4.
The scientific method in which
biological problems are solved,
is known as biological method.
Biological method has played
an important role in scientific
research for almost 500 years
BIOLOGICAL METHOD
5.
The first step in biological method is to know that what
is the problem. Recognition of biological problem is the
basic step.
1.RECOGNITION OF BIOLOGICAL
PROBLEM
6.
IT IS MADE BY OUR
FIVE SENSES
(VISION, HEARING,
SMELL, TASTE AND
TOUCH).
OBSERVATIONS
The processof gathering information about events or
processes in a careful orderly way.
7.
OBSERVATIONS
The information
gathered from
observations is
called data.
There are two main
categories of data:
Quantitative and
Qualitative.
Quantitative data
are expressed as
numbers, obtained
by counting or
measuring. Ex. “the
boiling point of
water is 100 C
Qualitative data are
descriptive and
involve
characteristics that
can’t usually be
counted. Ex. “The
boiling point of
water is hot.
8.
It should be a general
statement
It should be a tentative
idea
It should be kept as
simple as possible.
FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
A suggested solution to
the problem.
Must be testable
Sometimes written as
If…Then… statements
A hypothesis is a proposed scientific
explanation for a set of observations.
9. In the next step, biologists draw deductions from
hypothesis. Deductions are the logical consequences of
hypothesis. For this purpose a hypothesis is taken as
true and expected results.
Generally if a hypothesis is true then one should expect
deductions
DEDUCTIONS
10.
The most basic step of
biological method is
experimentation. Biologist
perform experiment to see
either the hypothesis is correct
or not.
Through experiment scientists
come to know that which
hypothesis is correct.
The correct hypothesis is
accepted and other are rejected
EXPERIMENT
11.
SUMMARIZATION OF RESULTS
In the next step, Biologist gets quantitative data from experiments.
Scientists then have to summarize the data they got, then they make
the results
12.
In the next step, the summarized results are
reported to the international laboratories.
Publishing of results is an essential part of scientific
method
REPORTING THE
RESULTS
13.
In the next step, when the reporting results are taken right it become theory.
The hypothesis that stand the test of time (often tested never rejected), are
called theories.
If a theory continues to be supported by experimental evidence, it becomes a
law or principle
THEORY AND LAW
14. Taking an example of rabies disease.
TAKING AN EXAMPLE
15. Rabies is a viral disease caused by rabdo virus. Often spread
by the bite of dog or monkey. The saliva of dog contains the
virus which enters in RBC’S when a dog bite a human.
RABIES
The rabies virus infects the central
nervous system, ultimately causing
disease in the brain and death
16.
First of all, scientists think the rabies disease, its cause, its
symptoms etc.
Then they ask a question that what is the cause of rabies,
what are its symptoms.
RECOGNITON OF
BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM
17. Then the observations are made:
The rabies is caused by virus
The rabies is caused by the bite of dog
The vaccinations are effective for treating rabies.
Rabdo virus is seen in the blood of rabies patients
OBSERVAT
IONS
18.
From the observations scientists make the hypothesis:
The hypothesis in this case is:
“RABDO VIRUS IS CAUSE OF RABIES”
HYPOTHESIS
19. Scientists does not know that whether the hypothesis is
correct or not, but they accepts it may be true and make
deductions. One of the deduction from the above
hypothesis is:
“if rabdo virus is cause of rabies then all person ill with rabies should have
rabdo virus in their blood”
deductions
20. The next step is to test the
deduction through
experiments which were
designed as;
Blood of 100 rabies patient
will be examined under
microscope. For the
purpose of having control
group, the blood of 100
healthy persons will also be
examined under
microscope.
experimentation
21.
The results of experiments showed that almost all rabies
patient has rabdo virus in their blood, while all the
healthy persons have not rabdo virus in their blood.
The results proved that the hypothesis “rabdo virus is
cause of rabies” is true.
Then the scientists will summarize the results.
SUMMARIZING OF
RESULTS
22. After summarizing the results of rabies the scientist
will report the results to the international laboratories.
REPORTING THE
RESULTS
23.
The last step, when the hypothesis, “rabdo virus is
cause of rabies” is tested many times and never
rejected it will be a theory.
And after a time theory will be changed into law or
principle.
LAW AND THEORY
