2. Infection risk lower
Intact skin
Intact mucous membrane
Broken skin or mucous membrane
Foreign body implant (fully enclosed)
Foreign body from outside to inside body
Infection risk increases
3. Standard and Transmission based precautions
protect who and what?
Patient/
client
Health
workers
Healthcare
Environment
• In healthcare organisations, we know that an introduction of
a pathogenic microorganism will come from people or the
healthcare environment (including equipment).
• The triangle on this slide, demonstrates the linking of the
healthcare environment, health worker and patient/client.
• Protection from exposure is assisted by understanding and
practicing standard and transmission-based precautions.
6. • Transmission of infectious agents within a healthcare
setting requires three elements:
1. A source (or reservoir) of infectious agents
2. A susceptible host with a portal of entry receptive to
the agent
3. A mode of transmission for the agent
7. The Chain of Infection
Infectious Agent
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Reservoir
People
Environment
Equipment & Water
Portal of Exit
Excretion, secretions, skin,
and droplets
Means of Transmission
Direct/Indirect Contact
Inhalation
Airborne
Portal of Entry
Mucous Membranes
Respiratory & GI Tract
Broken Skin
Susceptible Host
Patient
Staff
Visitor
HCW
11. Safety Precautions in Laboratory
1. White and clean laboratory coat should be
worn
2. Laboratory should be kept clean and orderly
3. Gloves, masks and glasses should be worn
11
12. Safety Precautions in Laboratory
4. Hands should be washed before
entering the lab. and after the
departure.
5. Make up ,eye shadow, long nails and
unsecured long hair behind head are
outlawed.
6. Eating, drinking and smoking are
prohibited
12
13. Safety Precautions in Laboratory
7. Immunocomporomised persons should
not allowed to enter the lab.
8. Any specimen should be regarded as
highly infectious and the organism
inside it should be regarded as highly
pathogenic
13
14. Safety Precautions in Laboratory
9. Spilled culture or specimen should be
covered at once with cloth soaked in
suitable disinfectant then removed to be
autoclaved
10.Lable of adhesive tape should be used
instead of that moistened by saliva
11.Mouth pipetting is prohibited an should
be replaced by automatic pipette
14
15. Safety Precautions in Laboratory
12. Used needles, syringes and sharp objects should
not kept in a cardboard box but in a metal tin
13. Contaminated pipettes and the other contaminated
items should be placed in a container with suitable
disinfectant
15
16. Safety Precautions in Laboratory
14.Only closed-toe shoes are to be worn in
the laboratory. Sandals are not
permitted.
15.Work areas/surfaces must be
disinfected before and after use.
16.Do not pour chemicals or biohazardous
fluids down the sink.
16
17. Safety Precautions in Laboratory
18.Return all chemicals, reagents, cultures,
and glassware to their appropriate
places.
19.Flame transfer loops, wires, or needles
before and immediately after use to
transfer biological material.
20.Do not walk about the laboratory with
transfer loops, wires, needles, or
pipettes containing infectious material.
17
18. 18
Learn how to operate a portable
fire extinguisher
Laboratory Fire Safety
19. 19
do not recap( retreat) needles
always use puncture-resistant, leakproof,
sharps containers
always use specific waste disposal containers
never directly handle broken glass
Needles, Broken Glass, and Sharps
22. Standard Precautions
(all day, everyday, every patient)
• Infection prevention actions that apply to all patient/client care and
or interactions, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status
of the patient/client
• Are evidence-based practices designed to protect and prevent
spread of infection
• If followed correctly, minimise the risk of contact with blood and
other body substances.
23. Standard Precautions are:
• Performing hand hygiene
• Appropriate and correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Use of aseptic technique
• Safe use and disposal of sharps
• Performing routine environmental cleaning
• Cleaning and reprocessing of shared patient equipment
• Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
24. Remove items before hand hygiene
24
Remove rings, watches, etc. that
will interfere with effective hand
hygiene, and roll up your sleeves
Note: Nail polish, artificial and false
nails must not be worn in clinical
environments.
Artificial or false nails continue to
demonstrate increased opportunity
for transmitting pathogenic
microorganisms.
25. Surgical masks for droplet precautions
Clinical Excellence Commission
25
.1
Handle the mask by
the straps only
2. Secure loops behind the ears 3. Mould the nose piece to fit
your face
26. Eye protection
Note: Eye protection is designed to protect the wearer
from exposure to splash and fluid from blood and body
substances. Prescription glasses are not designed for this
purpose. Protecting your prescription glasses will protect
your eyes from exposure risks.
28. when the PPE is on:Remember
• Avoid touching your face, including the mask
• Avoid touching or adjusting other PPE during care provision
• Change gloves when torn or heavily contaminated
• Limit surfaces and items touched to prevent accidental
contamination of gloves
• Masks are not worn around the neck or under the chin.
29. Sequence for Removing PPE
• The sequence for removing PPE aims to limit opportunities for self contamination and further
environmental contamination. When using reusable eye protection perform hand hygiene after
cleaning.
1. Remove gloves OR Remove gown and gloves in one step
2. Perform hand hygiene
3. Remove gown Perform hand hygiene
4. Perform hand hygiene Remove eye protection
5. Remove eye protection Remove mask
6. Remove mask Perform hand hygiene
7. Perform hand hygiene
29
Hand hygiene must be performed if hands become
contaminated at any step, and always after removing
gloves
Removing gown and
gloves in one step is
only performed if you
have had training. CEC
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