according to
their channel conditions in order to achieve a high system performance. In particular, multiple
users’ information signals are superimposed at the transmitter side. At the receiver side
successive interference cancellation (SIC) is applied for decoding the signals one by one until the
desired user’s signal is obtained.
Three types of power NOMA schemes:
 Basic Power-Domain NOMA
 Multiple Antenna based NOMA
 Cooperative NOMA
2. Code-Domain NOMA:
 Code-domain NOMA can support multiple transmissions within the same time-frequency resource
block by assigning different codes to different users.
 Existing solutions to code-domain NOMA mainly include low-density spreading CDMA (LDS-
CDMA), low-density spreading OFDM (LDS-OFDM), and sparse code multiple access (SCMA)

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3. NOMA Multiplexing in Multiple Domains:
NOMA have been proposed to multiplex in multiple domains, such as the power domain, the code
domain, and the spatial domain, in order to support massive connectivity for 5G networks.
Three types of typical NOMA schemes multiplexing in multiple domains:
 Pattern division multiple access (PDMA),
 Building block sparse-constellation based orthogonal multiple access (BOMA),
 Lattice partition multiple access (LPMA)

GNDU
 Integration of various standards: One of the big challenges facing 5G is standardization.
 Common Platform: There is no common architecture for interconnecting various engineering
practices.
 Building the infrastructure: It is a huge task, with issues around spectrum and installing new
antennas.
 Obstacles: Like buildings, trees and even bad weather can also cause interference.
Challenges facing in 5G

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5G hardware:
1. Ultra wideband networks (UWB). It is already known that Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and cellular wide area
communications are long-range radio technologies.
2. Smart antennas: These include the following:
 Switched beam antenna: This type of antenna supports radio positioning via angle of arrival
(AOA). Information is collected from nearby devices.
 Adaptive array antennae: Such antennae promise to improve the capacity of wireless systems
by providing improved safety through position-location capabilities.
3. CDMA techniques: This technique converts audio analog input signals into digital signals (ADC) in
combination with spread spectrum technology.
5G software:
5G will be a single unified IP standard of different wireless networks and a seamless combination of
broadband, including wireless technologies, such as IEEE802.11, LAN, WAN, PAN and WWWW.
Hardware and Software requirements in 5G

GNDU
Some of the applications of 5G are:
 We can vote from our mobile
 We can able to navigate a train for which we are waiting.
 We can able to view our residence in our mobile when someone enters and also when some
once opens our intelligent car.
 We can able to sense Tsunami/Earthquake before it occurs.
 We can access our office desktop, Laptop, car, bike using our mobile, And many more
Applications of 5G

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Conclusions
 The tests have already started on 5G which may lead to its commercial availability around 2020.
The world is trying to become completely wireless, demand superior quality, high speed,
seamless access to information anytime and anywhere with increased bandwidth and cost
reduction.
 Non-orthogonal MA is another promising approach marks deviations from previous generations of
wireless networks.
 Using non-conservatism, we have clearly shown that 5G networks will be able to provide
enhanced throughput and mass connectivity with better spectral efficiency.

GNDU
Thanks

GNDU
 Major disadvantage of OFDM is high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the
signal, which drives the high power amplifier (HPA) into nonlinear region and, thus, causes in-band
noise and out-of-band (OOB) radiation. A second source of OOB radiation are high inherent side-
lobes in the OFDM transmission signal caused by the time domain window of the OFDM symbols.
 One advantage of a polyphase filter bank approach is, as you guessed, that you can control the
frequency response of each channel.
 Filter bank is array of band pass filters that separates input into multiple components.

Evolution of wireless data Networks, Modulation and multiple access techniques for 5G

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