ISBE 2012
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The talk I gave to the ISBE conference in Lund, Sweden, in 2012 on viral niche construction.
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ISBE 2012
- 1. Making the case for Viral niche construction Steven Hamblin and Mark Tanaka University of New South Wales
- 2. ... “the phenomenon of constructing, destroying, or altering one’s environment and thus changing the selection pressures exerted by that environment.” Boni & Feldman, 2005
- 3. Et Natural selection Gene pool time Genetic inheritance t Populations of diverse phenotypes E t+1 t+1 Natural selection Gene pool Populations of diverse phenotypes
- 4. Et E t+1 t+1 Gene pool Populations of diverse phenotypes Genetic inheritance time Ecological inheritance t Niche construction Natural selection Niche construction Natural selection Gene pool Populations of diverse phenotypes
- 5. Membracidae Plants Periophthalmus Archaebacteria Tachyoryctes Grasshoppers Parus Uropeltidae Epiphytes Characiformes Uloborus Amphisbaenia Prairie dogs Typhlopidae Finch Tuna Algae Hominids Snakes Guppies Stickelback Earwigs Dipterans Parasitoid insects Bacteria Lycosidae Ostariophysi Fungi Wasps Chaparral Paelobatidae Apodidae Jerboas Diatoms Badgers Teiidae Gymnopphiona Lepidoptera Lanternfishes Terrapins Carp Ants Scolytidae Capitonidae Vipes Vombatidae Foxes DermapteraRats Gerbils Trionychidae Ant lions Sharks Whales Meropidae Lovebirds Scombridae Hamsters Euchondrus Petrel Corvids Beech trees Cod Barbets Viruses Flies Mites Caecilians Monarch butterfly Helicopsychidae Bats Hemisotidae Deinopidae Apinae Paradise fish Beeflies Caelifera Hydropsychiade Lampreys Lizards Picidae Skinks Sphagnum Smelts Reptiles Sawflies Hedgehogs Siluriformes Tenebrionidae Macrotermitinae Bees Rhinophrynidae Trichoptera Aniliidae Animalia Areneus EnsiferanHemiptera Rabbits Clupeiformes Eagles Cuckoo Ctenizidae Tuatara Apicotermes Cicadas Ichneumonidae Locusts Wombats Microhylidae Segestria Neanderthals Eumenidae Myrmeleontidae Ploceidae Lutra Scarabaeidae Pythons Turtles Cricitelus Mallos Crocodiles Mosquitoes Cassava Fishes Gasterosteus Weaverbirds Flowering plants Swifts Alcedinidae Momotidae Teleutomyrmex Bathyergidae Blattodea Hystrix Batrachoididae Bee eaters Motmots Tephritid flies Rhynchocephalia Zooplankton Opossum Snapping shrimps Salmon Cormorants Wren Weeverfishes Gryllotalpidae Leptotyphlopidae Gophers Moths Mouthbrooder Orthoptera Lemmings Mammals Zebras Crustaceans Chough Pine trees Alligators Testudinata Polistinae Squirrels Mole rats Anomalepididae Oviparous insects Basidiomycetes Eucalyptus Pipesnakes Birds Beetles Hymenoptera Isopods Spiders Insects Termites Ptilonorhynchidae Anguillidae Beavers Amphipods Primates Cyclosa Scincidae Galaxids Gecko Cyanobacteria Osmeridae Symphyta Vertebrates Nile monitor Passalidae Sandpipers Amphibians Swallows Ophichthidae Homo Arachnids Viceroy Cattle Trees Bombyliidae Rodents Trochilidae Agapornis Worms Sea turtle Bowerbirds IguanasCows Turkeys Puffinus Braunsapis Cavia Dipodidae Bembix Turdus Embioptera Thrush Woodpeckers Eider duck Megapodes Coral Red admiral Treehoppers Ariadna Voles Tits Gastercantha Lobsters Chiromantis Guinea pigs Vespinae Ovenbirds Malaria Dragonfishes Snails Bucerotidae Chameleons Painted lady Pisauridae Dendrobatidae Milkweed Magpies Philopotamidae House martin Acacia Cynomys Macronema Owls Reithrodontomys Hirundines Peromyscus Caterpillars Eels Trachinoidei Gazelles Theridion Wildebeest Hirundinidae Sardines Segestriidae Galliwasps Furnariidae Thysanoptera River otters Liphistiidae Limnephilidae Storks Vanessa Rooks Microphytes Merganser Synbranchiformes Coniosporium Katydids Erinaceus Flatworms Sarcophagids Dolphins Chiroptera Silverfish Acrididae Catfish Porcupines Eublepharidae Helodermatidae Toadfish Butterflies Stomiiformes Tortoise Moles Hummingbirds Snake eels Kingfishers Drosophila Psocoptera Vulpes Braconidae Protists Cichlids Ergot fungus Spalax Bark lice Petromyzontiformes Coleoptera Muskrats Melinae Atta Pleurodira Lichens Argyroneta Honey eater Pongidae Grasses Eubacteria Buffalo grass Tetragnatha MyctophidaeGobies Congridae Millipedes Pygopodids Hornbills Tapinillus Marmots Testudinidae Mudskippers Louse Sauria Mosses Black rush Cyclorana Dibamids Frogs
- 6. Scombridae Hamsters Euchondrus Petrel Corvids Beech trees Cod Barbets Viruses Beeflies Ants Mites Caecilians IguanasCows Monarch butterfly Skinks Sphagnum Smelts Carp Trionychidae Ant lions Flies Meropidae Sharks Whales Lovebirds Rodents Trochilidae Lutra Helicopsychidae Scolytidae Capitonidae Vipes Vombatidae Fo Bats DermapteraRats Gerbils Hemisotidae Ploceidae B Paradise fish Flowering plants leontidae Deinopidae Apinae Lizards Picidae mbats Hominids Earwigs Dipterans Parasitoid insects Badgers Teiidae Gymnopphiona Lepidoptera Lanternfishes Terrapins Tenebrionidae Fishes Neanderthals custs Prairie dogs Cricitelus Testudina Tuatara Apicotermes Jerboas Diatoms Caelifera Lampreys Hydropsychiade Hedgehogs Siluriformes Cuckoo Bee gles Macrotermitinae alia Areneus era Rabbits Lemm Trichoptera O B nobacteria Birds Iso Homo Arachnids Amphipods Primates hichthidae optera Cattle Pipesnakes Bowerbirds Agapornis Puffinus Dipodidae Bembix Turdus Embioptera Thrush E Megapodes Coral Red admiral Treehoppers Ariadna Voles Tits Gastercantha Lobsters Chiromantis Guinea pigs Vespinae Snails Bucerotidae Chameleons Painted lady Pisauridae Dendrobatidae Philopotamidae Peromyscus House martin Acacia Cynomys Macronema Owls Theridion Caterpillars Eels Wildebeest Hirundinidae Trachinoidei Gazelles Sardines Segestriidae Galliwasps Furnariidae Thysanoptera River otters histiidae Storks Vanessa Rooks Microphytes Merganser Synbranchiforme Coniosporium Katydids Sarcophagids Erinaceus Flatworms era Silverfish Acrididae Catfish Porcupines Eublepharidae He oadfish Butterflies Tortoise Moles Hummingbirds Snake eels shers Psocoptera Vulpes Drosophila Braconidae Pro Cichlids ungus Spalax Petromyzontiformes Melinae Bark lice Coleoptera Muskrats Atta Pleurodira Lichens Argyroneta Honey eater Pongidae Grasses Eubacteria Buffalo grass Tetragnatha MyctophidaeGobies Congridae Millipedes Pygopodids Hornbills us Marmots Testudinidae Mudskip Louse a Mosses Black rush Cyclorana Cavia Dibamids
- 9. 2 Gt/y 5 Gt/y Atmosphere 805 Gt +4 Gt/y Biological and chemical processes Fossil fuel use Deforestation CO2 UV CO2 90 Gt/y 93 Gt/y DOC 700 Gt Plankton 5 Gt Fossil fuels 7, 000 Gt Thermocline Ocean 38,500 Gt POC 50 Gt Plankton infected by virus Lysis of plankton by viruses 150 Gt/y Uninfected cells and detritus sink 3 Gt/y Figure 4 | Viruses can affect the efficiency of the biological pump. Viruses cause the lysis of cells, converting them into particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This reduces the rate atwhich C sinks from the surface layer into the deep ocean where the carbon is trapped for millennia (biological pump). Instead the carbon is retained in the surface waters where it is photo-oxidized and respired, in chemical equilibrium with the atmosphere. The net effect is a faster rate of CO2 build-up in the atmosphere than would occur if the POC were ‘exported’ to the deep ocean. oligotrophic ocean, where slow rate processes make it difficult to obtain reliable data except from visibly infected cells or viral decay rates. Moreover, the assumptions for calculating mortality rates are particularly poorly grounded for open-ocean species. Even within relatively productive environments, estimates of the contribution of ton, where virus-infected cells sink rapidly78, potentially increasing the transport of cells to deeper waters27. Nutrients other than carbon are also released by viral lysis79,80. As these nutrients are largely organically bound, this can affect their availability and pathways of cycling. In some cases, released nutrients such as iron can fill a major portion of Suttle, 2005
- 12. Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) MNPV Virions Occlusion body Granulovirus (GV) SNPV Figure 1 Occluded virions. Baculovirus genera are based on the structures of occluded virus, polyhedral shaped for nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) with many enveloped nucleocapsids or smaller ovoid occlusions with a single nucleocapsid for granulovirus (GV). NPVs may contain multiple nucleocapsids (MNPV) or single nucleocapsids (SNPV). genera should be revised. The lepidopteran NPVs are more the point where they a have lost the genes enti that the hymenopteran midgut, in which case a necessary (Duffy et al Gammabaculoviridae is drovirus (NeleNPV). Only one member of sequenced to date. Cule (CuniNPV) infects mos produces both BV (con matrix protein shows no or granulin and may r proteins (Perera et al., Most baculoviruses are named after the i exception to this rule is 32 different lepidoptera Structure Guarino, 2011
- 13. Lymantria dispar
- 14. Zombie / Gooey
- 15. Zombie / Gooey egt chit cath Hawtin et al, 1997 Hoover et al, 2011
- 16. Zombie / Gooey How do you acquire both features?
- 21. R0 = ⇣ 0 + +✓ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘ + ⇣ +⌧ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘⇣ + +✓ µ Exposed Susceptible ⌫ Carrier Liquefied ⌧ L+ 0 C ✓ Reservoir ✏ ⌘
- 22. R0 = ⇣ 0 + +✓ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘ + ⇣ +⌧ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘⇣ + +✓ µ Exposed Susceptible ⌫ Carrier Liquefied ⌧ L+ 0 C ✓ Reservoir ✏ ⌘
- 23. R0 = ⇣ 0 + +✓ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘ + ⇣ +⌧ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘⇣ + +✓ µ Exposed Susceptible ⌫ Carrier Liquefied ⌧ L+ 0 C ✓ Reservoir ✏ ⌘
- 24. R0 = ⇣ 0 + +✓ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘ + ⇣ +⌧ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘⇣ + +✓ µ Exposed Susceptible ⌫ Carrier Liquefied ⌧ L+ 0 C ✓ Reservoir ✏ ⌘
- 25. R0 = ⇣ 0 + +✓ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘ + ⇣ +⌧ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘⇣ + +✓ µ Exposed Susceptible ⌫ Carrier Liquefied ⌧ L+ 0 C ✓ Reservoir ✏ ⌘
- 26. R0 = ⇣ 0 + +✓ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘ + ⇣ +⌧ ⌘⇣ ⌫ ⌫+µ ⌘⇣ + +✓ µ Exposed Susceptible ⌫ Carrier Liquefied ⌧ L+ 0 C ✓ Reservoir ✏ ⌘
- 27. Genotypes ⌧ ZG Zg zG zg (1 + ) ⌧ (1 (1 ⌧ ⌧ (1 + ) ⌧ ) ) 0 0 ✓ ✓L ✓L ✓H ✓H Zombie / Gooey Genotypes and their e↵ect on the model para z g , ⌧, 0, ✓H (1 G ), ⌧ (1 + ), , ✓H
- 29. 1.0 % of population Susceptible 0.8 Exposed Cadaver 0.6 Liquefied Reservoir 0.4 0.2 0.0 20 40 60 80 Time (days) 100 120 140 t
- 32. 25 Fitness sequence: 20 zg < Zg < zG < ZG Genotype zg zG Zg ZG R0 = 15 10 5 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 γ 0.6 0.8
- 33. 0.5 0.4 Sequence n θ (reservoir contributio by carriers) No NC Zg,zG,zg zG,Zg,zg Zg,zg,zG zG,zg,Zg zg,Zg,zG zg,zG,Zg 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 β (transmission from liquefied hosts)
- 34. egt chit cath null Culex nigripalpus NPV Neodiprion abietis NPV Neodiprion lecontii NPV Neodiprion sertifer NPV Pieris rapae GV Choristoneura occidentalis GV Clostera anachoreta GV Cryptophlebia leucotreta GV Cydia pomonella GV Adoxophyes orana GV Phthorimaea operculella GV Agrotis segetum GV Plutella xylostella GV Spodoptera litura GV Pseudaletia unipuncta GV Helicoverpa armigera GV Xestia c-nigrum GV Leucania separata NPV Spodoptera litura NPV Choristoneura fumiferana MNPV Orgyia pseudotsugata MNPV Hyphantria cunea NPV Antheraea pernyi NPV Epiphyas postvittana NPV Anticarsia gemmatalis NPV Choristoneura fumiferana DEF MNPV Maruca vitrata MNPV Bombyx mandarina NPV Bombyx mori NPV Plutella xylostella multiple NPV Rachiplusia ou MNPV Autographa californica NPV Lymantria xylina MNPV Lymantria dispar MNPV Helicoverpa armigera NPV NNg1 Helicoverpa zea SNPV Helicoverpa armigera NPV Helicoverpa armigera NPV G4 Adoxophyes orana NPV Adoxophyes honmai NPV Clanis bilineata NPV virus Ecotropis obliqua NPV Euproctis pseudoconspersa NPV Orgyia leucostigma NPV Trichoplusia ni SNPV Chrysodeixis chalcites NPV Helicoverpa armigera multiple NPV Mamestra configurata NPV-B Mamestra configurata NPV-A Agrotis ipsilon multiple NPV Agrotis segetum NPV Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV Spodoptera litura NPV II Spodoptera exigua MNPV
- 35. Granulovirus Morphs Type I •Infect only midgut and fat bodies. •Kill slowly, little or no liquefaction. Type II •Infect multiple tissues. •Kill more quickly, liquefy the host.
- 36. Pieris rapae GV Zombie/Gooey egt Choristoneura occidentalis GV chit cath Clostera anachoreta GV Cryptophlebia leucotreta GV Cydia pomonella GV Adoxophyes orana GV Phthorimaea operculella GV Agrotis segetum GV Plutella xylostella GV Spodoptera litura GV egt chit cath null Type I Type II Pseudaletia unipuncta GV Helicoverpa armigera GV Xestia c-nigrum GV
- 38. Viruses are driving behaviour ... for their own benefit.
- 39. Sociality?
- 40. Biopesticides for fun and profit!
- 42. Photos Kelli Hoover used by permission , ratsinis (Flickr) used under a CC license GollyGForce (Flickr) used under a CC license