Survey Report-Post-disaster needs-2016s

Report
MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS
ASSESSMENT
IN AREAS SEVERELY AFFECTED BY THE 2015 FLOODS AND THE
OCTOBER 2015 EARTHQUAKE
2016

MULTI-SECTORAL EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS ASSESSMENT UN FAO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary.................................................................................................................. 5
1 Background...................................................................................................................... 14
2 Methodology.................................................................................................................... 16
Areas Surveyed ........................................................................................................ 18
3 Household Socio-Demographic Profile........................................................................... 19
Household Composition........................................................................................... 20
Household Heads...................................................................................................... 22
4 Shocks, Hazards and Displacement................................................................................. 26
Shocks and Hazards Experienced, their Impact....................................................... 27
Displacement............................................................................................................ 28
5 Shelter.............................................................................................................................. 32
6 Food Security................................................................................................................... 40
Meals........................................................................................................................ 41
Food Stock................................................................................................................ 44
Levels of Food Security ........................................................................................... 46
Coping Strategies ..................................................................................................... 48
7 Livelihoods...................................................................................................................... 53
Household Income and Expenditure ........................................................................ 54
Women Earning Income........................................................................................... 60
Household Assets..................................................................................................... 65
Access to Markets .................................................................................................... 70
8 Agriculture....................................................................................................................... 73
Land.......................................................................................................................... 74
Irrigation Infrastructure............................................................................................ 80
Crops ........................................................................................................................ 83
9 Livestock ......................................................................................................................... 92
Livestock Ownership................................................................................................ 93
Sales of Livestock and Poultry Products.................................................................. 98
Livestock Problems, Support Needed.................................................................... 100
10 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene .................................................................................. 104
Water .................................................................................................................. 105
Sanitation............................................................................................................ 107
Hygiene............................................................................................................... 111
11 Resilience................................................................................................................... 114
Loans .................................................................................................................. 117

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Recovery Needs.................................................................................................. 120
12 Assistance Received................................................................................................... 122
Assistance by Type............................................................................................. 123
Unconditional Cash Support............................................................................... 125
Recovery Measures............................................................................................. 128
13 Annexes...................................................................................................................... 131
Annex 1: List of Union Councils Included in the Survey................................................. 132
Annex 2: Questionnaire .................................................................................................... 135
Annex 3: Sources of Assistance........................................................................................ 145
List of Tables and Figures..................................................................................................... 151

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ACRONYMS
ACTED Agence d'Aide a la Cooperation Technique et au Developpement (French: Aid
Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development)
BISP Benazir Income Support Programme
CSI Coping Strategy Index
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
IOM International Organization for Migration
KG Kilogram
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority
PKR Pakistan Rupees
rCSI Reduced Coping Strategy Index
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In November-December of 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) conducted a multi-sectoral early recovery needs assessment in eight districts
of Pakistan which were severely affected by the 2015 floods and the October 2015
earthquake. The assessment collected information on losses incurred due to these disasters in
order to generate evidence for design of early recovery programmes in the affected
communities.
The survey covered a total of 3,400 households in 99 union councils of eight districts: Chitral
District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Layyah and Rajanpur in Punjab, as well as
Badin, Thatta, Ghotki, Kashmore, and Shikarpur districts in Sindh. District selection was
based on the following criteria:
 Districts worst affected by the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake;
 Districts where the consortium has the access and ability to respond with emergency
assistance so recovery can build on earlier support;
 Non-kachha1
areas where it would be possible for the consortium to implement
recovery activities in line with government policy.
The survey focused on three broad areas:
 Shelter;
 Food Security and Livelihoods; and
 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH).
The full questionnaire is included in Annex 2.
OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS
Household Socio-Demographic Profile: A household across the surveyed areas consists of
7.9 people on average: 1.4 children under the age of 5, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years of age,
1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of age, 3.1 adults and 0.3 elderly. The largest number of
children of all ages is in Shikarpur. Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly
– 0.5 per average household. 63% of households have children under the age of 5 years.
More than 84% of households are headed by men and 16% – by women 60% of whom are
widows. 69% of household heads and 85% of their spouses are illiterate.
Shocks, Hazards and Displacement: The surveyed communities experienced a variety of
shocks and hazards since 2010. Among them, floods affected from 48% to 99% of all
households; cyclones – 38% of households in Badin, an earthquake – 31% of households in
Chitral. The 2015 floods (and, in Chitral’s case, the earthquake) either severely or moderately
affected from 77% to 100% of households in the surveyed areas.
Displacement: 27% of all households remained in their homes during the 2015 disasters,
while 36% were displaced for under one month and 38% – for more than one month. The
highest percentage of households displaced for up to one month was in Layyah – 75%, while
for more than one month – in Thatta (86%). Overall, 39% of households moved away from
their homes because the house was destroyed, 34% fled from the floods and 14% – to rescue
1
Non-temporary

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livestock. The largest share of displaced households stayed with host families (34%), in
spontaneous sites near their villages (22%) and in spontaneous sites far away from their
villages (16%).
Shelter: Before the 2015 disasters, 75% of all surveyed households lived in “kachha2
”
houses. Only 14% of all houses were left undamaged by the 2015 disasters. The largest share
of destroyed houses was reported in Thatta – 76%. Those whose houses were destroyed, said
they have no shelter at all (24%) or are mostly staying in shelter built of tarpaulins and
bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14 %) or in tents
(11%). The worst situation is in Badin where 44% of households said that they have no
shelter at all. More than half households feel that their current shelter does not meet their
family needs. The main reasons named were the lack of purda wall and insufficient size. The
respondents said that the repair of their house would cost more than PKR 108,000 on
average; 25% of households reported that they have soil or mud for the repair of their houses,
20% – bamboo and 13% – timber poles and doors each.
Food Security: Adults and children across the surveyed areas eat approximately 2.5 meals a
day on average. People in Thatta and Badin have the fewest meals: 2 (both children and
adults). Some households noted that the number of meals they had had the day before the
survey was lower than usual.
Overall, during the course of a week, members of a household typically eat cereals on all
seven days; sugar or sugar products, oil or ghee or butter and spices or tea or coffee or salt –
on five days; milk or dairy products – on four days, lentils or beans or nuts and vegetables or
leaves – on tree days, while fruits and meat or poultry or fish or eggs – one day a week.
Households in Chitral eat many of these food items the fewest days a week.
Except for milk or dairy products and wheat, from 65% to 89% of various food items are
purchased from a market or shop. 47% of all households spend less than 40% of their total
expenditure on food, 28% – from 40% to 60% and 25% – more than 60% of their
expenditure for food. Badin and Thatta have the largest share of households, 44% and 39%,
respectively, which use more than 60% of their expenditure for food.
Overall, an average household lost 31 Maunds3
of cereals stored for domestic use during the
floods. The largest amount of loss was reported in Badin – 61 Maunds per household. 34% of
all households have no food stock left, while 39% do not have enough food stock to last a
week. The worst situation is in Thatta, where 66% of households have no food stocks left at
all. Overall, half of the households have no means to buy basic food items for two weeks.
The worst situation is in Ghotki with 73% of such households. Approximately 40% of all
households reported reduced food consumption due to the floods.
In response to the 2015 disasters, most households across all districts have employed
livelihood-based crisis coping strategies (39%), followed by stress coping strategies (23%)
and emergency coping strategies (14%). Layyah was the only district where the majority of
households (57%) used emergency coping strategies. The largest share of households which
used stress coping strategies was in Badin – 46% and Kashmore – 44%, while crisis coping
strategies – in Ghotki (68%).
2
The word “kachha” generally refers to temporary or makeshift buildings
3
1 Maund=37.3242 kilograms

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Livelihoods: Overall, an average household earns less than PKR 14,000 a month and had 1.8
times higher expenditure the month before the survey; the gap was the widest in Ghotki (2.5).
The highest household expenditure the month before the survey was in Chitral (PKR 48,203).
Households spend most of their money on food – 44% and agricultural inputs – 14%. 77% of
households reported decrease in their income since the floods; the highest percentage of such
households is in Badin – 98%.
Before the floods, from 66% to 88% of households in the surveyed districts of Punjab and
Sindh earned living from sale of food or agricultural products (cash crops, vegetables and
fruits); agricultural wage labour and non-agricultural wage labour. Meanwhile, in Chitral, the
most significant source of livelihoods was small business, self-employment, petty trade,
government, NGO or private employment – 33%. In all eight districts the split of sources of
earning has remained largely the same both before and after the floods.
Overall, each household has 1.5 income earners on average; both before and after floods, the
number has remained largely the same. Two households in every five have a woman earning
income. Currently, the largest number of women earning income is in Rajanpur – 0.5 per
average household, while the smallest share is in Chitral – 0.2. The share of households with
no women earning income has declined from 68% to 65% since the floods, the share of
households with one woman earning income has increased from 29% to 32% and the share of
households with 2 or more women earning income has increased from 3% to 4%.
The largest share of women reported handicrafts as their main source of income before the
floods – 32%, agricultural wage labour – 18% and charity or Zakat4
or gifts or BISP5
– 16%.
Since the floods, the share of women engaged in handicrafts has declined to 29%, while the
shares of the other two main sources of living have increased to 20% and 19%, respectively.
Prior to the floods and the earthquake, 49% of all households had a fan, 44% – a telephone,
34% -an iron, 23% – a television (TV), 21% – a refrigerator, 21% – a motorbike, 16% – a
washing machine, 15% – a radio, 10% – a bicycle and 2% – a vehicle. Thatta, Rajanpur and
Badin have the smallest share of households with these items. During the 2015 disasters, the
largest share of households lost fans (24%) and refrigerators (23%). The largest numbers of
households which lost various items are in Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore.
Before the 2015 disasters, households owned the following productive assets: animal shelters
(49% of all households), sewing machines (36%), grain mills (9%), ploughs (7%),
handlooms (5%) and tractors (3%). Chitral had the highest share of households which owned
many of these items, while Thatta and Layyah – the smallest share. During the floods, 37%
of all households lost animal shelter, 16% – sewing machines, 4% – ploughs, 3% – grain
mills, 2% – handlooms and 1% – tractors. The largest share of households which lost animal
shelter is in Ghotki (61%), while the highest shares of households which lost ploughs,
handlooms and grain mills are in Chitral – 25%, 9% and 8%, respectively.
Before the floods, most households had easier access to markets and fewer households had
no access at all. Currently, 14% of all households have no access to markets at all and 66%
have difficult access. Destruction of access roads and a very high cost of transportation are
4
Zakat is a form of alms-giving and religious tax in Islam
5
BISP – PKR 1,000 monthly cash transfer by the government Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in order to alleviate the impact of
food crisis and inflation on the poor, particularly women.

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the main reasons for no access or poor access to markets. Other reasons, in diminishing
order, are security situation, non-functioning markets and markets destroyed by floods.
Agriculture: Overall, 56% of households across the surveyed areas do not own any land;
21% of households own 1-2 acres, 14% own 3-5 acres, 5% own 6-10 acres and 4% own 11
acres or more. This situation is the most reflective of the surveyed districts in Sindh and
Punjab; in Chitral, only 1% of households do not own any land and 41% own 3-5 acres.
From 65% to 100% of households in each surveyed district cultivate land. 48% of land is
cultivated by owners, while 41% – by tenants or sharecroppers. While in Chitral, most land is
cultivated by owners, while in Kashmore, Thatta, Shikarpur and Badin, most land – from
57% to 76% – is cultivated by tenants or sharecroppers. An average household cultivates 4.7
acres during Rabi6
season and 4 acres during Kharif7
season, but owns only 2.6 acres of that
land. Layyah communities cultivate the smallest amount of land per household: on average,
3.1 acres during Rabi and 2.4 acres during Kharif.
The surveyed households reported the following problems related to the recent floods on
their ability to use land: washed away demarcation of land boundaries (31%); cancelled
tenancy arrangement (21%) – the latter problem was named by 88% of households in Badin;
– absence of formal or legal entitlement to land (21%) and changed riverbed (10%).
From 58% to 100% of all land in the surveyed districts is irrigated. Overall, the most
common source of irrigation is canals. The floods have damaged or destroyed more than half
of all canals and half of the ponds and damaged 40% tubewells and 19% streams in the
surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh. In Chitral, the 2015 disasters destroyed or damaged
all of the canals and more than 60% of streams.
During Rabi season, most households grow wheat (80%); while during Kharif season – rice
(41%). The highest percentage of households which grow wheat during Rabi season is in
Ghotki, Shikarpur, Rajanpur, Kashmore – from 90% to 94%. The largest share of households
which grow rice during Kharif is in Kashmore – 98%.
Destruction of standing crops was named as the key impact of the floods by most of the
households (20%-33%) across the surveyed areas. 90% of all households said that the floods
had damaged their production of Kharif crops. The floods affected from 80% to 100% of the
fields planted with crops or orchards and from 82% to 98% of harvests were lost. Thatta and
Rajanpur were affected the worst and lost the highest share of the harvest.
The largest share of all households reported the following flood damage to their agricultural
assets: standing crops destroyed (20%-33%), land flooded or washed away (10%-27%) and
standing crops abandoned when fleeing the area (11%-23%). Overall, 73% of households
reported lack of farm machinery, 55% – tools, 52% – fertilizer and 37% – seeds for the 2015-
2016 Rabi season. Most households in all districts said their most needed support is fertilizer
(26%) and seeds (22%).
Livestock: From 75% to 98% of households across the surveyed districts keep livestock.
Before the 2015 disasters, a household kept 2-5 buffaloes, 1-4 sheep or goats and up to 3
6
Rabi season refers to the dry agricultural season; it starts in November and ends in May.
7
Kharif season refers to the rainy (monsoon) agricultural season; it starts in June and ends in October.

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heads of poultry on average; some households had other livestock. From 14% to 32% of all
livestock was lost during the 2015 disasters. Poultry losses were the highest. Ghotki lost the
largest share of poultry (53%), while Shikarpur the largest share of other types of livestock
(33%-44% per type). Some livestock was sold since the floods, mostly to purchase food.
Across the surveyed areas, only 24% of households sell any dairy products; the largest share
is in Layyah – 44%, while the lowest – in Chitral – 3% of households. Only 4% of
households sell eggs and only 1% of households sell chicken or meat.
Lack of veterinary medicines and vaccination, fodder and animal shelter were the least
available items for livestock care named by the surveyed households. Most households said
they primarily need veterinary medication, followed, in diminishing order, by straw or green
fodder, concentrated feed and animal shelter.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Both before and after the 2015 disasters, most of the
surveyed households in Punjab and Sindh have used protected hand-pumps for water, while
most households in Chitral have used unprotected sources of water. Overall, only 17% of
households use any measures to improve the quality of drinking water.
A large percentage of households in the surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh have no toilet
at all: from to 23% in Badin to 66% in Rajanpur; in Chitral only 7% of households do not
have toilet. The remaining households use flush system connected to sewerage, septic tanks
or open drains, dug ditches or pit latrines. Only 23% of households have separate toilet for
females. Majority of households use open drain to dispose of waste water (30%). The
percentage is particularly high in Badin (97%) and Rajanpur (95%). Other ways to dispose of
waste water are septic tank, tranche and use in kitchen gardens. 44% of all households
discard their solid waste anywhere; the share of such households is the highest in Rajanpur
(62%) and Kashmore (60%). The second most popular method is burning it (30%), followed
by throwing it into communal garbage (20%) or into sewerage. Chitral and Ghotki display a
different pattern from other districts: 64% of households in Chitral and 52% in Ghotki burn
their solid waste.
From 67% to 98% of households wash their hands after defecation or after cleaning child’s
bottom, before preparing food or eating; the percentage of households which wash their
hands before feeding a child varies from 16% to 83% in different districts. Overall, 68% of
households use only water to wash their hands; the situation is the worst in Thatta, where
94% of households use only water and the best in Chitral with 44%.
Resilience: To improve their situation, 31% of households across all the surveyed areas
worked to repair their house; followed (in diminishing order) by land cleaning or levelling,
cleaning and repairing irrigation canals, getting agricultural inputs and participating in
community self-help activities. Repair of their house was named by the highest percentage of
households in Shikarpur – 50% and 35% in Rajanpur. Land cleaning or levelling was the
most frequently reported in Badin – 27% of households and Chitral – 20%. Most respondents
think their situation will not improve over the coming six months.
From 61% to 82% of households in the surveyed areas have taken out loans since the 2015
disasters. The percentage was the highest in Shikarpur (82%), Badin (80%) and Chitral
(76%). An average loan exceeds PKR 63,000. The highest amount of debt per household is in
Ghotki – PKR 97,705 on average. Most of the loans were received from local shopkeepers

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(25% to 51% of households) and used most to purchase food (by 33% to 50% of
households), for health expenses and for agricultural inputs or tools.
Cash grants, building materials and food aid were named by most households across all eight
districts as the most needed short-term support. The top medium-term support named by
most households (except for those in Badin) were agricultural inputs, cash grants, building
materials and food aid. In Badin, the key medium-term support items requested by most
households were building materials, cash grants, food aid and credits.
Assistance Received by November-December 2015: Most of the surveyed communities
have received a wide variety of relief assistance. The districts of Chitral and Thatta have the
highest percentage of households which received various assistance. The lowest percentage is
in Badin, Shikarpur and Rajanpur. The largest percentage of households received food
assistance (34%), followed by tents or shelter material (24%) and government compensation
(23%). Most of the assistance was provided by the government, followed by NGOs.
26% of households in the surveyed areas received unconditional cash support after the 2015
disasters. The highest percentage of such households is in Chitral – 44%, while the lowest –
in Rajanpur – 11%. Overall, 33% of households received less than PKR 3,000, 24% – from
PKR 3,000 to PKR 6,000, 13% – from PKR 6,000 to PKR 10,000, 16% – from PKR 10,000
to PKR 20,000, while others PKR 20,000 or more. 39% of households used unconditional
cash support to purchase food.
Additionally, households received a variety of external recovery assistance. The largest
share, 18% of all households, received support to repair their houses, followed by agricultural
inputs (14%). Support for the repair of their house was reported by the largest share of
households in Badin – 28% and Shikarpur – 27%. Support for cleaning of irrigation canals
was also reported by the largest share of households in Badin – 26%, followed by 16% of
households in Chitral.
OVERVIEW OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations below are based strictly on the assessment findings and are merely an
effort to offer some possible ways to address the problems that the surveyed areas face.
These suggestions do not represent, nor seek to represent, a comprehensive list of possible
approaches to the design of assistance programs but rather attempt to discuss some of the
options stemming from the data collected. Depending on their objectives and methodologies
employed, different assistance programs will select any number of the approaches that may
or may not follow the suggested path.
Findings of the assessment suggest that future assistance programs should include a wide
variety of activities to improve incomes, shelter, food security and resilience of these
communities, building on the assistance provided to date. Additionally, design of future
assistance programs might want to take into consideration that some of these severely
affected areas have received very little recovery support to date.
The survey suggests that, as requested by the communities, cash grants, building materials
and food aid should be provided to address the short-term needs. Meanwhile, agricultural
inputs, cash grants, building materials and food aid should be provided to address their
medium-term needs. Interviewees in Badin have requested that assistance include credits.

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Shelter: The assessment findings suggest that
 Reconstruction of shelter is one of the several short-term needs to be addressed. With
as many as 86% of all houses damaged or destroyed across the surveyed communities
and as many as 24% of all surveyed households living without any shelter at the time
of the survey, this should be considered one of the most immediate priorities.
 As a minimum, assistance should consider focusing on Badin, where 44% of the
surveyed households reported living without any shelter.
 Activities should include construction of new shelter, repair of damaged shelter,
construction of purda walls and increase in the size of the shelter.
 The repair of a house would cost approximately PKR 108,000.
 The communities could provide labour and some of the materials – mostly soil or
mud, bamboo, timber poles and doors.
 Construction of new houses should be focused on Thatta, Chitral and Ghotki, while
rebuilding of the existing houses should focus on Badin, Layyah and Rajanpur.
Food Security: The assessment findings suggest that:
 Support efforts should include activities to improve the number of meals have each
day, their nutritional quality and the overall food security.
 Thatta and Badin, where families have the fewest number of meals, as well as Chitral,
where people eat most of the types of food the fewest times a week, should be
considered as the potential areas of support.
 Activities should aim to increase the share of foods families grow themselves in order
to reduce the share of expenditure used by households on food. Such assistance
should particularly focus on Badin and Thatta.
 Assistance to Badin, Thatta and Ghotki should include activities to restore or increase
the food stock households have.
Livelihoods: The assessment findings suggest that
 Assistance should include activities that increase the level of incomes across all
surveyed areas and ultimately, reduce the gap between the average income and
average expenditure.
 Ghotki should be the first district to be provided such assistance, followed by Chitral
and Thatta.
 Badin and Thatta should receive assistance to reduce the share of expenditure used to
purchase food.
 Another area for assistance is the diversification of the sources of income sources,
particularly in Rajanpur.
 Assistance should focus on the increase in the number of income earners, particularly
in Layyah and Chitral.
 Women should receive support to restore and further increase the share of handicrafts
as a source of income and reduce the reliance on charity or Zakat or gifts or BISP,
especially in the districts of Ghotki and Badin.
 Chitral, Shikarpur and Kashmore should receive support for restoration of the
household possessions.
 Chitral should receive assistance to restore productive assets: animal shelter, ploughs
and handlooms.

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 To restore the ability of the communities to earn living, assistance should include
reconstruction of access roads, particularly in Badin and Layyah, to improve access to
markets and work on reduction in transportation costs.
Agriculture: The assessment findings suggest that:
 Land-related assistance should include support related to tenancy arrangements in
Badin and restoration of the demarcation of the land borders in Shikarpur and
Kashmore.
 Any agricultural assistance should include reconstruction of irrigation systems:
canals, ponds, tubewells and streams, particularly in Chitral. In Punjab and Sindh,
work should focus on reconstruction of canals, which sustained the most damage.
 Activities should include rebuilding of wells, canal inlets and canal gates of bypasses
as well as removal of silt.
 To improve production of crops, assistance should address needs expressed by the
surveyed communities: provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits, and repair of
irrigation structures. Support programs should be primarily directed to the districts of
Rajapur and Thatta, however, if resources permit, all the surveyed communities
should receive some support.
 In Chitral and Rajanpur, assistance should focus on restoration of irrigation canals
and tubewells, provision of fertilizer and seeds. In the remaining districts, assistance
should focus on the provision of fertilizer, seeds and credits. In order to reduce the
extent of loss during future floods, assistance programs should promote the use of
flood-resistant varieties of crops.
Livestock: The assessment findings suggest that
 Livestock should be an integral part of agricultural assistance programs in the
surveyed areas.
 As requested by the communities, assistance programs should provide (in diminishing
order of priority) veterinary medication, fodder, concentrated feed and support for the
construction of animal shelter.
 Activities should work to increase the number of livestock heads per household;
particularly, poultry, sheep and goats, in Shikarpur and Rajanpur.
 Activities should also promote sales of livestock products: dairy, eggs, meat or
poultry; currently, only a very small share of households sell any produce.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: The assessment findings suggest that:
 To increase access to clean water, assistance programs should support installation of
safe drinking water infrastructure, particularly in Chitral. Activities should work to
increase awareness of the communities on the ways they can improve the quality of
water. The most extensive awareness efforts should be conducted in Badin, Shikarpur
and Rajanpur where the fewest households practice any of these measures.
 Assistance programs should consider working on installation of latrines in all the
surveyed districts of Punjab and Sindh, especially in Rajanpur and Ghotki,
 Assistance efforts should seek to increase awareness of the proper treatment of the
faeces disposed in pit latrines and dug ditches.
 Efforts to increase the awareness and use of proper ways to dispose of solid waste
(particularly in Rajanpur and Kashmore) and waste water (particularly in Badin,
Rajanpur and Thatta).

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 Hygiene programs should work to increase the use of correct hand-washing practices,
particularly in Rajanpur and Shikarpur, and promote the use of hand-washing
products. The latter effort should first focus on Thatta, where the situation is the
worst.
Resilience: The assessment findings suggest that:
 Assistance programs should build upon and complement efforts undertaken by the
communities: reconstruction of the houses, cleaning or levelling the land, repairing
irrigation canals, etc.
 Support should include measures to improve the resilience of the communities against
future disasters.

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1 BACKGROUND
Pakistan has experienced a series of
natural disasters from 2010 to 2015. The
flood that took place in 2010 was one of
the most devastating natural disasters
Pakistan has ever had. More than 21
million people were affected, nearly
2,000 lost their lives and almost 3,000
sustained injuries. The country was hit by
floods again in 2011, 2013 and 2014.8
Heavy monsoon rains in the middle of
July 2015, coupled with the rapid melting
of snow and outbursts from glacial lakes,
led to yet another series of flash floods
and the flooding of the Indus River in
various locations across Pakistan. Some
3,306 villages in 43 districts were
affected. More than 179 people lost their lives, 123 were injured, 12,022 houses got damaged
and 1,268,307 people were displaced. A more detailed overview is provided in the table
below9
:
TABLE 1: Impact of the 2015 Natural Disasters in Pakistan
Houses
Province Deaths Injured
Houses
Damaged
Villages
Affected
Population
Affected
Sindh - - - 2436 677,581
Balochistan 13 33 798 - -
Punjab 48 8 6163 548 453,826
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 82 68 3544 - -
Gilgit Baltistan 7 6 812 286 136,000
AJ&K 23 5 323 17 -
FATA 6 3 382 19 900
Total 179 123 12022 3306 1,268,307
In the province of Sindh, Larkana, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Ghotki, Khairpur and Sukkar
districts were affected by the floods, with Ghotki and Kashmore sustaining the most
damages. A total of 2,436 villages in 38 Union Councils of six districts were affected and
677,581 people were left homeless and 58,243 livestock were evacuated from the area. The
government of Sindh established 73 relief camps which provided shelter for 21,009 people.10
In Punjab, the 2015 floods affected nine districts: Dera Ghazi Khan, Kasur, Layyah,
Mianwali, Muzaffargarh, Narowal, Rahim Yar Khan, Rajanpur and Sialkot. A total of
8
NDMA website
9
NDMA, Daily updates, August 9, 2015; http: or or www.ndma.gov.pk or new or Documents or
NDMA_Monsoon_Daily_Sitrep_No_27_9th_august_2015.pdf
10
PDMA Sindh
FIGURE 1: Districts Affected by the 2015 Floods

15
483,826 people in 548 villages were affected. Forty-eight people lost their lives, 8 people
were injured, more than 6,000 houses got damaged and 79,891 people were evacuated from
their homes. The Government of Punjab established 154 relief camps which provided shelter
for 7,284 persons11
.
2015 brought a series of natural disasters to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: a mini-cyclone on April
26, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and flash floods in July and August, a massive earthquake
on October 26 and two more earthquakes in November and December, causing loss of 232
lives, injuring 1,490 people, and damaging 97,995 houses. The districts of Lower Dir,
Malakand, Shangla, Swat, Upper Dir and, particularly, Chitral were affected the most12
.
To collect information for design of early recovery programmes in the communities affected
by these disasters, the Consortium for Natural Disaster Preparedness and Response
Programme designed a multi-sectoral early recovery needs assessment. The assessment was
carried out in November-December of 2015 by FAO.
11
PDMA Punjab
12
NDMA, http: or or www.ndma.gov.pk or dynamic or ?page_id=4000

16
2 METHODOLOGY
The assessment questionnaire and methodology was developed by the members of the
Consortium for Natural Disaster Preparedness and Response Programme: UNFAO, ACTED,
International Organization for Migration (IOM), HANDS and UNICEF. FAO took the lead
in coordinating the effort and in the implementation of the assessment.
The assessment was conducted in November and December of 2015. It included interviews
of approximately 3,400 households in 99 sample Union Councils (UCs) of 23 Tehsils or
Talukas in the districts of Badin, Thatta, Ghotki, Kashmore, Shikarpur of Sindh Province,
Rajanpur and Layyah of Punjab Province and Chitral of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province.
For the purposes of this survey, a household is defined as a unit where all persons live under
one roof and use one kitchen to prepare food.
A three-stage sampling was used:
 UCs affected by 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake; selection of UCs was
made in cooperation with the local government entities and consortium partners,
based on information from provincial Disaster Management Authorities, other
secondary sources and local knowledge of partner organizations (local non-
governmental organizations).
 Affected villages in affected UCs; selection was made in cooperation with the local
government entities and non-governmental organizations working in these UCs;
 Household selection was based on standard interviewing methods to ensure
production of a representative sample in each surveyed village.
Around 400 households surveyed in each district, with at least 15 households interviewed in
each target village to identify medium and longer-term needs resulting from the 2015 floods
and, in Chitral’s case, the earthquake.
The following criteria was used to select assessment areas:
 Districts worst affected by floods in 2015 and the October 2015 earthquake;
 Districts where the consortium plans to respond with emergency assistance so
recovery can build on earlier support;
 Non-kachha areas where it would be possible for the consortium to implement
recovery activities in line with government policy.
In each district, data was collected by three teams, each of which comprised of two male and
one female enumerators. The enumerators were staff of non-governmental organizations such
as AKRSP, Pakistan Red Crescent Society, FOCUS, Save the Children, Plan Pakistan, Sindh
Bureau of Statistics, HANDS, ACTED, MDF, Khairpur Women Association, and Care
Development Organization. All enumerators were local to the areas of data collection to
reduce the distortions inherent in the collection of information from the households: the over-
Table 2: Number of Households Interviewed in Each District
District Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Chitral Total
No. households 388 452 397 425 442 455 397 3,404

17
reporting of the impact of the disasters as well as under-reporting of the household resources.
Collected data was entered by experienced data entry operators.
To ensure quality data collection, each enumerator received an intensive three-day training
on interviewing techniques; day-to-day quality assurance efforts were conducted by the
leaders of each of the enumerator team. Additionally, FAO worked with other consortium
members to conduct spot-checking. A team of 3 subject matter specialists visited various
union councils and randomly interviewed 2-3 households which had participated in the
survey to ensure that the data collection took place and verify the data recorded in the
questionnaire.

18
AREAS SURVEYED
In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, the
survey focused on Chitral District
(Chitral and Mastuj tehsils).
In Punjab Province, two districts were
included in the survey:
 Layyah District: tehsils of Karor
and Layyah; and
 Rajanpur District: tehsils of Jam
Pur, Rajan Pur and Rojhan.
In Sindh Province, the following
districts and tehsils were included in the
survey:
 Badin District: tehsils of Badin,
Golaarchi or Shaheed Fazil
Rahu, Talhar and Tando Bado,
 Ghotki District: tehsils of
Ghotki and Obouaro,
 Kashmore District: tehsils of
Kandhkot, Kashmore and
Tangwani,
 Shikarpur District: tehsils of
Ghari Yaseen, Khanpur and
Lakhi, and
 Thatta District: tehsils of
 Ghora Bhari, Kharo Chan, Keti
Bandar and Thatta.
FIGURE 2: Surveyed Areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
FIGURE 3: Surveyed Areas in Punjab
FIGURE 4: Surveyed Areas in Sindh

19
3 HOUSEHOLD SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

20
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION
In the surveyed districts, an average household consists of 7.9 people. The lowest number of
people per household was recorded in Layyah District – 6.3 on average; the highest – in
Shikarpur District, with 9.8 people on average.
Overall, a household has 1.4 children under the age of 5 years, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years
of age, 1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of age, 3.1 adults (people from 18 to 59 years of age)
and 0.3 elderly (people 60 years and older) on average.
The largest number of children under the age of 5 as well as children from 5 to 9 years of age
per average household is in Shikarpur – 1.9 and 2.1, respectively. Meanwhile the largest
number of children from 10 to 17 years of age is in Shikarpur and Ghotki – 1.8.
Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly – 0.5 per average household.
The lowest number of children under the age of 5 years is in Layyah – 0.7, children from 5 to
9 years of age – in Chitral – 0.9, while children from 10 to 17 years of age – in Thatta – 1.2.
The lowest number of adults, 2.7, is in the districts of Ghotki and Layyah, while the lowest
number of elderly, 0.2 per average household, is in the districts of Layyah and Rajanpur.
7.9 7.7 7.2
8.0 8.5
9.8
6.3
7.6
8.4
Overall Badin Thatta Ghotki Kashmore Shikarpur Layyah Rajanpur Chitral
FIGURE 5: Average Household Size
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.9
0.7
1.6
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.8
2.1
1.2
1.5
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.6
3.1
3.1
3.0
2.7
3.0
3.7
2.7
3.0
4.1
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.5
FIGURE 6: Number of Household Members
Under 5 Children 5-9 Children 10-17 Children Adults Elderly Members

21
Overall, 63% of households have self-reported children under the age of 5 years; 21% – an
elderly member (a person 60 years of age or older), 18% – pregnant and lactating women;
3% – disabled children and 3% – disabled elderly.
The highest share of households with children under the age of 5 is in Rajanpur (72%),
followed by Kashmore (71%) and Shikarpur (70%). The lowest number of such households
is in Layyah (40%) and Chitral (57%).
Rajanpur has also reported the highest share of households with pregnant or lactating women
(41%), followed by Kashmore (22%), Ghotki (21%), Badin (20%), Chitral (15%), Shikarpur
(13%), and Thatta (12%). Layyah district stands out among the surveyed areas with a
particularly low percentage of pregnant or lactating women – 2%. Such low number would
need to be further confirmed by on-site testing. It is possible that a large share of households
misreported the presence of pregnant or lactating women due to some strong local prejudices
or superstitions.
Chitral has by far the highest share of households with elderly people (32%), followed by
Thatta (24%), Ghotki (23%) and Kashmore (22%). Layyah and Rajanpur has the lowest
share of households with elderly (11% and 13%, respectively).
The highest percentage of households with disabled children is in Kashmore (7%), while the
highest percentage of households with disabled elderly is in Chitral (7%).
63%
67%
59%
65%
71%
70%
40%
72%
57%
21%
17%
24%
23%
24%
22%
11%
13%
32%
3%
3%
2%
3%
7%
4%
1%
2%
4%
3%
2%
1%
1%
5%
2%
2%
2%
7%
18%
20%
12%
21%
22%
13%
2%
41%
15%
Figure 7: Household Composition
Household has Under 5 Children Household has Elderly Member
Household has Disabled Children Household has Disabled Elderly Member
Household has Pregnant & Lactating Women

22
HOUSEHOLD HEADS
More than 84% of all households are headed by men and 16% – by women. The highest
number of female-headed households is in Kashmore (21%), Thatta (20%) and Shikarpur
(19%). The lowest number of female-headed households is in Ghotki – 11%.
Notably, 19% of households across all districts are headed by the elderly (people age 60
years and above) and 4% – by people under 18 years of age.
Across all eight districts, the largest share of female household heads are widows (60%),
followed by married women (34%). Divorced or separated female household heads constitute
4%, while unmarried – 2%.
Typically, the marital status of a woman household head indicates the level of income and
socioeconomic support available to that woman. Women household heads who are married
most likely have their husbands working away their home and sending income back to the
household; whereas women household heads who are widows, divorced, separated or
unmarried do not have such source of income to rely on. Furthermore, divorced, separated or
16%
15%
19%
11%
20%
19%
15%
14%
13%
84%
85%
81%
89%
80%
81%
85%
86%
87%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 8: Head of Household
Female
Male
2%
4%
1%
1%
5%
2%
2%
34%
36%
20%
21%
32%
36%
41%
28%
69%
4%
2%
6%
5%
13%
2%
2%
2%
60%
59%
73%
74%
54%
59%
56%
70%
27%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 9: Marital Status of Female Heads of Households
Unmarried Married Divorced/Separated Widow/Widower

23
unmarried women household heads are more likely to experience social prejudice and have
less socioeconomic support available to them from the community and family.
Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur districts have the highest share of female household heads who
are widows – 74%, 73% and 70%, respectively. Other districts have 54%-59% of female
household heads who are widows. Chitral has by far the lowest share of female household
heads who are widows – 27%.
Conversely, Chitral also has the highest percentage of female household heads who are
married – 69%. In other districts, married female household heads constituted from 20% (in
Thatta) to 41% (in Layyah). A potential reason why these very traditional communities have
such a high number of married female household heads could be the employment of men far
away from home. However, such assumption would need to be tested.
Kashmore has a particularly high percentage of divorced or separated female household
heads – 13%; the second highest percentage being only 6% (in Thatta). Two districts –
Shikarpur and Badin – have a comparatively much higher percentage of female household
heads who are unmarried: 5% and 4%, respectively, against 0%-2% in other districts.
Majority of household heads in the surveyed districts are illiterate – 69%. 13% of household
heads have primary education, 6% of household heads have middle education, 9% -
secondary or higher secondary education and 3% have graduate or post-graduate education.
Chitral district has the lowest percentage of illiterate household heads – 44% and the highest
percentage of those with middle, secondary or highest secondary education, as well as
graduate or post-graduate education (15%, 22% and 9%, respectively). The remaining 10%
of household heads have primary education.
Shikarpur has the second lowest percentage of illiterate household heads – 59%. Another
21% of household heads have primary education, 6% – middle education, 10% – secondary
or post-secondary and the remaining 4% – graduate or post-graduate level education.
69%
72%
80%
68%
78%
59%
67%
84%
44%
13%
15%
11%
20%
7%
21%
15%
9%
10%
6%
3%
2%
4%
3%
6%
11%
4%
15%
9%
10%
5%
3%
10%
10%
5%
4%
22%
3%
1%
1%
4%
3%
4%
2%
9%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 10: Education Level of Household Head
No education Primary Middle Secondary/Higher secondary Graduation/Post Graduation

24
Conversely, Rajanpur has the highest percentage of illiterate household heads – 84%. The
district has no graduate or post-graduate household heads, and only 4% of household heads
have middle or secondary or higher secondary education each.
Thatta district has the second highest share of illiterate household heads – 80%, followed by
Kashmore (78%), Badin (72%), Ghotki (68%) and Layyah (67%). The share of illiterate
heads of households in each district is loosely inversely correlated with the shares of
educated household heads – the higher the illiteracy level, the lower the shares of household
heads with various levels of education.
Education level among the spouses of household heads is even lower across all districts, with
a total of 85% all spouses being illiterate (compared to 69% illiteracy among household
heads), 6% holding primary education, 3% – middle, 3% – secondary, 1% – graduate or post-
graduate education. Another 2% named “other” as their highest level of education.
Similarly to the education levels among household heads, Chitral has the lowest share of
illiterate spouses of household heads – 66% and the highest share of spouses with graduate or
post-graduate education – 5%. Another 11% spouses have secondary or higher secondary
education, 10% – middle and 4% – primary education.
The highest percentage of illiterate spouses is in Rajanpur (which also has the highest
percentage of illiterate household heads) – 96%, followed by Kashmore – 92%, Shikarpur –
90%, Ghotki – 87%, Thatta – 86%, Layyah – 81% and Badin – 81%.
CONCLUSIONS
An average household across the surveyed areas consists of 7.9 people: 1.4 children under
the age of 5 years, 1.5 children from 5 to 9 years of age, 1.5 children from 10 to 17 years of
age, 3.1 adults and 0.3 elderly. The largest number of children under the age of 5, children
from 5 to 9 years of age and children from 10-17 years per average household is in Shikarpur
– 1.9 2.1 and 1.8, respectively. Chitral has the largest number of adults – 4.1 and elderly –
0.5 per average household.
85%
81%
86%
87%
91%
90%
81%
96%
66%
6%
10%
7%
9%
4%
6%
9%
2%
4%
3%
3%
1%
2%
0%
1%
5%
0%
10%
3%
6%
1%
1%
3%
2%
3%
0%
11%
1%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
0%
5%
2%
0%
5%
0%
0%
0%
2%
4%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 11: Education Level of Spouse of Household Head
No education Primary Middle
Secondary/Higher secondary Graduation/Post Graduation Other

25
63% of households have children under the age of 5 years, 21% – elderly, 18% – pregnant or
lactating women, 3% – disabled children or disabled elderly, each.
More than 84% of households are headed by men and 16% – by women; the largest share of
female household heads are widows (60%), followed by married women (34%). Divorced or
separated female household heads constitute 4%, while unmarried – 2%.
19% of households across all districts are headed by the elderly (people age 60 years and
above) and 4% – by people under 18 years of age.
Majority of household heads in the surveyed districts are illiterate – 69%. 13% of household
heads have primary education, 6% of household heads have middle education, 9% -
secondary or higher secondary education and 3% have graduate or post-graduate education.
Education level among the spouses of household heads is even lower across all districts, with
a total of 85% all spouses being illiterate (compared to 69% illiteracy among household
heads), 6% holding primary education, 3% – middle, 3% – secondary, 1% – graduate or post-
graduate education. Another 2% named “other” as their highest level of education.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The collected data suggests that assistance programs should include activities that target
vulnerable households: those that have a particularly large number of children, such as
Shikarpur and Ghotki, pregnant or lactating women (Rajanpur), disabled elderly (Chitral) or
disabled children (Kashmore).
The assessment findings suggest that, in order to support the most vulnerable members of the
community, support efforts should be directed to households headed by the elderly (19% of
all households), people under 18 years of age (4% of all households), female who are widows
(Ghotki, Thatta and Rajanpur), separated or unmarried (Kashmore).
All assistance activities should be mindful of the fact that 69% of all household heads and
85% of the spouses of household heads are illiterate across the surveyed areas.

26
4 SHOCKS, HAZARDS AND DISPLACEMENT

27
SHOCKS AND HAZARDS EXPERIENCED, THEIR IMPACT
The surveyed communities in the eight districts experienced a variety of shocks and hazards
since 2010: floods, cyclones, earthquakes, chronic illnesses and price hikes.
The vast majority of the households were affected by floods in 2010-2015. The percentage
was particularly high in Rajanpur (99%), Thatta (99%) and Layyah (97%).
The lowest percentage of households hit by floods was in Badin (48%). In this district, 38%
of households were affected by cyclones, while 13% – by chronic illnesses.
Meanwhile, in Ghotki, 63% of households were impacted by floods, 23% – by price hikes
and 2% – by chronic illnesses. A similar situation was recorded in Kashmore: 72% of
households in this district were affected by floods, 7% – by price hikes and 4% – by chronic
illnesses.
In Chitral, 63% of households were affected by floods, while 31% – by the earthquake that
took place in October 2015.
27% of households in Shikarpur, 16% in Kashmore, 10% in Ghotki, 7% in Thatta and less
than 3% of households in each of the remaining districts named “other” shocks and hazards
that affected them.
48%
99%
63%
72%
73%
97%
99%
63%
38% 13%
2%
4%
23%
7%
31%
0%
1%
10%
16%
27%
3%
1%
7%
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 12: Shocks/Hazards Experienced Since 2010
Floods Cyclone Chronic illness Price hike Earthquake Others
58%
54%
94%
56%
19%
39%
45%
81%
77%
35%
46%
6%
31%
58%
42%
52%
19%
22%
7%
13%
23%
20%
3%
1%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 13: Level of Impact of the 2015 Disasters
Severely Affected Moderately Affected Little/not affected

28
93% of households across all the surveyed districts were either severely or moderately
affected by the 2015 floods or, in Chitral’s case, by the October 2015 earthquake. Only 23%
of households in Kashmore, 20% in Shikarpur, 13% in Ghotki and 3% in Layyah were only
little or not at all affected by the floods. Similarly, only 19% of households in Chitral were
either little or not at all affected by the earthquake.
Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral are the three districts where most of the households reported
being severely affected by floods (94%, 81% and 77%, respectively).
The lowest percentage of severely affected households was in Kashmore (19%) and Chitral
(by the earthquake, 24%). At the same time, these two districts had the highest percentage of
households affected moderately: 58% and 57% (by the earthquake), respectively.
DISPLACEMENT
Across the eight surveyed districts, 27% of households remained in their homes, 36% were
displaced for less than one month, and the remaining 38% stayed away from their homes for
more than one month.
The highest percentage of households which stayed at home during the 2015 disasters was in
Badin – 79% followed by Chitral (earthquake) – 63%. In all other areas, from 2% to 34% of
households remained at their homes.
The highest percentage of households which were displaced for more than one month was in
Thatta – 86%, followed by Ghotki and Chitral (floods) – 50% each. In other districts, from
8% (in Badin) to 35% (in Rajanpur). None of households in Chitral remained away from
homes for more one month after the earthquake.
Layyah has the highest share of households who were displaced for up to one month: 75%,
followed by Shikarpur – 42%, Kashmore – 40% and Ghotki – 39%. Thatta and Badin had the
lowest share of households which were displaced for less than one month of time: 11% and
13%, respectively. In other districts, from 31% to 37% of households were displaced for less
than one month.
27%
79%
2% 11%
32% 26%
12%
34%
17%
63%
36%
13%
11%
39%
40% 42% 75% 31%
33%
37%38%
8%
86%
50%
28% 32%
13%
35%
50%
FIGURE 14: Duration of Displacement
Not Left < 1 Month > 1 Month

29
From here on throughout this report, “the floods” will be used interchangeably to mean both
the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake that affected the surveyed communities.
Across all the surveyed areas, 39% of households moved away from their homes because
their house was destroyed and 34% fled away from the floods. 14% of households moved
away to rescue livestock, and small percentages of households moved due to insecurity and
fear, to receive assistance or other reasons.
The largest share of households which moved away due to the destruction of their house was
in Ghotki – 59%, followed by Layyah – 52%, Rajanpur – 48% and Chitral (after the floods) –
47%. In other districts, from 20% (in Badin) to 33% of households (in Thatta) moved away
due to this reason.
Fleeing flooding was the reason for displacement named by the largest share of households in
Thatta – 66%, followed by Kashmore – 49% and Rajanpur – 43%. The lowest share of
households which fled the floods was in Shikarpur – 10% and Chitral – 14%. In the other
districts, from 26% to 39% of households fled floods.
The largest share of households which named livestock rescue as the reason for displacement
was in Shikarpur – 49% and Badin – 37%. In Ghotki, Kashmore and Layyah the number of
such households was 8%, 6% and 6%, respectively.
Badin was the only district where part households reported that they had moved away from
homes to receive assistance (12%).
Other reasons were named by the largest share of households in Chitral after the earthquake.
Insecurity or fear was named by 59% of households in Chitral after the earthquake, 35% in
Chitral after the floods and 11% and 9% of households in Kashmore and Shikarpur. No
households named this reason for displacement in the remaining districts.
14%
37%
8%
6%
49%
6%
2%
34%
27%
66%
26%
49%
10%
39%
43%
14%
39%
20%
33%
59%
29%
28%
52%
48%
47%
22%
7%
11%
9%
35%
59%
2%
12%
0%
5%
4%
2%
7%
6%
3%
3%
9%
2%
20%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral-Floods
Chitral-Earthquake
FIGURE 15: Reasons for Displacement
To rescue livestock Fled flooding House destroyed

30
Overall, the largest share of displaced households stayed with host families (34%), followed
by spontaneous sites near their villages (22%) or spontaneous sites far away from their
villages (16%). Some households stayed in camps run by the government or camps run by
humanitarian organizations.
The largest share of households which stayed with host families was recorded in Chitral after
the earthquake – 70%, followed by Layyah – 54% and Chitral after the floods – 52%. In the
remaining areas, from 6% (in Thatta) to 48% of households (in Rajanpur) stayed with host
families.
Spontaneous sites near their village was reported by the largest share of households in Badin
-42%, followed by Thatta – 36% and Kashmore – 34%. In the remaining districts, from 8%
to 22% of households stayed near their villages.
Spontaneous sites far away from their village were chosen by the largest share of households
in Rajanpur – 26%, followed by Layyah – 20% and Ghotki 17%. In the remaining districts,
from 7% to 16% of households lived in such sites.
Camps run by the government were named by the largest share of households in Thatta –
29%, followed by Shikarpur – 17% and Kashmore – 15%. In all other districts, from 2% to
10% of households stayed in camps set up by the government. Notably, no people stayed in
such camps in Layyah and in Chitral after the earthquake.
The largest share of households which stayed in camps run by humanitarian organizations
was recorded in Chitral after the floods – 13%. Thatta and Layyah had no households which
stay in camps run by humanitarian organizations, while in other regions, from 2% to 8% of
households stayed in these camps.
Part households stayed in other types of arrangements during their displacement – from 23%
in Kashmore to 3% in Chitral (after the earthquake).
5%
6%
8%
3%
6%
2%
13%
7%
10%
5%
29%
7%
15%
17%
2%
3%
22%
42%
36%
11%
34%
19%
10%
8%
14%
14%
16%
10%
13%
17%
12%
16%
20%
26%
12%
7%
34%
28%
6%
43%
13%
23%
54%
48%
52%
70%
14%
8%
17%
13%
23%
19%
16%
14%
6%
3%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral-Floods
Chitral-Earthquake
FIGURE 16: Type of Shelter During Displacement
Camp run by humanitarian organizations Camp run by government
Spontaneous site near the village Spontaneous site far from the village
Host families Others

31
CONCLUSIONS
The surveyed communities experienced a variety of shocks and hazards since 2010: floods,
cyclones, earthquakes, chronic illnesses and price hikes. Vast majority of the households
were affected by floods in 2010-2015. The percentage was particularly high in Rajanpur
(99%), Thatta (99%) and Layyah (97%).
The 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake either severely or moderately affected
93% of all households. Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral had the highest shares of households
reported being severely affected by the floods (94%, 81% and 77%, respectively). Similarly,
only 19% of households in Chitral were either little or not at all affected by the earthquake.
During the 2015 disasters, 27% of households across the eight surveyed districts remained in
their homes, 36% were displaced for less than one month, and 38% were displaced for more
than one month. The highest share of households displaced for more than one month was in
Thatta – 86%, followed by Ghotki and Chitral (floods) – 50% each. 39% of households
moved away from their homes because their houses were destroyed and 34% fled away from
the floods. 14% of households moved away to rescue livestock, and small percentages of
households moved due to insecurity and fear, to receive assistance or other reasons. The
largest share of households which moved away due to the destruction of their house was in
Ghotki – 59%, followed by Layyah – 52%, Rajanpur – 48% and Chitral (after the floods) –
47%. In other districts, from 20% (in Badin) to 33% of households (in Thatta) moved away
due to this reason.
The largest share of all displaced households stayed with host families (34%), in spontaneous
sites near their villages (22%) or in spontaneous sites far away from their villages (16%). The
largest share of households which stayed with host families was recorded in Chitral after the
earthquake – 70%, Layyah – 54% and Chitral after the floods – 52%. Spontaneous sites near
their village was reported by the largest share of households in Badin - 42%, Thatta – 36%
and Kashmore – 34%. Spontaneous sites far away from their village were chosen by the
largest share of households in Rajanpur – 26%, Layyah – 20% and Ghotki 17%.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that all the surveyed areas should receive assistance to
recover from the 2015 floods and the October 2015 earthquake. Based on the collected data,
Thatta, Rajanpur and Chitral should be considered as the first priority areas for support to
offset the extensive damage caused to their communities. Additionally, Ghotki should be
considered for support due to the large share of households displaced for more than one
month.

32
5 SHELTER

33
Before the floods, 75% of households across the surveyed areas lived in “kachha a” houses –
ranging from 64% of households in Kashmore to 92% of households in Badin. A much
smaller percentage of households lived in “pakka” houses (ranging from 3% of households in
Badin to 24% of households in Kashmore). An even smaller percentage of households lived
in mixed houses, from 4% of households in Badin to 22% in Chitral.
The word “kachha” generally refers to temporary or makeshift buildings, while “pakka” – to
permanent, durable constructions.
Only 14% houses remained undamaged during the floods: from 3% in Thatta to 21% in
Kashmore and Rajanpur each.
The remaining houses were either partially damaged (44%) or completely destroyed (42%).
The largest share of destroyed houses was reported in Thatta – 76%, followed by Chitral –
61%, Ghotki – 60% and Shikarpur – 42%. Layyah has the least percentage of destroyed
houses – 16%. In the remaining districts of Badin, Rajanpur and Kashmore, the share of
destroyed houses was 25%, 29% and 32%, respectively.
75%
92%
85%
70%
64%
73%
70%
72%
71%
12%
3%
8%
19%
24%
13%
11%
13%
7%
13%
4%
7%
11%
12%
15%
19%
15%
22%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 17: Type of House Before Floods
Kachha house Pakka house Mixed
14%
12%
3%
11%
21%
14%
18%
21%
10%
44%
63%
22%
29%
48%
44%
66%
51%
30%
42%
25%
76%
60%
32%
42%
16%
29%
61%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmo…
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 18: Condition of House After Floods
Not damaged Partially damaged Fully damaged

34
The highest percentage of partially damaged houses was reported in Layyah – 66%, followed
by Badin – 63% and Rajanpur – 51%. Thatta and Ghotki had the lowest percentage of
partially damaged houses – 22% and 29%, respectively.
Overall, across the surveyed areas, only 11% of kachha houses survived the 2015 disasters
undamaged, compared to 14% of mixed houses and 28% pakka houses. Similarly, the largest
share of kachha houses were completely destroyed – 46%, compared to 36% mixed houses
and 25% pakka houses. Therefore, the overall data suggests an inverse correlation between
the level of destruction and the type of housing construction – the weaker the construction,
the greater the level of destruction. However, the district-specific data does not confirm such
correlation.
The largest share of destroyed kachha houses is in Thatta – 82%; an additional 17% of
kachha houses was damaged here, leaving only 1% of kachha houses undamaged – the
lowest percentage across the eight surveyed districts. At the same time, 38% damaged mixed
houses were destroyed and 59% – damaged. Among pakka houses, 24% were destroyed and
62% – damaged.
The second highest percentage of destroyed kachha houses is in Ghotki: 67%; additionally,
27% of kachha houses were damaged, leaving only 6% of kachha houses undamaged.
Similarly, only 5% of Ghotki’s mixed houses remained undamaged; 46% of the mixed
houses were destroyed completely and 49% – damaged. At the same time, the percentage of
damaged or destroyed Ghotki’s pakka houses is much lower: 27% and 34%, respectively.
The third highest percentage of destroyed kachha houses is in Chitral (during floods): 57%;
floods also damaged 32% of kachha houses, leaving only 11% undamaged. Floods in Chitral
have destroyed the largest share of both pakka and mixed houses in all districts: 65% and
75%, respectively; additional 22% and 21% houses, respectively, were damaged and only
13% pakka houses as well as 4% mixed houses remained undamaged.
11%
10%
1%
6%
12%
11%
20%
17%
11%
13%
43%
63%
17%
27%
52%
46%
62%
48%
32%
64%
46%
27%
82%
67%
37%
42%
19%
35%
57%
23%
28%
17%
15%
39%
56%
20%
26%
39%
13%
18%
47%
75%
62%
27%
35%
42%
59%
53%
22%
55%
25%
8%
24%
34%
9%
38%
15%
9%
65%
27%
14%
50%
3%
5%
8%
17%
7%
18%
4%
10%
50%
50%
59%
49%
49%
38%
77%
58%
21%
76%
36%
38%
46%
43%
45%
16%
24%
75%
14%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral-Fl
Chitral-E/q
FIGURE 19: Damages to House by Type of Construction
Kachha H Not damaged Kachha H Damaged Kachha H Destroyed
Pakka H Not damaged Pakka H Damaged Pakka H Destroyed
Mixed H Not damaged Mixed H Damaged Mixed H Destroyed

35
The lowest share of destroyed kachha houses is in Layyah: 19%; the district also has the
highest share of kachha houses that have remained undamaged: 20%. The district also has
one of the lowest shares of mixed houses that were destroyed: 16%, but a large part of its
mixed houses were damaged: 77%. Of Layyah’s pakka houses, 15% were destroyed and 59%
– damaged.
Those whose houses were destroyed, have no shelter at all (24%) or stay in shelter built of
tarpaulins and bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14
%) or in tents (11%). A few families live in schools or colleges, hospitals or other
government buildings.
The worst situation was recorded in Badin where 44% of households reported that they have
no shelter at all, followed by 35% in Ghotki and 32% in Layyah. The lowest percentage of
households which have no shelter was reported in Chitral – 2%.
The largest share of households which live in shelter constructed using tarpaulin and
bamboos is in Kashmore – 46% and Ghotki – 36%; in other districts, the share ranges from
7% (in Chitral) to 28% (in Shikarpur).
The largest share of households which stay in makeshift shelters is in Shikarpur – 36% and
Badin – 34%; Thatta and Chitral have the smallest share of households which use this type of
shelter – 6% and 9%, respectively.
The largest share of households living with host families or relatives was recorded in Chitral
– 33%, followed by Rajanpur – 27% and Layyah – 24%. In the remaining districts, such type
of accommodation was reported by up to 9% of households.
The largest share of households living in tents was reported in Chitral – 32%, followed by
20% in Thatta; in the other districts, such share was below 10%.
24%
44%
26%
35%
18%
13%
32%
21%
2%
18%
34%
6%
15%
16%
36%
14%
15%
9%
24%
10%
26%
36%
46%
28%
12%
23%
7%
11%
5%
20%
6%
1%
7%
6%
10%
32%
14%
5%
3%
5%
9%
9%
24%
27%
33%
2%
2%
1%
1%
2%
1%
12%
0%
1%
7%
0%
18%
2%
10%
7%
1%
4%
16%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 20: Current Living Arrangement if House Was Destroyed
Without shelter Makeshift shelters
Shelter using Tarpaulins/ Bamboos Tents
Host Families / relatives School/college/hospital
Others

36
The highest percentage of respondents which felt that their house or shelter does not meet
their family needs was recorded in Rajanpur (78%), followed by Chitral (77%), Thatta
(74%), Ghotki (73%) and Layyah (57%). Districts of Badin, Kashmore and Shikarpur had a
much lower percentage of respondents who felt their houses do not meet family needs: 31%,
33% and 38%, respectively.
Overall, most of the interviewees who reported that their house does not meet family needs,
indicated lack of purda wall as the main reason (28%). This concern was the highest in
Kashmore (46%), followed by Shikarpur (41%) and Thatta (31%). The lowest percentage of
households with this concern are in Chitral (14%) and Layyah (18%).
The second topmost concern across all districts was that the house was too small. From 23%
of households (in Layyah) to 29% of households (in Ghotki and Chitral each) named this
concern.
42%
69%
26% 27%
67% 62%
43%
22% 23%
58%
31%
74% 73%
33% 38%
57%
78% 77%
FIGURE 21: Current House or Shelter Meets Family Needs
No Yes
28%
28%
31%
25%
46%
41%
18%
22%
14%
27%
25%
28%
29%
28%
27%
23%
28%
29%
9%
24%
11%
21%
1%
3%
3%
7%
12%
12%
9%
12%
7%
4%
21%
28%
6%
3%
0%
5%
3%
1%
3%
5%
1%
8%
10%
9%
10%
4%
11%
12%
15%
9%
10%
2%
0%
1%
1%
2%
6%
4%
0%
6%
1%
5%
4%
4%
4%
12%
4%
15%
3%
1%
1%
0%
19%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 22: Reasons for Current House or Shelter Not Meeting Family Needs
No purda wall Too small for the household
Walls were not high enough Materials used to build it were not sufficient
Not enough ventilation Roof leaks
Too hot There is already damage to the shelter
Other

37
In the districts of Badin and Ghotki, a significant number of households (24% and 21%,
respectively) named insufficiently high walls as a key reason why their house does not meet
their family needs. In other districts (in ascending order, Kashmore, Layyah, Shikarpur,
Rajanpur and Thatta), only 1% to 11% of households named this concern.
A sizeable percentage of households in Rajanpur (28%) and Layyah (21%) named lack of
materials to build the house as one of the reasons why their house does not meet family
needs.
Damage to the shelter was named by 15% of households in Chitral and 12% of households in
Layyah, while in the remaining districts, less than 6% of households expressed this conceren.
From 4% of households (in Ghotki) to 15% (in Layyah) named leaking roof. Up to 8% of
households in each district named lack of ventilation and up to 5% of households in each
district named excessive heat as a reason why the house does not meet family needs.
On average, respondents have estimated that on average, it would cost more than PKR
108,000 per household to repair damage that was caused to their house by the floods. The
average cost per household was the lowest in Badin – PKR 31,526, Kashmore – PKR 42,797
and Ghotki – PKR 44,538. By far the highest average repair cost per household was reported
in Chitral – PKR 439,472. In the remaining districts, the average cost of repair per household
ranged from PKR 57,737 to PKR 95,343.
108,259
31,526
79,172
44,538 42,797
95,343
57,737 75,484
439,472
FIGURE 23: Estimated Cost of Repair of Damaged Houses (PKR)
20%
28%
25%
28%
21%
28%
14%
18%
13%
24%
6%
14%
6%
20%
11%
10%
12%
25%
31%
29%
29%
24%
11%
17%
29%
27%
10%
4%
4%
9%
8%
10%
26%
8%
11%
7%
1%
1%
3%
10%
5%
1%
33%
7%
8%
8%
4%
10%
11%
7%
12%
13%
4%
17%
11%
19%
13%
16%
22%
5%
0%
11%
2%
1%
3%
7%
1%
16%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 28: Salvageable Material for Rebuilding After Floods
Bamboo Timber Poles Earth/Mud Bricks Stones Windows Doors Others

38
Across the surveyed areas, 25% of households reported that they have soil or mud for the
repair of their houses, 20% – bamboo, 13% – timber poles and doors each. Other items
available include, in diminishing order, bricks, stones, windows and other items, named by
10% or fewer households each.
The largest share of households which reported the availability of soil or mud is in Badin –
31%, followed by Ghotki, Rajanpur and Thatta with 29% each as well as Chitral with 27%.
The lowest share of such households is in Shikarpur – 11%.
The largest share of households which reported availability of bamboo is in Ghotki,
Shikarpur and Badin – 28% each, while the smallest – in Layyah – 14%.
The largest share of households which have timber poles is in Badin -24%, while the smallest
– in Thatta and Kashmore – 6% each. Similarly, the largest share of households which have
doors is in Rajanpur – 22%, while the smallest – in Chitral – 0%.
At the same time, 33% of households in Chitral said they have stones; in other districts, only
up to 10% of households reported availability of this material.
CONCLUSIONS
Before floods, 75% of households across the surveyed areas lived in “kachha” houses –
ranging from 64% of households in Kashmore to 92% of households in Badin.
Only 14% houses remained undamaged during the floods. The largest share of destroyed
houses was reported in Thatta – 76%, followed by Chitral – 61% and Ghotki – 60%. The
highest percentage of partially damaged houses was reported in Layyah – 66%, followed by
Badin – 63% and Rajanpur – 51%.
Those whose houses were destroyed, have no shelter at all (24%) or stay in shelter built of
tarpaulins and bamboos (24%), in makeshift shelter (18%), with host families or relatives (14
%) or in tents (11%). Few families live in schools or colleges, hospitals or other government
buildings.
The worst situation was recorded in Badin where 44% of households reported that they have
no shelter at all, followed by 35% in Ghotki and 32% in Layyah. Shelter constructed using
tarpaulin and bamboos was reported by the largest share of households in Kashmore – 46%,
while Shikarpur had the largest share of households which stay in makeshift shelters– 36%
and Badin – 34%. Meanwhile, the largest share of households living in tents was reported in
Chitral – 32%.
More than half households across the surveyed areas feel that their current shelter does not
meet their family needs. The highest percentage of such households is in Rajanpur (78%),
followed by Chitral (77%). Main reasons named are the lack of purda wall and insufficient
size for their family.
The respondents have estimated that on average, it would cost more than PKR 108,000 to
repair damage caused to a house. The cost named was the lowest in Badin – PKR 31,526 and
the highest in Chitral – PKR 439,472.

39
Across the surveyed areas, most households reported that they have soil or mud for the repair
of their houses (25% of households), bamboo (20%) and timber poles and doors (13% each).
In Badin, 31% of households reported they have soil or mud; 28% of households in Ghotki,
Shikarpur and Badin said they have bamboo; 24% of households in Badin said they have
timber poles, 22% of households Rajanpur have doors, while 33% of households in Chitral
said they have stones.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The assessment findings suggest that assistance should focus on rebuilding or repairing
houses damaged during the 2015 disasters, as a large share of the households live without a
shelter or in very poor temporary shelter. According to the data compiled, assistance should
be firstly provided to Badin district, where as many as 44% of all households in the surveyed
areas live without any shelter.
The assessment findings suggest that Thatta, Chitral and Ghotki should be the focus of the
construction of new houses (these where the districts where most of the houses were
destroyed), while rebuilding of the existing houses should focus on Layyah, Badin and
Rajanpur.
The assessment findings suggest that assistance should also include improvements of the
existing shelter, as for a large number of households, current shelter does not meet family
needs. The assessment data suggests that support should focus on erecting purda walls and
increasing the size of the shelter, as these are the topmost needs named by most of the
surveyed households.

40
6 FOOD SECURITY

41
MEALS
On average, adults across all districts eat just under 2.4 meals a day, while children – 2.6
meals a day. While adult males eat slightly more meals a day than adult females, the
difference constitutes just less than 7% of a meal.
Households in Thatta and Badin eat the fewest meals a day on average: 2 (both children and
adults). Households in Chitral have the highest number of meals on average: 2.9 for adults
and 3.2 for children, followed by Layyah, where adults eat 2.7 meals, while children eat 2.9
meals a day on average. Notably, Kashmore has the widest gap between the number of meals
eaten by adults and children: while adults eat just over 2.2 meals, children receive almost 3
meals a day on average.
Some households noted that the number of meals they had the day before the interview
(discussed in the previous chapter as an average number of daily meals) was lower than
usual: approximately 13% for adults and 9% for children on average.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
FIGURE 25: Meals Eaten Per Day
Adult Male Adult Female Children
13%
17%
28%
9%
2%
5%
17%
9%
13%
13%
22%
28%
8%
4%
4%
17%
13%
12%
9%
13%
26%
9%
1%
4%
2%
6%
11%
FIGURE 26: Fewer Than Usual Meals Eaten the Day Before
Adult Male Adult Female Children

42
The percentage of households which had fewer meals the day before the interview was the
highest in Thatta: 28% for adults and 26% for children. Such percentage was the lowest in
Kashmore, with 2% for adult males, 4% for adult females and 1% for children.
TABLE 3: Food Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days
Cereals 6.8 7.0 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.0 6.8 6.8 7.0
Lentils or Beans
or Nuts
3.0 2.2 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.9 4.1 2.6 1.9
Vegetables or
Leaves
3.2 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.8 2.8 3.4 1.7
Fruits 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.5 0.4 1.1
Meat or Poultry
or Fish or Eggs
0.8 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.0
Milk or dairy
Products
4.4 5.6 2.7 5.9 4.6 5.5 3.8 3.2 2.1
Sugar or Sugar
Products
5.0 6.5 4.3 6.0 4.6 5.0 3.8 5.6 1.6
Oil or Ghee or
Butter
5.0 6.7 5.3 6.5 4.8 5.9 4.8 6.2 2.4
Spices or Tea or
Coffee or Salt
5.0 6.6 5.5 6.6 4.6 5.4 4.2 6.2 3.1
The lowest or second-lowest percentage The highest or second-highest percentage
Overall, in a course of a week, a household has cereals on all seven days; sugar or sugar
products, oil or ghee or butter and spices or tea or coffee or salt on five days; milk or dairy
products – on four days, lentils or beans or nuts and vegetables or leaves – on tree days,
while fruits and meat or poultry or fish or eggs – one day a week on average.
7 7
7
7
7
7 7 7 7
3
2
4
3 3 3
4
3
2
3 3
3 3
3
4
3
3
2
1
0
0 0
1
1
2
0
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
4
6
3
6
5
5
4
3
2
5
6
4
6
5
5
4
6
2
5
7
5
7
5
6
5
6
2
5
7
6
7
5
5
4
6
3
FIGURE 27: Food Items Eaten in the House in Past Seven Days
Cereals Lentils/Beans/Nuts Vegetables/Leaves
Fruits Meat/Poultry/Fish/Eggs Milk/dairy Products
Sugar/Sugar Products Oil/Ghee/Butter Spices/Tea/Coffee/Salt

43
Households in Chitral eat most foods items the fewest days a week on average: lentils or
beans or nuts – 1.9, vegetables or leaves – 1.7, milk or dairy products – 2.1, sugar or sugar
products – 1.6, oil or ghee or butter – 2.4 and spices or tea or coffee or salt – 3.1 days a week.
Households in Kashmore have cereals the fewest days a week – 6.5, households in Badin and
Ghotki – fruits – 0.2 days a week, while households in Thatta – meat or poultry or fish or
eggs – 0.5 days a week on average.
Households in Badin have sugar or sugar products, oil or ghee or butter, spices or tea or
coffee or salt and cereals (the latter – alongside Ghotki, Shikarpur and Chitral) – the largest
number of days each week on average: 6.5, 6.7, 6.6 and 7 days a week, respectively.
Shikarpur and Layyah households have meat or poultry or fish or eggs the largest number of
days a week – 1.1 on average, households in Layyah have lentils or beans or nuts and fruits
the largest number of days a week – 4.1 and 1.5 days, respectively, a week on average, while
Ghotki households – eat milk or dairy products the largest number of days a week – 5.9.
Across all surveyed areas, except for milk or dairy products and wheat, all food items eaten
at home are mostly purchased from a market or shop – from 65% of rice to 89% of fruits.
Meanwhile, 59% milk or dairy products and 50% of wheat are produced by the household
itself.
From 1% to 3% of all food items are received through work for food programs, up to 9% of
food items are received by borrowing money and up to 2% of food items are received as gifts
or Zakat or Food Aid or Other means.
Households across the surveyed areas produce only 2% of spices or tea or coffee or salt, 3%
lentils or beans or nuts, 4% oil or ghee or butter, 5% sugar or sugar products, 7% vegetables
or leaves, 8% fruits, 12% meat or poultry or fish or eggs, 21% eggs, 22% maize, 26% rice,
50% wheat and 59% milk or dairy products.
50%
26%
22%
3%
7%
8%
12%
21%
59%
5%
4%
2%
43%
65%
69%
87%
87%
89%
84%
74%
36%
83%
84%
88%
1%
3%
3%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
4%
3%
2%
6%
3%
2%
2%
2%
3%
9%
9%
8%
2%
3%
4%
3%
2%
0%
2%
2%
1%
2%
2%
2%
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Lentils/Beans/Nuts
Vegetables/Leaves
Fruits
Meat/Poultry/Fish
Eggs
Milk/dairy Products
Sugar/Sugar Products
Oil/Ghee/Butter
Spices/Tea/Coffee/Salt
FIGURE 28: Sources of Food Items Eaten In House in Past Seven Days
Own production Market/shop purcahse Work for food
Borrowings/debts Gifts/Zakat/Food Aid/Others

44
FOOD STOCK
Overall, each household has lost 31 Maunds13
of cereals stored for domestic use during the
floods on average. The largest loss was reported in Badin – 61 Maunds per household,
followed by Rajanpur with 39 Maunds and Shikarpur with 35 Maunds. The smallest amount
of loss was reported in Chitral – 10 Maunds, Layyah – 19 Maunds and Kashmore – 23
Maunds per average household. Meanwhile in Thatta and Ghotki, an average household lost
32 Maunds and 31 Maunds, respectively.
Across all surveyed districts, 34% of all households have no food stock left. Another 39% do
not have food stock to last a week. Only 10% have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 7% – 3 weeks
to 3 months and only 4% of households have enough food for more than 3 months.
Chitral has the highest percentage of households with enough food sock to last more than one
week; 16% have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 21% – for 3-4 weeks, 19% – for 1-3 months and
16% – for more than 3 months. At the same time, 15% of households have no food stock left
at all and 13% of households do not have enough food to last for more than one week.
In all other districts, the vast majority of households do not have food at all or do not have
enough food to last for one week.
13
1 Maund=37.3242 kilograms
31
61
32 31
23
35
19
39
10
FIGURE 29: Stock of Cereals Stored for Domestic Use Lost in Floods (Maunds)
34%
19%
66%
25%
28%
22%
45%
44%
15%
39%
57%
26%
58%
47%
52%
19%
40%
13%
10%
11%
2%
6%
6%
12%
17%
7%
16%
7%
7%
1%
2%
6%
6%
12%
4%
21%
7%
8%
2%
2%
12%
8%
5%
2%
19%
4%
3%
7%
2%
2%
16%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 30: Current Stock of Cereals
No stocks left < 1 week 1-2 weeks 3-4 weeks 1-3 months > 3 months

45
The worst situation is in Thatta, where 66% of households have no food stocks left at all and
26% do not have enough food to last one week. Only 2% have enough food for 1-2 weeks,
1% – for 3-4 weeks, 2% – for 1-3 months and 3% – for more than 3 months.
The second worst situation is in Rajanpur and Layyah, where 44% and 45% of households,
respectively, have no food left. However, the two districts differ in the percentage of people
who do not have enough food for one week: in Rajanpur, this percentage was 40%, while in
Layyah – 19%. In Rajanpur, only 7% of households have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 4% –
for 3-4 weeks, 2% – for 1-3 months and 2% – for more than 3 months. In Layyah, the
situation is slightly better: 17% of households have enough food for 1-2 weeks, 12% – for 3-
4 weeks, 5% – for 1-3 months and 2% – for more than 3 months.
While the remaining districts reported slightly higher numbers, the overall level of food
insecurity is very high.
Across all the surveyed districts, half of the households have no means to buy basic food
items that would last for two weeks. The worst situation is in Ghotki, where 73% of
households reported lack of resources to purchase enough food to last two weeks. Rajanpur,
Thatta and Layyah have, respectively, 69%, 65% and 60% of such households, while
Shikarpur – 44%. Kashmore, Badin and Chitral have the lowest percentage of such
household: 25%, 24% and 24%, respectively.
50%
24%
65%
73%
25%
44%
60%
69%
24%
FIGURE 31: Households With No Means to Buy Basic Food For Two Weeks
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
FIGURE 32: Households That Reduced Food Consumption Due to Floods
Cereals Pulses Animal products Sugar/sweet Oil/ghee/fats/nuts Vegetables Fruits

46
Overall, approximately 40% of households across the eight surveyed districts reported that
they have reduced their food consumption due to the floods. The largest reduction took place
in Rajanpur and Layyah, the smallest – in Ghotki and Shikarpur.
In most of the districts, consumption of all types of food has declined by a similar amount.
The most notable divergence in the percentage of households which reduced consumption of
various foods was recorded in the districts of Rajanpur, Ghotki and Shikarpur.
In Rajanpur district, 89% of households reduced consumption of fruits, 58% – vegetables and
oil or ghee or fats or nuts, 54% – animal products, 71% – sugar or sweets, 64% – pulses and
only 26% – cereals.
In Ghotki, 53% of households reduced consumption of fruits, but only 34% – animal
products, 22% – pulses, 18% -cereals, 16% oil or ghee or fats or nuts, 13% – vegetables and
sugar or sweets.
In Shikarpur, 25%-29% of households reduced consumption of animal products, sugar or
sweets, oil or fats or ghee or nuts and fruits, and 11%-14% reduced consumption of
vegetables, pulses and cereals.
The highest percentage of households which have reduced consumption of foods across all
categories was in Layyah: 57%-64%.
In Thatta, 50%-61% of households reduced consumption of various foods, in Badin – 32%-
36% of households, in Kashmore – 42%-57% of households.
In Chitral, 53%-62% of households reduced consumption of all foods except cereals;
reduction in the consumption of cereals was reported by 37%.
LEVELS OF FOOD SECURITY
Overall, 11% of all households in the surveyed areas have poor food consumption, 24% –
borderline and 66% – acceptable.
11%
4%
9%
1%
6%
4%
2%
8%
51%
24%
11%
46%
11%
24%
13%
25%
40%
18%
66%
85%
46%
88%
70%
82%
73%
52%
31%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 33: Food Consumption Groups
Poor Borderline Acceptable

47
The largest share of households with poor food consumption is in Chitral – 50%; Thatta is a
distant second with 9% of households in this group. At the same time, Thatta has the largest
share of households with borderline food consumption – 46%, while Chitral has a
significantly smaller share of such households – 18%. At the same time, the two districts
have the lowest shares of households with acceptable levels of food consumption: 31% in
Chitral and 46% in Thatta.
Rajanpur has the third lowest share of households with acceptable food consumption – 52%;
8% of its households have poor food consumption and 40% – borderline.
Ghotki, Badin and Shikarpur have the largest shares of households with acceptable food
consumption: 88%, 85% and 82%, respectively.
Across the surveyed areas, 47% of all households spend less than 40% expenditure on food,
28% – from 40% to 60% and 25% of households spend more than 60% of their expenditure
on food.
Badin and Thatta have the largest share of households, 44% and 39%, respectively, which
spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food. Only 28% of households in each of these
two districts (by far the lowest share across the surveyed districts) spend less than 40% of
their expenditure on food.
After Badin and Thatta, the district of Rajanpur has the highest share of households which
spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food – 28% and the lowest share of households
which spend less than 40% – 39%.
Ghotki and Chitral have the largest share of households which spend less than 40% of their
expenditure on food –73% and 63%, respectively. Conversely, these two districts have the
lowest share of households which spend more than 60% of their expenditure on food – 10%
and 14%, respectively.
47%
28%
28%
73%
50%
46%
53%
39%
63%
28%
28%
33%
17%
32%
32%
24%
33%
24%
25%
44%
39%
10%
18%
22%
24%
28%
14%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 34: Food Expenditure Groups
< 40% food expenditure 40% to 60% food expenditure > 60% food expenditure

48
Overall, only 60% of the households in the surveyed areas are food secure, 31% are
borderline and 9% – food insecure.
Chitral, Thatta and Rajanpur have the lowest shares of food secure households: 43%, 47%
and 52%, respectively. Thatta has by far the largest share of households which are food
insecure – 24%, followed by Rajanpur – 12% and Chitral – 10%.
At the same time, Chitral has the largest share of households which are borderline food
insecure – 47%, followed by Badin – 41% and Rajanpur – 37%.
The largest shares of food secure households are in Ghotki – 81%, Kashmore – 73% and
Shikarpur – 70%.
The smallest shares of food insecure households are in Ghotki – 2% and Shikarpur – 4%,
while borderline households – in Ghotki – 17% and Kashmore – 19%.
COPING STRATEGIES
In response to the floods and the earthquake, most households across all districts have
employed livelihood-based crisis coping strategies (39%), followed by stress coping
9%
7%
24%
2%
8%
4%
8%
12%
10%
31%
41%
30%
17%
19%
25%
30%
37%
47%
60%
53%
47%
81%
73%
70%
63%
52%
43%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 35: Food Security Groups
Food Insecure Borderline Food Secure
24%
2%
40%
1%
13%
82%
9%
40%
17%
23%
46%
9%
24%
44%
13%
25%
34%
11%
39%
52%
41%
68%
39%
6%
9%
25%
57%
14%
1%
11%
7%
5%
57%
1%
15%
Overall
Badin
Thatta
Ghotki
Kashmore
Shikarpur
Layyah
Rajanpur
Chitral
FIGURE 36: Livelihood-Based Coping Strategies
No coping strategy Stress coping strategy Crisis coping strategy Emergency coping strategy

49
strategies (23%) and emergency coping strategies (14%). Almost one quarter of households
(24%) used no coping strategies.
The following list represents activities typically attributed to a particular strategy:
1. Stress Coping Strategies:
 Sold household assets or goods (radio, furniture, refrigerator, television,
jewellery, etc.)
 Spent savings;
 Borrowed money from a formal lender or bank; and
 Sold more animals (non-productive) than usual.
2. Crisis Coping Strategies:
 Reduced non-food expenses, i.e. health and education, clothing or shoes, etc.;
 Withdrew children from school;
 Rented out a room of the house;
 Consumed seed stock held for the next season; and
 Sold productive assets or means of transport such as sewing machine,
wheelbarrow, bicycle, car, productive livestock, etc.
3. Emergency Coping Strategies:
 Sold house or land;
 Engaged in begging; and
 Migrated to look for livelihood opportunities.
Layyah District was the only one where the majority of households (57%) used emergency
coping strategies. Chitral was the distant second with 15% of households, followed by Thatta
with 11%, Ghotki with 7% and Kashmore with 5%. In Badin and Rajanpur, barely 1% of
households used emergency coping strategies, while in Shikarpur – none.
Crisis coping strategies were employed by the largest percentage of households in Ghotki
(68%), followed by Chitral (57%), Badin (52%), Thatta (41%) and Kashmore (39%). In
Rajanpur, Layyah and Shikarpur, such strategies were used by 25%, 9% and 6% of
households, respectively.
Stress coping strategies were used by 46% of households in Badin, 44% of households in
Kashmore, 34% in Rajanpur, 25% in Layyah and 24% in Ghotki. Only 13% of households
used stress coping strategies in Shikarpur, 11% – in Chitral and 9% – in Thatta.
A large part of households used no livelihood-based coping strategies at all: 82% in
Shikarpur, 40% in Rajanpur and Thatta, each. In Chitral, Kashmore, Layyah, Badin and
Ghotki, 17%, 13%, 9%, 2% and 1%, respectively, used no livelihood-based coping strategies.

Survey Report-Post-disaster needs-2016s

Survey Report-Post-disaster needs-2016s

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