Grammar- Verbs and preposition

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2. Verbs
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3. Verb is a word that shows action.
Example: Pilots fly aero-plane.
She does her work.
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5. Auxiliary verbs
 Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used together
with the main verb of the sentence to express
the action or state.
 Auxiliary verbs are divided into three parts:
1. Primary Auxiliary Verb
2. Modal Auxiliary Verb
3. Marginal Auxiliary verb
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6. Primary Auxiliary Verb
Primary Auxiliary verb is used in forming
the tenses and voices of other verbs. The
primary auxiliary verbs in English are be,
do and have.
Example: She is a good girl.
They are singing.
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7. Parts of primary auxiliary verbs:
1. To be verbs
2. To have verbs
3. To do verbs
Note: When ‘to be verbs, to do verbs and
to have verbs’ are used with a main verb,
they are auxiliary verbs, and when they are
used alone they are main verbs.
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8. To be verbs
To be verbs are used to
show state in the sentences.
To be verbs are: is, am, are,
was and were
Example: I am a doctor.
They are teachers.
She was a teacher last year.
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9. To have verbs
To have verbs are those which show the
ownership or possession.
Such as have, has and had
Example: We have a car.
She had a doll.
He has a book.
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10. To do verbs
 To do verbs are those which show performing of
an action. Such as do, does and did.
 Example: She does her homework.
 They do their work sincerely.
 He did well in the exam.
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11. Note: When “to do verbs” are used before
simple form of the verb, to emphasize on
performing of an action, is called
Emphatic Do.
Example: I do study my lessons.
She did clean the kitchen.
She does wash the dishes.
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12. Modal Auxiliary Verb
Modal Auxiliary verbs are used to show a
necessity, capability, willingness, or
possibility. Such as can, could, may,
might, must, will, would, shall and should.
Example: He can swim.
It may rain today.
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14. Marginal Auxiliary verb
Marginal Auxiliary verb is a verb that
functions to some extent like modal verb.
Example: How dare she talk to me like that?
You need not worry about my grades.
They used to live in Ireland.
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15. Transitive & Intransitive Verb
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16. Transitive Verb
A transitive verb is a verb that requires
one or more objects.
Example: He plays football in the
afternoon.
She makes cookies.
They gave me a gift on my birthday.
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17. Intransitive Verb
A verb that does not need a direct object
to complete its meaning.
Example: The baby cries.
Birds fly.
We sneeze.
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18. Finite and Non Finite Verbs
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19. Finite Verbs
 Finite verbs are those verbs that have a definite
relation with the subject. These verbs are
usually the main verb of a clause or sentence
and can be changed according to the subject.
 Example: She walks home.
 They walk home.
 I speak English.
 He speaks English.
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20. Non Finite Verbs
 Non Finite verbs are those verbs that have no
subject, tense or number.
 Non Finite verbs are divided into three kinds:
1. Infinitive Verb
2. Gerund
3. Participle
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21. Infinitive Verb
Infinitive verb is a verb with the word ‘to’
in front of it.
Such as to be, to have, to dream, to see, etc.
Example: They want to sleep.
She likes to eat chocolate.
He plans to live alone.
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22. Gerund
A gerund is that form of the verb which
ends in –ing, and has the force of a Noun
and a Verb.
Example: Giving is better than receiving.
Swimming is a good exercise.
I like reading novel.
No smoking
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23. Participle
Participle is a word formed from a verb and
used as an adjective or a noun.
Example: He jumped from a running train.
I am an experienced trainer.
Having rested, the men continued their
journey.
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24. Regular and Irregular verbs
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25. Regular verbs
Regular verbs are those
which constitute their
past and past participle
form by taking (ed) or
(d) at the end of the
simple form.
Example: talk- talked-
talked
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26. Rules
Verbs ending in (e) or (ee) take only d
Example:
1. Agree- agreed- agreed
2. Persuade- persuaded- persuaded
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27. One syllable regular verbs ending in a
consonant and following a vowel, double
the last consonant and add (ed)
Example: drop- dropped- dropped
Stop- stopped- stopped
Shop- shopped- shopped
Permit- permitted- permitted
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28. Verbs ending in (y) following a consonant
change the last (y) into (i) and add (ed)
Example: study- studied- studied
Try- tried- tried
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29.  Verbs ending in (y) following a vowel take (ed)
without any change.
 Example: Play- played- played
 Stay- stayed- stayed
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30. Irregular verbs
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31.  Irregular verbs are those which don’t have any
special rule for constituting of their past and
past participle.
 Example: say- said- said
 Cut- cut- cut
 Pay- paid- paid
 Put- put- put
 Tell- told- told
 Fly- flew- flown
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33. Prepositions
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34. What do you see in the picture?
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35. Where is the dog now?
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36. What is preposition?
A preposition is a word used to indicate
different relations, such as place, time,
method, manner, reason and purpose,
possession, direction and motion.
Example: The books are in the shelf.
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37. Kinds of Prepositions
1. Simple preposition.
One word preposition is known as simple
preposition. (in, on, at, for, by, of, from, out,
till, to, with, off, through).
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38. 2. Compound Preposition.
Compound preposition is a preposition
formed by prefixing a preposition to a noun,
an adjective or an adverb.
Example: above, across, along, among,
around, before, etc.
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39. About- I will tell you a story about a lion.
Above- The plane flies above the clouds.
Across- They walked across the field.
After- After lunch, I shall complete the remaining task.
Against- I helped her going against the wishes of my
loved ones.
Along- All along the way, she did not speak a word.
Among- The profit was shared among the shareholders.
Around- Due to the snow, we turned around to return
home.
At- The land is at war with its neighbor.
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40. Before- She had decided to quit before Christmas, but
changed her plan.
Behind- The church is located behind the supermarket.
Below- The temperatures have dipped below freezing point.
Beneath- The water level is beneath the average level.
Beside- when we were in school, I used to sit beside her in
class.
Besides- Besides Maths, I am very fond of history.
Between- The profit was shared between the three of them.
Beyond- The play was beyond my expectations.
But- Everyone but her agreed with the arrangement.
By- A house by the sea, to retire, is my dream
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41. Concerning- He is always curious about anything concerning
her.
Despite- Despite the snowfall, she decided to carry on with her
journey.
Down- Jimmy lives down the street.
During- She works during the day and studies at night.
Except- Except her no one has any objections to the plan.
For- I jog for 10 miles every day.
From- She comes from Argentina.
In- When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Inside- Inside the tough exterior, lies a gentle soul.
Into - As soon as she stepped into the room, there was pin drop
silence.
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42. Like- She looks like her father.
Minus- Ten minus eight equals two.
Near- They have bought a new home near the school.
Of- A friend of mine recommended the beautician to me.
Off- To regain her lost health, it is important, she stays off
her fad diet.
On- There is an apple on the table.
Onto- He always climbs onto the table.
Opposite- Her desk is located diagonally opposite my desk.
Out of- Out of sheer curiosity, I asked her the question.
Outside- Outside the house lies a beautiful garden.
Over- The journey cost me way over my budget.
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43. Past- She walked past me, but refused to acknowledge
my presence.
Per- What was the per person cost incurred?
Plus- Eight plus six equals fourteen.
Since- She was waiting for him since ten in the
morning.
Through- I slept all through the day.
Throughout- Throughout winter, she has been sick.
To- I am going to Atlanta, before I head back home.
Toward (s)- It started raining towards the evening.
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44.  Under- The road is under repair.
 Underneath- She found her earring underneath the carpet.
 Until- I did not get the documents until 5 pm.
 Upon- Once upon a time, there lived a king.
 Up- I walked up the stairs, to see the problem.
 Up to- The decision is up to the both of them.
 Versus- The last game was England versus France.
 Via- I will go via Sydney.
 With- She walked in with her new boyfriend.
 Within- She caters to customers within a radius of 5 miles.
 Without- I never leave my house without an umbrella, due to the
uncertain weather.
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45. Look at the picture
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46. Look at the picture
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47. Look at the picture
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48. Now look at the picture. What do
you see? Can you describe ?
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49. Prepositional Phrase
 Prepositional phrase is a series of words, made up of a
preposition and its object. The object may be a noun,
pronoun, gerund or clause. It functions as an adjective or
an adverb.
Example:
1. On behalf of the staff he presented the gift.
2. In course of time he saw his mistake.
3. He acted according to my instructions.
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English Usage Example
on days of the week on Monday
in
months / seasons in August / in winter
time of day in the morning
year in 2006
after a certain period of time (when?) in an hour
at
for night at night
for weekend at the weekend
a certain point of time (when?) at half past nine
since
from a certain point of time (past till
now)
since 1980
for
over a certain period of time (past till
now)
for 2 years
ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago
before earlier than a certain point of time before 2004
to telling the time ten to six (5:50)
past telling the time ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until
marking the beginning and end of a
period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is
going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by
in the sense of at the latest I will be back by 6 o’clock.
up to a certain time By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

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English Usage Example
in
room, building, street, town, country in the kitchen, in London
book, paper etc. in the book
car, taxi in the car, in a taxi
picture, world in the picture, in the world
at
meaning next to, by an object at the door, at the station
for table at the table
for events at a concert, at the party
place where you are to do something
typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the cinema, at school, at work
on
attached the picture on the wall
for a place with a river London lies on the Thames.
being on a surface on the table
for a certain side (left, right) on the left
for a floor in a house on the first floor
for public transport on the bus, on a plane
for television, radio on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the
car.
under
on the ground, lower than (or covered
by) something else
the bag is under the table
below
lower than something else but above
ground
the fish are below the surface
over
covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt
meaning more than over 16 years of age
getting to the other side (also across) walk over the bridge
overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall

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above
higher than something else, but
not directly over it
a path above the lake
across
getting to the other side
(also over)
walk across the bridge
getting to the other side swim across the lake
through
something with limits on top,
bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to
movement to person or
building
go to the cinema
movement to a place or country go to London / Ireland
for bed go to bed
into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house
towards
movement in the direction of
something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto
movement to the top of
something
jump onto the table
from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

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English Usage Example
from who gave it a present from Jane
of
who/what does it belong to a page of the book
what does it show the picture of a palace
by who made it a book by Mark Twain
on
walking or riding on
horseback
on foot, on horseback
entering a public transport
vehicle
get on the bus
in entering a car / Taxi get in the car
off
leaving a public transport
vehicle
get off the train
out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi
by
rise or fall of something
prices have risen by 10
percent
travelling (other than
walking or horse-riding)
by car, by bus
at for age she learned Russian at 45
about
for topics, meaning what
about
we were talking about you

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