The Tuskegee Experiments

The Tuskegee Experiments
The Tuskegee Experiments arose from a curiosity in the progression of syphilis is African–American men. In 1932, a study was set up, meant to
observe the "consequence" of syphilis (Brandt, 2012). This was done despite the result of the Rosenwald Study in 1929. The Rosenwald Study found
that mass treatment of the African–American population in Macon County, the site of the Tuskegee Experiments, was possible (Brandt, 2012). Six
hundred African–American men participated in this study: 399 men with syphilis, serving as the test subjects; and 201 men without syphilis, serving as
the controls. The experiment was meant to last only 6 months, but ended after 40 years when a story about the Tuskegee experiments was released to
the public (CDC, 2015)....show more content...
This occurs when the red blood cells of a person with the disease has an abnormal form of hemoglobin called Hb–S. Instead of the biconcave disk
shape, the red blood cells are long, stiff, rod–like structures, making it easier for the cell to rupture. The cells also have difficulty moving through
blood vessels and can cause clots (Tortora and Derrickson, 2014). As of now, the only cure for sickle
–cell anemia is a bone marrow or stem cell
transplant, though there are various treatments that can ease the symptoms and prolong life (CDC, Jan 2016). Sickle–cell anemia is very dangerous to
have as the patient would experience blood loss and require blood transfusions, and they would also be exposed to infection (CDC, June 2016). The
disease is inherited and is most commonly found in populations with ancestors from sub–Saharan Africa, Spanish–speaking regions, Saudi Arabia,
India, and Mediterranean countries. In the United States, about 1 in 365 African–American births have sickle–cell disease (CDC, Feb 2016). In areas
where malaria is prevalent, there is selective pressure for sickle cell trait (individuals who have one sickle cell gene and one normal gene, also
called carriers). It is accepted that there are multiple mechanisms for how the sickle cell gene can block malarial infection (Gong et al., 2013; Bunn,
2013). A mechanism described in early studies proposed a model where P. falciparum is unable to grow and develop due to the oxidative stress placed
on the red blood cell. In a sickle cell trait red blood cell, the cell would become sickled due to oxygen consumption from the parasite (Bunn, 2013).
Other mechanisms include impairment of adhesion, and inhibition of transcription by host microRNAs (Bunn,
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Racism And The Tuskegee Experiment
Some would say racism was the main goal of the researchers associated with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, I believe it was about studying the disease
past its tertiary stage and finding a cure as well as racism. Four hundred of the six hundred black men that were enrolled in this experiment were
currently infected with syphilis prior to the beginning of this experiment. The individuals were provided with free meals, medical care, as well as free
burial insurance for participating in this experiment. After funding for treatment was lost, the study was continued without informing the individuals of
the loss of funding, they also failed to inform the individuals they would never receive treatment. None of the infected men were told they had the
...show more content...
Brandt. 1978. Racism and research: The case of the Tuskegee Syphilis study. The Hastings Center Report 8(6): 21–29.
Kendall, Diana Elizabeth. Sociology in our times: the essentials. 10th ed., Boston, MA, USA, Cengage Learning, 2016.
"U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 08
Dec. 2016. Web. 21 Apr. 2017.

Tuskegee Experiments
The Tuskegee Experiments In 1932, Macon county Alabama, the United States Public Health system along side of the Tuskegee Institute and finances
from the Rosenwald fund created an epidemiologic study in which they would study the effects of syphilis in the African American male. This
infamous study became known country and worldwide when the truth about the study was revealed proving the men in this study had been deceived
into believing why the study was truly taking place and what this meant for many of the men and the families involved. After this study it was clear
that there was a severe amount of racial discrimination among the medical field in the area, which would then lead to the distrust of African Americans
and their physicians....show more content...
Boecks successor, Bruusgard, continued the study and found that nearly 30% of the remaining 473 patients had had a "spontaneous cure," and no
longer had the disease. The United States Public Health Service then tried to use reference to the Oslo study in order to justify their neglecting
treatment to patients who needed it even though it was said that, "This summary of Bruusgard's study is by no means intended to suggest that syphilis
be allowed to pass untreated (Brandt, 22–23)." The study would be originally known as the "Tuskegee Study of the Untreated Syphilis in the Male
Negro," and would last for 40 years, from 1932 to 1972, (Warren, 496). It consisted of about a total of 600 men, 399 of which had Syphilis and 201
who did not whom served as controls for the study. The men who had the disease already were ones that had been in the later stages of it, insisting
that the study was being used to understand the more serious complications and what it did to the human body. This study in which was racially
motivated was essentially set up to research the effects of untreated syphilis in the Black male. It was a study that was created to ultimately prove
scientifically, the inferiority of black people

The Tuskegee Experiment
I will investigate the aspect of the regulation of research on the human subjects of the Tuskegee Experiment in 1932. This experiment initially
involved 600 men where 399 had Syphilis and 201 were not infected with the Syphilis virus. All of African descent. During that time, they were all
identified as Negroes. There was no written consent given by the medical staff to perform this study on the men, meaning no informed consent. The
men went into this study blind to what was taking place. They were told by the researchers that they were being treated for "Bad Blood." Bad blood
was a term that was used locally for a variety of illnesses, but in truth none of the men were being treated properly for the disease at all. What they
were promised...show more content...
Recognition was given to Mr. Shaw who be celebrating his 95th, Mr. Charlie Pollard, Mr. Carter Howard, Mr. Fred Simmons and there were family
members that attend for those who were no longer with us or could not attend (http://www.cdc.gov/Tuskegee/clintonp.htm). In conclusion, was tragic,
that there were no protective measures in place during that time, to stop the infection of so many poor Black men for so long. A six–month study
turned to become a 40 years that these men were taken advantage of, which jeopardized not only their health, but the health of their significant others
and their off springs. Sickness caused these men to be less productive for their families, which would have been different if they were healthy human
beings. An apology is good, but not good enough to give back the pain, suffering, anguish and torment that these individuals endured during those years
that demonic act were performed on those who were perceived as vulnerable or who had no societal value. It is great that there was a government
intervention and now informed consents are needed in order to conduct such research studies. The informed consent would also include an explanation
of what the human experiment would entail before the study

Tuskegee Study Summary
When I watch the video about the research on "The Tuskegee Syphilis Study" by the US Public Health Service, I shocked and suprised on what had
been done to the black people.The Tuskegee Experiment was a shameful act done by the researcher towards the black people. How can the researcher
carry out the experiment without told the blacks about the aim of the experiment. The black africa–american should been told that they were infected
with siflis. The researcher also clearly agains the ethical rules of experiment when they denied the right of the black to get the Penicilin for the
treatment. There are many innocent people were affected from the experiment especially the women and children. They were infected with syphlis and
eventhough the cure

Reflection Of The Tuskegee Experience
The Tuskegee Experience
Reflection Paper
Let me start off by saying that I am completely speechless about this experiment. However, I am not surprised due to this being a time frame from
1932 to 1972 in Macon County, Alabama. In 1932, African–Americans were labeled as non–humans beings, so they targeted this population. This
population was targeted because they were poor and illiterate. This experiment never told the African–American candidates that they would be
participating in a study of untreated Syphilis. This experiment was introduced to African–Americans as being treated for "bad blood." However, they
were never properly treated for the disease, but treated as nothing. They wanted to see what the Syphilis disease would do in the "Negro" body from
start to death.
This video was a little disturbing to watch. As I watched the video, I thought about being a part of the African American population. I wonder if my
father resides in Macon County in 1932, and wanted to be a part of this experiment to help with his family, he could have been exposed to the
disease. Therefore, one or all three of his daughters could have been born with Congenital Syphilis. However, in the research it was not my father,
but at least 200 others "Negro" males were targeted to be lab rats for the cause. They were mostly free of this disease, but encountered the disease and
passed it on to their families.
According to the research, there were 28 men that

Throughout the history of psychological studies unprincipled violations have constructed ethical standards that are essential in today's research. These
moral dilemmas created established professional and federal standards for performing research with human and animal participants, known as,
psychological ethical codes. The Tuskegee syphilis study and the Stanford prison experiment highlighted a psychological study without proper patients'
consent and appropriate treatment, resulting in a research disaster with unethical incidents.
During the timespan of 1932 to 1972 in Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama, 600 poor and rural African American men were participants for a study
done by the United States Public Health Service ("The Rationalization...show more content...
Those designated to enact the role of a prisoner, were arrested by the Palo Alto police department, obliged to wear chains and prison attire, and were
transported to the basement of the Stanford psychology department, which was transformed into a makeshift prison. Furthermore, various guards
became increasingly aggressive, resulting in the experiment becoming uncontrollable. Within six days, riots broke out, psychological distresses were
showcased by certain prisoners, and unruly punishment was given to the prisoners. These irrational and disreputable incidents, caused the experiment
to end abruptly.
There are a multitude of constituents that could be modified to make these unprincipled studies ethical for subjects. The Tuskegee syphilis study was
an unscrupulous experiment that illustrated the significance of morality in human experimentations. A noteworthy alteration that would be made is
guaranteeing that every participant in experiments are given a full assessment of the dangers that can arise from the experiment. Consent was an
element that was fundamentally nonexistent in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, resulting in the study being expressively immoral. In addition, a
momentous ethical and legal issue involved in the Tuskegee study were the counterfeited information given to the subjects and the community. David
Smolin, the author of the "Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Social Change, and the Future

Tuskegee Animal Testing
Scientific studies are necessary acts to accelerate human development. These studies bring new insight to a wide variety of scientific disciplines. From
our modern day transportation infrastructure, communication technology, and eradication of smallpox science does good for humanity. With much of
life there is a dark side to everything and many scientific discoveries have stained our history with the blood of the victims. Especially in the medical
field which has to experiment to find cures that can potentially save lives. Animal testing is a first, but eventually human testing will have to begin.
There are many ethical question that doctors ask there self when interacting with their patience. History has shown that doctors are capable of unethical
A significant reduction that threatened the extinction of all tribes (Hodge). The Indian Health Service (IHS) is a division within the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services were the ones that carried out these experiments on Native American woman and girls. The victims would come for
check–ups, medicine, and anything body related. They trick the victims by not giving them service if they did not consent to certain things asked
of them. The General Accounting Office reported that 3,406 American Indian females between the ages of 15 and 44 who received healthcare
services in four of the 12 IHS regions were sterilized by IHS doctors (Hodge). It was reported that physicians obtained "verbal consent" for
sterilization, and in many cases coercion was evident, as women were reportedly led to believe that they "would lose BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)
benefits, access to services, or custody over their other children if they refused to do the procedure and IHS personnel did not correct this

Tuskegee Experiment: Main Outcome And Conclusion
I believe the main outcome and conclusion of the Tuskegee experiment was that it is unethical to harm a human being and participants should be
allowed treatment when available. Also participants should be informed of the issues and complications the study can produce. It also provided insight
of the wrongdoing researchers were doing and caused for a stricter set of regulations to be set.
п»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їп»їAs for which APA ethical guideline would match
to this situation I believe the one that would match is standard 10: therapy as it states that patients should be informed about the treatment and the
potential harm of the experiment.

Essay on tuskegee syphilis study
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an unethical prospective study based on the differences between white and black males that began in the 1930's.
This study involved the mistreatment of black males and their families in an experimental study of the effects of untreated syphilis. With very little
knowledge of the study or the disease by participants, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study can be seen as one of the worst forms of injustices in the United
States history. Even though one could argue that the study was originally intended to be for good use, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was immoral and
racist because only poor, uneducated black males were used in experiment, the participants were not properly informed of their participation in the
In Macon County, Alabama, about 40% of African Americans had syphilis. Syphilis caused by a spirochete bacterium that is contracted sexually. In
the 1930's it had relatively no cures or treatments. Syphilis progresses into three stages, the last of which begins to attack the several organ systems of
the individual. The victim may become paralyzed, blind and/or deaf; develop heart problems or a mental illness, or other symptoms (Gray 37–38).
They decided that they wanted to compare and contrast how blacks and whites develop the disease and the effects on each race. Years before the study
of the Negro was set to begin, a similar study for whites was conducted in Oslo, Norway. This study was a retrospective look into the effects of
untreated syphilis in whites. The retrospective study used case histories of those who had syphilis when they died not living patients. The U.S. Public
Health Service decided to use African Americans in Macon County in the experiment. Originally titled "The Effects of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro
Male" the experimentations took place at the Tuskegee Institute which is why the study is generally named the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (Jones 93–94).
The Rosenwald Fund, a foundation that funded many programs that were used in the betterment of African–Americans began funding this project.
After the Stock Market crash of 1929, and the start of the Great Depression, the Rosenwald Fund has to withdraw all the funds that they

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
I found the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment to be very disturbing and sad to hear about. I believe some of the most important qualities of a scientist are
he/her integrity and respect. After the researchers performed this experiment, they lost those qualities, at least in my eyes. There are certain
experiments that may tread the line of ethicality, but I would definitely have to say that the Tuskegee experiment completely crossed that line. The first,
and maybe most important, mistake made by these researchers was the fact that they did not tell their research subjects what was actually happening.
They were promised treatment, but instead were not treated at all. Public health services even went to extreme lengths to make sure the subjects...show
more content...
It seemed as if these subjects were expendable to the researchers, and they were only after the goal of making a scientific breakthrough (even though it
was concluded that nothing of real scientific merit came out of the study). They did not take into account the consequences for their subjects. The
researchers took away the right of the participants to choose if they wanted treatment or not because they lied about what was actually going on in the
experiment. They were deceitful (saying the spinal tap was a free, special treatment) and vague (telling the subjects they were being treated for "bad
blood"). After the invention of penicillin and indisputable evidence that men in the study were dying, they still chose not to administer penicillin or let
their subjects receive treatment elsewhere. Even after 40 years, they continued to hold onto the idea that the damage had already been done and there
wasn't much that could be done, so why tell the patients at all. This shows that the scientist were only concerned with their own self–interests, and not
at all with the interests of the

Utilitarianism: The Tuskegee Experiments
When thinking about the Tuskegee experiments, the theory of utilitarianism comes to mind. This theory, generally, explains that the basis of right and
wrong is determined by the outcomes of an event, therefore the welfare of the trial participants is not important if it leads to an outcome that can better
the general population (Macrina). You saw this type of behavior happen in the Tuskegee trials, where participants were lead to believe they were being
treated for their Syphilis by the research team, when in reality the team was collecting data to look at the mortality rates of untreated Syphilis
(Emanuel). Today, there are strict guidelines in research, both nationally and internationally, that were established to hopefully prevent this sort
...show
more content...
Points of this research that still have me confused is how the hospital disregarded its integrity by allowing this to happen and what the leader
planned on doing with the data he was collecting, especially since it wouldn't be considered ethically sound if he tried to present this data in the
future. Ethically, does this mean that there is still room in any clinical trial for utilitarianism or deontology to motivate the researchers? Who knows
how many undocumented trials are occurring all over the world, and if that is true, how can we trust that they are acting ethically in nature and not
off pure desire to discover new secrets in therapeutics. The Herpes vaccine trial defiantly shows that there is still room for this type of unethical
behavior, so does that mean that there is always room for some sort of utilitarian practice in medical research? This is hard to answer because, with
the strict procedure that researchers have to follow and the number of people that are involved, it seems almost impossible that there could be room
for this kind of thinking. However, the Herpes trial, and probably other undocumented trials, are still finding ways to bring these principles into trials,
leading me to believe that if there is enough will, they will find a

The Purpose Of The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was a 40–year–old study from 1932 to 1972 in Macon county, Alabama on Africa America men. The purpose of the
study was to learn the different side effects of untreated syphilis in Africa Americans; at that time there was no proven treatment for the disease. The
experiment was conducted on a total of 600 African American men. Of this group 399, who had syphilis were a part of the experimental group and
201 were control subjects. Most of the men were poor and illiterate and Researchers from the Tuskegee Institute offered these men the deal of their life,
which was free medical care, survivors insurance, rides to and from the institute, meals on examination days, and free treatment for minor ailments

Tuskegee Experiment Essay
According the to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was conducted in 1932 by the Public Health,
which included 600 black men as their test subjects. Of the 600 men, 399 had syphilis and 201 didn't (CDC). The men were told that they were
being treated for "Bad Blood" and didn't have any knowledge of being included in a study (CDC). In exchange for their services, researchers offered
the men free medical exams, burial insurance, and free meals (CDC). The study was called " The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro
Male" (CDC).
In 1970, after the press wrote a story about the Tuskegee Experiment, there was public outcry, which caused the Assistant Secretary for Health and
Scientific...show more content...
Lookout queen is the person who looks out for any intruders while the men have sex in the restroom (UCSB). Against the consent of the men he
studied, he recorded the names, addresses, and license plate numbers of about 100 men (UCSB). Knowing that he did this raised concerns about ethics
in scientific research (UCSB).
A year after he completed his observation in the tearooms, Humphreys decided to visit the men whose personal information he documented (UCSB).
Humphreys assumed a new identity and posed as a social health worker (UCSB). He asked the men about their personal lives and sexual lives
(UCSB). He found that 54% of the men were married with kids and 14% identified as gay (UCSB). He also noted that the lack of birth control limited
the sexual activity between the married couples (UCSB). The married couples then turned to tearooms to achieve their sexual release (UCSB). The
conclusion, his infringement on others privacy for scientific research raised a few questions about ethics.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment and the Tearoom Trade are somewhat different because race play an important factor in the Tuskegee Experiment.
Unlike, the Tearoom Trade, all of the men in the Tuskegee Experiment were black. One can argue that this is a result of racism in scientific research.
Because these men were black, researchers could have viewed

The Tuskegee 's Tuskegee Experiment
The Tuskegee Experiment, is one of the most well known blunders of United States medical research in the 20th century. Not only was it entirely
unethical and inhumane, but it also highlighted the problems of racism and inequality in the medical world and the entire country at that time. By
examining and reviewing the history, consequences, racism, results, and conclusion of the Tuskegee Experiment, it can perhaps shed some light on the
barbaric events that transpired throughout the research.
As stated in the article, The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, "In 1932, the American government, promised 400 African–American men free treatment
for bad blood," (The Talking Drum). The experiment began in Mason County, Alabama, and was geared towards African
–American men who were
poor, uneducated, and most importantly likely to be sick with the sexually transmitted disease, syphilis. The men in the experiment usually referred to
it as "bad blood" most likely due to the fact of not having the knowledge or resources to understand their own sicknesses. They used that term to
describe many STDs and blood problems, such as anemia. Most of the men who were asked to participate in the government study of "bad blood"
agreed solely because of the promise of free transportation, healthcare, and food. However, these patients would go on to never be treated for their
syphilis, and instead just be used as human guinea pigs to gather date off of without their consent or knowledge. Many people

Tuskegee Experiment Research Paper
It is disheartening to need a reason for asking for consent regarding medical experimentation since in our everyday lives we have written consent for
just about everything semi dangerous. Unfortunately, history gives us a reason for such things and the Tuskegee Experiment was one of America's
founding offenders. The Tuskegee Experiment, or Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, was a study by the United States
government on black men to observe the disease syphilis and what effects it had on humans from 1932 to 1972 (CDC 2017). Initially, the local
government of Alabama was sent out to treat many black men affected by syphilis, but due to funding this turned into a study on the effects of the
disease to these men. This was

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essay
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment (The official name was Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro
Male) began in the 1930's. It was an experiment on African Americans to study syphilis and how it affected the body and killed its victims done by
Tuskegee Institute U.S. Public Health Service researchers. The initial purpose of the Syphilis study "was to record the natural history of syphilis in
Blacks" (Tuskegee University, "About the USPHS Syphilis Study," par. 2). The study was necessary because syphilis was a disease that didn't yet
have an official cure (when the study began in the 30's). There were 600 men in all; 399 had syphilis and 201 served as a control group for the
experiment. The...show more content...
It was unethical because the subjects were unaware of the consequences and denied the treatment for their disease.
The Mississippi Appendectomy Study The Mississippi Appendectomy study started taking place in the 1920's. The experiment consisted of excessive
hysterectomies on many women mainly in the Deep South. Poor Black women were the main focus of the experiments as well as disabled women
and women that the physicians thought were not worthy of reproducing. Young, less experienced doctors were told to perform the sterilization process
so that they had "a chance to practice the procedure" (50). The experiment was unnecessary and served no true, ethical purpose. The doctors believed it
was in order to perform the hysterectomies because the women seemed unfit to have children and to give the younger surgeons practice. In detail,
while the women were having an appendectomy (removal of the appendix), the doctors would perform the hysterectomies which were unrelated to the
problem with the patients appendix. Therefore, the hysterectomies were uncalled for since the women had no knowledge of the additional procedure
and didn't give consent (University of Maryland, "Mississippi Appendectomy", par. 1). These procedures resulted in the women deprived of their right
to reproduce and no significant benefits to science. The Mississippi Appendectomy had no significant effect on medical history either since no major
laws

Tuskegee Experiment Essay
The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the Tuskegee Experiment based upon previous international study, it will also state the original study and
where did it originate, the purpose of the study and the results. It will also state who or what were the principal investigators, the participants (gender,
race, age), why and how did this study end. The original study of the Tuskegee research was a disreputable medical experiment carried out in the
United States between 1932 and 1972, in which almost 400 black Americans with syphilis were offered no medical treatment, allowing researchers to
see the course of the disease. The events of the Tuskegee research triggered extensive values of legislation, including the National...show more content...
The men were offered no treatment, and were in fact deliberately denied available syphilis treatments, an action which runs different to the most
fundamental of medical principles. According to Katz, R. V., & Warren, R. C. (2011).It was noted that the study was conducted without the benefit of
patients' informed consent. Researchers told the men they were being treated for "bad blood," a local term used to describe several ailments, including
syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. In truth, they did not receive the proper treatment needed to cure their illness. In exchange for taking part in the study,
the men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance. Although originally projected to last 6 months, the study actually went on for 40
years. Furthermore, the subjects were given no information about their condition or about treatment options. By the end of the study, in the year of
1972, only seventy–four were still alive; it is estimated that more than a hundred died from advanced syphilis lesions. Based on eugenic and
deterministic affirmations, as well as on the ideas of Social Darwinism, the top researchers considered that male African Americans were the best for
such research due to their corrupted morale and excessive sexual desireВґ, as

The Infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essay
In 1932, a study was conducted by the U.S. Public Heath Services to study the progression of untreated syphilis. The study consisted of 600 African
American men, 399 who had previous had syphilis before the study began and 201 without the disease. Throughout the study many unethical things
happened and the subjects of the study were not given the full truth of what was happening and what was going to happen. According to wikipedia, the
Tuskegee Study was arguably the most infamous biomedical research study in U.S. history. This study led to the establishment of the Office for Human
Research Protections and the tightening of laws for clinical research studies and their participants. Prior to the study, through a letter of uninformed
As a result, 28 men died directly due to syphilis, 100 men died due to complication, 40 of the mens wives were infected, and 19 of their children
had been born with genital syphilis. The study ended in July of 1972 because of an article in the Associated Press, this story led to a public outcry
and caused Heath and Science Affairs to appoint someone to review the study. Throughout the reviewing of the study they declared the study was
unethical. (Unknown, http://www.cdc.gov) This study brought up a lot of unethical controversy because the researchers knowingly didn't treat these
patients, even after an effective cure of penicillin was discovered. Not only did the researchers not treat these patients that they had promised to
treat, they also never told them what their actual disease was. They also never informed these subjects that their disease was spreadable, therefore
infecting and affecting more people than the just the people who agreed to this treatment. The whole study was based on a lie from the beginning
and it was also at a time of the depression, leading these people to be at last resort and a lack of money. At the time, there was a lot of racism and
these African Americans believe that they were being useful and wanted to help as much as they could, according to the lecture. These African
Americans were uneducated and may not have had a clear understanding of what was going on or what they were reading and

The Tuskegee Experiments

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The Tuskegee Experiments