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1. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(1625304)
UNIT-2: Ferrous Metals and Alloys
Steel, Plain carbon steels, Applications of Steels
Er. Prakash Kumar
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Government Polytechnic Katihar
Department of Science and Technology
Patna, Bihar
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2. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS (1625304)
• UNIT-1 : Engineering Materials and their Properties
• UNIT-2 : Ferrous Metals and Alloys
• UNIT-3 : Non Ferrous Metals and Alloys
• UNIT-4 : Heat Treatment of Steels
• UNIT-5 : Non Metallic Materials
• UNIT-6 : Powder Metallurgy & Nondestructive Testing
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3. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS (1625304)
UNIT-2 : Ferrous Metals and Alloys
18 Marks
• Module-1 : Characteristics and application of ferrous metals
• Module-2 : Phase equilibrium diagram for Iron and Iron Carbide.
• Module-3 : Flow diagram for production of Iron and Steel, Classification, composition
and uses of cast iron, effect of sulphur, silicon and phosphorous.
• Module-4 : Classification, composition and application of low carbon steel, medium
carbon steel and high carbon steel with their chemical composition.
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4. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS (1625304)
UNIT-2 : Ferrous Metals and Alloys
18 Marks
• Module-5 : Alloy Steels: - Low alloy steel, high alloy steel, tools steel & stainless steel.
Effect of various alloying elements such as – Chromium, nickel, manganese,
molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium.
• Module-6 : Tool Steels: - High speed Steels (HSS), Hot & cold Working dies, shear,
punches etc., properties & applications.
• Module-7 : Magnetic materials: - Properties & Applications of commonly used
magnetic materials (Permanent magnets and temporary magnets).
• Module-8 : Special Cutting Tool Materials – Diamond, Stelites & Tungsten Carbide.
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Steel
• In steels, Carbon atoms occupies interstitial sites of Fe.
• Steels are classified based on their Carbon content/ alloying additions which in turn
dictates their applications.
1. Plain carbon steel
2. Alloy Steel
• Plain carbon steels
 Low-carbon steels: % wt of C < 0.3
 Medium carbon steels: 0.3 < % wt of C < 0.6
 High-carbon steels: % wt of C > 0.6
• Alloy Steel
 High Strength Structural Steel (HSLA)
 Tool Steels
 Stainless steel

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 Low-carbon steels (% wt of C < 0.3)
• Carbon present is not enough to strengthen them by heat treatment, hence are
strengthened by cold work
• They are easily weldable and machinable.
• Typical applications: tin cans, automotive body components, structural shapes, etc.
 Medium carbon steels (0.3 < % wt of C < 0.6 )
• They are less ductile and stronger than low carbon steels.
• Heat treatable (austenitizing, quenching and tempering)
• Hardenability is increased by adding Ni, Cr, Mo.
• Used in various tempered conditions.
• Typical applications: gears, railway tracks, machine parts
 High carbon steels (% wt of C > 0.6)
• They are strongest and hardest of carbon steels.
• Heat treatable. Used in tempered or hardened conditions.
• Alloying additions. Cr. V. W. Mo
• Typical applications: Knives, razors, hacksaw blades, etc, where high wear resistance is
the prime requirement.
Plain carbon steels

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Applications of Steels
Steel Carbon
percentage
Materials Applications
Low carbon
Steel or mild
steels
<0.3% C Machine
design
materials
bolts, nuts,
sheet, plates steel tubes
Medium
carbon steel
0.3%-0.6% Forging
materials
gears, axles, connecting
rod, crankshaft
High carbon
steel
>0.6% C Metal
cutting
materials
tools like chisels, punches,
hammer rails, loco tyres
wire ropes

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