Common Law And Equity Laws

Common Law And Equity Laws
Common Law and Equity
Introduction
During the 12th and 13th century, under the common law system of England survey undertaken on tradition, custom and law in the area was originally
developed as court decisions. England, the common law and equity laws are developed after the creation of the common law; the analysis based on
justice launched and is now used in the royal courts. This gives us the story of the day capital in 1066 as the winner attacked in England and
concluded that there is no common law system, but the local court system. It is called the power of traditional dishes such as Shires, counties and
hundreds, and laws and customs cases. The foundations of the common law have known in public as customary law.
In this assignment,...show more content...
This procedure, called Equity, develops from the sixteenth century and is characterized by the creation of special courts to make judgments royal and
the development and writing of an important precedent.
Both systems, Common Law and Equity, will live together until 1875 when the distinction will be abolished. The main consequence is the existence,
even today, two major legal systems: the English system of common law and equity in use in the United States and Commonwealth countries and the
continental system based on the Napoleonic Code in other European countries and in all their colonies.
Common Law and the development of measures
For years, these two structures common law and the functioning of the equity side and front were. In 1615, in each case, it was determined that we
should do in case of dispute. Over time, even after years of antipathy between the two systems was continued for centuries. In 1865, after the
restoration of the system of English law, it was decided in the case of divergence between the common law and equity, justice must prevail. Form, the
Supreme Court, the laws of justice (1873–1975) established principles for managing a hybrid legal system of courts and courts of equity of the
common law and equity. Accordingly, the Court is now not only the court or the court of equity, which is now a court with universal jurisdiction.
Pettit (2012) discusses some licenses can be generated by a trust
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Constitutional, Statutory, Administrative, and Common Law
The greatest legal document ever to be written is the United States Constitution. The constitution is ultimately a series of power compromises and is
the foundation of common law. Merriam–Webster defines common law as " the area of law that has to do with the subject matter and with the
interpretation and construction of constitutions or that deals with the nature and organization of government" (Constitutional Law). Cases involving
constitutional law are heard by the United States Supreme Court where judgment is based on the U.S. Constitution. Of the various different articles
seated in the constitution, three of them describe a system of checks and balances dividing the national...show more content...
Judicial review is one power that federal courts hold allowing them to declare actions made by government void. This includes any branch of
government (Beatty, Samuelson, Bredeson 57). When a legislature offers an affirmed legal code, it is then a statutory law. The process of statutory
law begins with a proposed bill. Once the bill is passed by congress, it becomes a law. This new statue acts as a primary law and must the followed
from then on out. Statutory law differs from common law, which is a law made ajudge. "Common law is the system of deciding cases that originated
in England and which was latter adopted in the U.S.. Common law is based on precedent instead of statutory laws" (Common Law & Legal
Definition). Most common laws are now statues. Stare decisis or 'let the decision stand' is the root of common law. If a court has made its decision
on particular case the same ruling will be applied to any similar case that follows. Stare decisis is important because it allows predictability to law.
This way, things stay the same, and laws can be more easily applied in cases. However, because new problems are constantly arising, it is also
important that the law remain flexible (Beatty, Samuelson, Bredeson 66).
Administrative law refers of course to the administration of our nation's laws and those branches that are responsible for that administration.
"Administrative authority is different from legislative or judicial

Comparison of Common Law and Civil Law
COMMON LAW V CIVIL LAW
COMMON LAW(characteristics)for comparing or contrast purpose
Common law systems are mostly found in former british colony and protectorate including US, it is less prescriptive than civil law system,citizens are
benefited by enactment and legislation in specific fields.more often are the implied terms usage.
1)represents the law of courts as expressed in judicial decision
2)based on precedents provided by past judicial decisions,no written statues or prescribed texts
3)trial by the jury and the doctrine of the supremacy of the law(originally meant king above law,now means acts of governmentall agencies are subject
to scruting in ordinary legal proceedings)
4)everything is permitted which is not prohibited...show more content...
* In some civil law systems, e.g., Germany, writings of legal scholars have significant influence on the courts; * Courts specific to the underlying codes
– there are therefore usually separate constitutional court, administrative court and civil court systems that opine on consistency of legislation and
administrative acts with and interpret that specific code; * Less freedom of contract – many provisions are implied into the contract by law and parties
cannot contract out of certain provisions. A civil law system is generally more prescriptive than acommon law system. However, a government will
still need to consider whether specific legislation is required to either limit the scope of a certain restriction to allow a successful infrastructure
project, or may require specific legislation for a sector. Please go to Legislation and Regulation and "Organizing Government to think PPP" sections for
more information on this. There are a number of provisions implied into a contract under the civil law system – less importance is generally placed on
setting out ALL the terms governing the relationship between the parties to a contract in the contract itself as inadequacies or ambiguities can be
remedied or

Constitutional Law Vs Common Law
The U.S law is comprised of 4 major sources which cover different fields in the U.S legal system. Alike many other countries, the U.S also abides by
the common law. Common laws are made up of general rules, customs, and experiences, which have already occurred in the judicial system. The
common law provides a fair and constant guideline for individuals in society and in the legal system to follow by. Constitutional laws are those that are
expressed in the U.S Constitution and explain the powers and limits that the government has. Although some state constitutions share the same laws
that the U.S constitution enforce, certain states vary and provide larger rights to their citizens. Unlike the common law, statutory laws are written laws
that

Common Law Concepts Essay
CONCEPT 1 – COMPENSATION AS A WAY TO REDUCE NUISANCE (Hogan & Edwards, 2003) states the idea of compensation in Common Law
is to protect the environment as it amplifies the need for organisations and individuals within a society to prevent nuisance. Furthermore, compensation
concept has raised conflict between environmental concerns and restricts the property holder's rights to fully utilize their resources. Nevertheless, the
idea of compensation can also be seen as an ethical guideline for the society, of which if any laws were to be broken, for example harming the
environment, appropriate punishments will be conducted. Therefore, the act of compensation may lead to a greater cause in the long run for society to
reduce nuisance. To...show more content...
A real business example is Santos, a major Australian oil and gas exploration and production company compensating farmers in Queensland.
According to (Bahnisch, 2012) Santos, the company compensated private landowners majorly farmers for AUD2500 per well, in order to conduct a
search for coal seam gas. This action identifies the exploitation of compensation as a method to appease landowners rather than preventing nuisance.
Furthermore this evidently shows contradiction towards the idea of compensation, which sole purpose was to prevent or eliminate any form of
nuisance caused towards the environment. Overall, this example may show flaws of compensation to reduce nuisance and to protect the environment
however, it is arguable that the outcome for the search of coal seam gas in private lands can be of a greater cause. The means justify the ends. Overall
as an urban planner, the existence of compensation hinder planner to propose a master plan. This is because urban planner would need to construct an
optimum master plan that appease both the government and the society due to the existence of private and public land ownership. Hence to avoid and
reduce the risk of

Common Law and Equity Essay
Common Law and Equity Inconsistent to draw up the relationship between common law and equity, we firstly have to define what is common law?
What are the defects of common law, and to what extend equity have been created. From the development of common law and equity, what has been the
effects of the Judicature Acts 1873–1875? What are the equitable maxims that are needed to be satisfied? What are the various kind of equitable
remedies that have been developed?
During the Norman Conquest, circuit judges have been travelling from one county court to another in order to settle disputes. Later, common law
courts have been...show more content...
Many litigants are unable to seek appropriate redress. Common law often look on the procedure rather than the intent.
Based on the defects of common law, many litigants petitioned the King, the Justice of Fountain so that the King will be able to preside on the
cases.But then later, the King passed the workload to the Lord Chancellor. Soon the Lord Chancellor start to make decision on his own authority
rather than as a substitute for the King. This has tribute to the development of the Court of Chancery. The court is not bound by any particular rules,
neither does not followed binding precedent. All decision are based on the right and wrong of the Chancellor. Many have resented about the various
decision which are made according to the length of the Chancellor foot. The court follows the merits of a case and not precedent. In a particular case,
in Earl of Oxford case 1625, there have been conflicting judgement between the common law and the Court of Chancery judgement. This matter was
later referred to the King, and the King have decided that now and in future, if both law conflict, equity shall always prevail. Besides that contrary with
common law, equity recognises trust and mortgages. Equity recognises and

Similarities Between Common Law And Civil Law
Before I started compare between common law and civil law I want to describe each one of them. Common law focuses in the old laws and takes it
as source for any new for any new case and the basic for this law is UK law system. On the other hand, Civil law is about organizing the relation
between the people in the same society and it is focusing in public law. However, I am going to compare betweencommon law and civil law in legal
system, the rule of judges, constitution, and jury of opinion, historical background, and source of law. This paragraph will take about the
comparison between common law and civil law in legal system. First of all, the common law in legal system is group of laws that not have been
written. This law set upon from the parliament and old law. Also, in common law there are no separates laws. Second, the civil law in legal system is
group of law have been written and separates between the law. Moreover, it was very popular...show more content...
First of all, the historical back ground and source of law in the common law is back as before 100 years or more. In fact, they use as a policy for
the UK colonel in all of the countries under UK control. After that it become as law for UK and different countries. In the same way, the common law
sources depends on Constitution, old law, Custom and Convention. According to Morris L. Cohen (1989) (To understand the importance of the
reception statutes, we must remember that the common law of England did not have automatic or direct applicability or authority in the American
colonies). Second, historical background and sources for civil law is back to Spain and Portugal colonel in Europe and America and it is a part of
Roman law. Moreover, they come from the principle of the French revolutions. In fact, civil law sources depend on legislation– statutes and subsidiary
legislation, Custom and

Common Law And Equity Law
COMMON LAW AND EQUITY
Introduction
During the 12th and 13th century, a survey was conducted on tradition, custom and law under the common law system of England. This survey
originally developed as court decisions. In England, the equity laws are developed after the creation of the common law. The analysis based on
development of justice and is now used in the royal courts. This gives us the story of the 1066 when the England was attacked and concluded that there
is no common law system, but the local court system. It is called the power of traditional dishes such as Shires and counties. The foundations of the
common law have known in public as customary law. In this assignment, me the author will describe the development of the UK system of common
Law and Equity. Arguments about judge's role in the development of legal principles will be made.
The Common Law
During the conquest in 1066, William applied old legal customs in generalizing to the entire kingdom. It was the origin of the Common Law; the
essential characteristic was that it was rooted deeply in Roman law to be based on the customs and practices from medieval traditions. These customs
are still mainly oral; procedures are carried out by royal courts who judge case leaving significant room for interpretation. Gradually, the common law
is insufficient and ineffective for a number of disputes.
The Equity
Individuals appeal directly to the king, arguing the fairness of their problems. This procedure, called

Common Law And The Statute Law Essay
Introduction
In Australian, a proprietary company need to registered to start its business under corporation Act 2001. This is is a common wealth legislation
administered by the ASIC. Normally, a corporation does not have a legal existence before the registration. Registration of a company makes it can be
treated as a legal entity . The company can have its own name to hold its property, it can enter into a contract or rescind, also the company can be sued
or sue the others. Registration is the most important but not the only thing to establish a business. Before the registration, a company may be have to
entry into a contract. Before the pre–registration, the contract always void because the company is not a legal entity. So the pre–registration contracts
cause many legal problems of the rights and responsibilities. The pre–registration contracts have different explains in the Australian legal system, the
most important are the common law and the statute law.
Common Law
The Australian High Court is over the State Supreme Courts who has the general appellate jurisdictions. So there is only one uniform common law
remains in Australia which is originated from the English Common law. At present, more and more statute law and relevant cases has been used.
Statute law
Statute laws are laws which are passed in the parliaments in Australia. The local councils, departments of the government and other statutory authorities
are the different parties who have given legislation by

Common Law And Equity Essay
The Development of Common Law and Equity
1.0 Introduction
I have been asked to write a report on the development of common law and equity. Common law refers to the law created by judges that was
historically significant but has been since superseded by parliament. It is in parallel with equity which refers to the source of law created by the Lord
Chancellor which was designed to supplement the common law and allow people the opportunity to avoid the inherent problems. Equity is 'the gloss
on the common law'. The following report will go through step by step on how common law and equity have developed between the years 1066 to our
present day.
2.0 Development of Common Law...show more content...
The common law however, was not written down immediately, however, after a period of time it was written down and later a further development
was made and the ruling made by kings, were also written down. This was a huge development for Common Law in the legal system as it gave some
sort of guidance with cases.
3.0 Problems with common law
3.1 Problem 1
The first problem that occurred was the writ system; before a case could begin the complainant had to obtain a writ. Originally, writs were reserved
for special cases because most cases were heard in the Eyre. However, the trend became to create new writs so that royal courts could hear more cases.
In 1189 there were about 40 writs, by the time of Edward (1272–1307) there were more than 400. In the 1300's the number of writs became fixed and
if a writ didn't fit the facts of a particular case then it would be thrown out of court. The maxim "no writ, no remedy." The common law was based on
the writ system, which could cause difficulty, as it was sometimes difficult to find writs which fitted the exact case. This caused a problem because the
'Provisions of Oxford 1258' forbid the creation of new writs which meant that they had to fit their facts into an exact existing writ. This problem with
the writ system led to people

On this first week I learned so much about how criminal law is evaluated, organized, and made. Also I learned about the English common law
includes legislation, and a multitude of other legal norms that help on the evaluation of criminal laws, such as federal and state constitutions that are
based on congress and state legislatures. It also includes how the lawmakers are made or changed by the judicial powers of review and how the
judicial power interpret them. English common law in the past was based on the principle that the rulings made by the King's courts were made
according to the common custom of the kingdom, as opposed to decisions made in local and manorial courts which judged by provincial laws and
customs. Now in day this...show more content...
In addition, many other important issues may be included. Many state constitutions, contrasting the federal constitution, also begin with an invocation of
God.
The constitution of the United States divides the federal government into three branches: Legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch. The
legislative branch is the one responsible to make laws, executive branch carries out laws and finally judicial branch is about evaluating laws.
Judicial review is the power of a court to review the constitutionality of a bill, or to review an administrative regulation for stability with either a bill, an
agreement, or the Constitution itself. Judicial interpretation is a theory or mode of thought that explains how the judiciary should interpret the law,
particularly constitutional documents and legislation.
The legislative branch plays a very important role on the evaluation of criminal laws because this branch consists of the House of Representatives and
the Senate, which together form the United States Congress. The Constitution allows Congress the individual authority to pass legislation and declare
war, the right to confirm or reject many Presidential appointments, and

Relationship Between Equity And The Common Law
Equity has been described as a 'mysterious creature' that lies distinctly alongside the common law. In considering the statement, there is an almost
linear reversal in which the remedies in equity procure a type of right not necessarily available in the common law. This peculiar jurisdiction has
created consistent controversy especially in regards to the fusion of the common law and equity. To understand further, this essay will consider the
relationship between equity and the common law. The development of equity alongside the common law through its history and intention, and
application in case law will be imperative in the discussion of the statement. In conjunction with an analysis of fusion, it will become apparent that
equitable damages were enlivened, separate to, in unfair circumstances where no rights/damages existed within the common law. In trying to tread the
murky waters of the distinction yet the procedural fusion of equity and common law, the contention of this essay becomes apparent. Effectively, this
essay aims to highlight that the history, intention, application and fusion fallacies regarding equity, all which point to an assertion that rights in equity
are indeed the product of its remedies. Whether they are merely 'two streams of jurisdiction, though they run in the same channel, run side by side and
do not mingle their waters', is yet to be seen.
A brief history: Rise and development of Equity – Remedies to Rights
A basic understanding for the rise

Introduction
The Common law and Statute law are two main sources of the New Zealand legal system which was derived from the English. The Common law is
a form of law that was imported from the United Kingdom and/or made in New Zealand. Laws that were made in New Zealand courts means that
some aspects of the common law will vary from the United Kingdom. A Statute law is a law made by theNew Zealand Parliament (Ministry of Justice,
1999).
Laws are needed in a country to ensure that the society is sustained. Laws make sure that people are safe from harm and peace is maintained within
the society. The law also functions to keep the Government from possible damages. In addition, it provides the people goods and services, as well as
encourage positive values that would be seen as beneficial.
The statute that this assignment will focus on, is: 'Children, Young Persons, and their Families Act 1989' in Aotearoa/New Zealand. It will be divided
into two parts:
Part one will discuss the social forces that shaped the legislation and the way in which it had been applied. Possible changes about the legislation will
also be discussed if there is any to be found.
Part two is an explanation of the legislation and its connection with the social work practice. These will be applied to a given practice scenario and its
possible impacts. Other relevant legislations will also be considered.
Part One
Children, Young Persons Act 1974
The Children, Young Persons Act 1974 (CYP Act 1974) presented

Difference Between Common Law And English Law
Common law – that part of the English law not embodied in legislation. It consists of rules of law based on common custom and usage and on judicial
court decisions. English common law became the basis of law in the USA and many other English–speaking countries.
Trial by jury – There isn't really a definition that holds true everywhere. A trial by Jury in the UK is very different from a trial by Jury in the US.
Trial by jury in the 15th century was very different from trial by jury now. In all depends on how the jury in the court judges.
Parliament – Parliament is pretty much the identical to the legislative branch here in the US. The prime minister is accountable in his actions to the
parliament. The parliament consists of the house of lords, house of commons and monarch.
Magna Carta – Magna Carta Latin for Great Charter, literally "Great Paper", also called Magna Carta Libertatum Great Charter of Freedoms, is an
English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin.
England's bill of rights – The Bill of Rights 1689 is an Act of the Parliament of England with the long title "An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties
of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown" and also known by its short title, the Bill of Rights. It is one of the basic documents of
English constitutional law, alongside Magna Carta, the Act of Settlement and the Parliament Acts. It also forms part of the law of some other
Commonwealth nations, such as New Zealand

Law is the set of rules and principles that helps to guide the society in balancing everything. It commands what should be done and what should not be
done. It helps in protecting the rights of a person and property. People should beware of the rules and their rights to stay safe.
There are 3 legal systems: adversarial, inquisitorial and jury system.
Adversarial legal system (common law): The judgements of the past cases will be used for cases with similar facts if there is any dispute or confusion
about the law. The judges have a right to make laws and the laws made by the higher courts should be followed by the lower court. In this system, two
advocates represent their clients and argues for justice and the jury gives justice. It is the party's responsibility to gathering...show more content...
They can correct the judge if he is not fair and save the innocent.
Disadvantages: The defendants may manipulate the jury and they may give wrong verdict about the questions given by the judge to the jury. They may
be inconsistent because they are young and they do not have any experience.
The jury system was abolished in India after Nanavati v The State of Maharastra case because the verdict given by the jury was misleading and it
was said that, the jury was getting influenced by media which is resulting in the miscarriage of a fair trial. In India, justice is administered in two
different spheres i.e. civil legal system which protects the civil rights and criminal legal system which protects the law and order. If a person commits
a civil wrong then he will be prosecuted under civil legal system and if a person commits a criminal offence then he will be prosecuted under criminal
legal system. Criminal legal system deals with the cases of commission of offence, investigation, criminal trials, punishment and imposing sentence and
Civil deals with recovery of money, property disputes

The Role Of Law In The Common Law
Introduction
The essentials originally required to form a valid contract consist of an offer, a subsequent acceptance and consideration. However, since the nineteenth
century, another requirement concerning the existence of an intention to create legal relations was added . It is important to note that the common law
does not include this as a requirement and therefore it has caused controversy in the legal sphere with many inauspicious comments being raised
regarding its necessity.
This essay explains intention to create legal relations as a requirement and how it is applied by examining how it has been applied with reference to
relevant case law. In this context this essay will further present the two opposing views regarding the...show more content...
Domestic and social agreements
Sometimes the nature of an agreement clearly determines that there was no intention to be legally bound. In the case of domestic agreements, there is a
general presumption that the parties do not intend to be legally bound, though this can be rebutted.
There are two distinguishing cases under this category that show both sides of this principle.
The case of Balfour v Balfour (1919) presents a scenario in which the general presumption is upheld. In this case a husband promised to pay his wife a
monthly maintenance allowance of ВЈ30 while he was away. Later, the couple decided to separate and the husband refused to pay the allowance. It is
important here to accentuate the fact that the husband and wife were in good relations at the time the husband made the promise. The Court of Appeal
determined that there was no intention to create legal relations and consequently there was no valid contract as Atkin LJ stated that it was a 'family
matter'.
The case of Merritt v Merritt (1969) ensures that this presumption is not set in stone and can in fact be rebutted. In this case a husband promised his
wife that he would transfer their house to her sole ownership after she paid the mortgage off. After the wife paid off the mortgage, the husband refused
to transfer the house to her. This case differs from the previous one as the couple in this case was separated at the time they had made this

common law and equity Essay
Equity is frequently referred to as a supplement to the common law. Cruzon defines Equity as a system of law developed by the court of chancery in
parallel with the common law. It was designed to complement it, providing remedies for situations that were unavailable at Law. Because of this,
Equity provided a dimension of flexibility and justice that was often times lacking because of the common law's rigidity. This rigidity stems from the
fact that, while courts sometimes altered their jurisdictions and procedures, the fundamental premises and noticeable forms of the common law went
largely unchanged between the 13th and 19th centuries.
The common law was regarded as a birthright for all Englishmen; however, as the Crown continued to...show more content...
Little by little the chancery developed into its own court of law.
In the 14th century, bills complaining of interference with the common law were passed on to the chancery. It was a convenient clearing–house for all
types of business in this regard. By 1400 people simply went straight to the chancellor. The Chancellor gained popularity due to the fact that as the
saying went, "no deserving plaintiff would be sent out of the chancery without a remedy." (J.H.Baker. An Introduction to English Legal History, pg.
117) One possible remedy, as Baker describes, was a new form of the original writ. The bill would then be sent on to parliament for a legislative
solution. However, many times the remedy was "ad hoc," arising from the special facts of that particular case. It was in these instances that the
chancery issued decrees that only applied to the parties in the suit.
At first these decrees were made in the King's name, and then they were by the court in the presence of judges, sergeants, councilors, and advisors.
However, later, around the time of the 15th century, the chancellor began to issue decrees in his own name. In making these decrees, the chancellors
did not regard themselves as administering a law any different from the common law of England. Rather, they saw themselves reinforcing the existing
law, protecting

Common Law And Civil Law
There are two main categories of the legal systems which is common law and civil law. There are around 80 countries which recognize the common
law system. The civil law system applies to about 150 countries. The primary importance in a common law country is case law. Civil law countries
have predominate codified statutes. An important factor to international business is the legal system. The market attractiveness of a country can be
affected by differences in legal systems. Business practices are regulated by the country's law. Policies are defined as well the rights and obligations in
business transactions. The legal framework for business to be conducted is defined by the country's government. There will be variances in laws
country to country. Sound business decisions can be made by acquiring knowledge about common laws and civil laws of different countries. Contract
and contract law regulate several business transactions. The jurisdiction process of a common law system is expensive. The common law system has a
greater flexibility. Contract disputes are interpreted by judges in comparison to the civil law system. The property rights of most countries are not
enforced local authorities. Although most of these countries have laws established to the protect property rights of investors. There are two ways in
which property rights can be violated. Violations can occur Private action through private action or by public action. Piracy, theft, and blackmail are all
categorized

William The Conqueror Case Study
Equity has brought benefits to many litigants who would otherwise have been severely disadvantaged by the common law. Discuss, with reference
to decided cases. William the Conqueror found England with no single system of law common to the whole country. The law was mainly sets of
customary rules which differed from area to area. For example, in one area you could get away with stealing, in another it would be seen as crime.
There was no such thing as ' The English Legal System" until William's invasion in 1066. William developed the legal system and introduced many
rules. William preserved some of the old customary laws and used them as a basis for common laws. He introduced the feudal system and King's
justice, these were made to...show more content...
The second remedy is specific performance in which the court compels a party to fulfill a previous agreement, as in the case of [Wrath v Tyler].
Rectification which is the amendment of documents which previously did not express its true intention such as in the case of [Re Posner] in which
the testator was allowed to rectify his will to reflect his true intentions, is another form of remedy. The fourth remedy is rescission where a contract is
nullified, thus allowing two parties to return to their original positions prior to the agreement as seen in [Tumstem v Bhanderi] On the other hand,
equity also introduced modern remedies which are Mareva Injunction and the Anton Piller order. The former which is freezing order where the court
has the authority to restrain a person from transferring his assests away from the court's jurisdiction such as to another country is first established in
the case of [Mareva v International Bulkcarries]. The latter is the search order granting access into another's premise to search or remove any
documents or evidences. As in the case of [Anton Piller v Manufacturing Processes Ltd], the defendant was suspected of selling away his campany's
technical drawings to the rival company hence court granted the Anton Piller order to search his house. Last but not least, equity also established
maxims to ensure decisions were morally fair. One of the popular maxims is " He who comes to equity must

Common Law And Equity Laws

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