Human and Animal are one of the power sources that could be used in agricultural development. This presentation will has discussion and simple computations.
1. Human & Draft Animal Power
BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
2. Introduction
Land cannot be tilled, seed cannot be planted, and crops cannot be harvested
without energy. The various forms of human and animal power and the means of
harnessing them for agriculture, as well as their characteristics, advantages, and limitations,
are discussed in this presentation.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
3. Relationships among force, work and power
FORCE
โข A force can be visualized as a pull or push that tends to move an object.
โข In tillage tools, this force is usually referred to as draft.
โข Units: Newton (N), kilogram of force (kgf), pound of force (lbf)
WORK
โข The term work includes the dimensions of force and distance.
โข Work = force x distance
โข The time required to do a job is not part of the definition of work. To plow one hectare of
land requires the same amount of work whether the job is completed in a day or an hour.
โข Units: Newton-meter (N-m), kilogram of force-meter (kgf-m), Joule (J)
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
4. Relationships among force, work and power
POWER
โข Powers is the rate at which work is performed.
โข The faster the work is done, the greater the power requirement.
โข Units: horsepower (hp), kilowatt (kW), Newton-meter per second (N-m/s), pferde starke
(ps)
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
5. Units of Measurements
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
6. Units of Measurements
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
7. Conversion of Units
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Length
1 km = 1000 m
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 3.28 ft
1 cm = 10 mm
Mass
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
1 kg = 1000 g
Time
1 hr = 60 min
1 min = 60 s
1 hr = 3,600 s
Force
1 N = 0.225 lbf
Work
1 N-m = 1 J
Power
1 J/s = 1 W
1 hp = 33,000 ft-lbf/min
1 hp = 0.746 kW
8. Sample Calculations
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Convert the following:
2 m = __ ft
2 m = __ cm
2 kg = __ lbs
2 m x
3.28 ft
1 m
= 6.56 ft
2 m x
100 cm
1 m
= 200 cm
2 kg x
2.2 lbs
1 kg
= 4.4 lbs
9. Sample Calculations
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
1.5 hr = __ s
1 lbf = __ N
2 hp = __ kW
3 kW = __ hp
1.5 hr x
3,600 ๐
1 hr
= 5,400 s
1 lbf x
1 N
0.225 lbf
= 4.44 N
2 hp x
0.746 kW
1 hp
= 1.49 kw
3 kW x
1 hp
0.746 kW
= 4.02 hp
10. Human Power
โข Human power is the lowest among the power
sources. But it can perform some agricultural
operations that requires low power requirement.
โข Man develops a total power of 0.5 hp from the
food he eats. However, only 0.1 hp is available for
useful work. The remainder is expended on bodily
functions.
โข Humans cannot compete successfully with animals
or engines as a source of power for repetitive jobs
such as pumping water for irrigation.
โข A Human is unique, however, because of
intelligence.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Figure 1. Human-powered treadle pump (Campbell, 1990)
11. Man-Hour Requirement
โข Man-hour per hectare describes the rate at which an operation can be performed. This is
can be used in estimating how much person can do the job in a given area; or how long
will it take for the given number of persons to complete the operation.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Table 1. Man hour requirement for various agricultural operations
12. Man-Hour Requirement
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
13. Sample problems
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
14. Sample problems
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
15. Draft Animal Power
Draft animal power refers to the muscle power of draught
animals used for the following tasks:
a) pulling agricultural implements
b) hauling carts
c) giving motive power to devices such as water
pumps, cane and seed crushers, and electricity
generation equipment
d) carrying loads on the back, as pack animals
e) handling, dragging and stacking timber logs in
forests
f) hauling sledges in snow-covered regions.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
16. Draft Animal Power
โข Domestic work animals exist in all regions
of the world. Animals assist in eliminating
poverty, reducing drudgery and creation of
wealth. Animal traction is particularly
important for food security in smallholder
farming systems. Animals can assist
directly with crop production (ploughing,
planting, and weeding).
โข Food production, distribution and rural
trade are also assisted through animal-
powered transport (on-farm, marketing,
riding, pack transport). Animals save
household (women and children) time and
effort by carrying water and fuel wood.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
17. Draft Animal Power
โข Animal power can also be used for water-
lifting, milling, logging and land
excavation and road construction. Many
different types of animal are employed,
particularly cattle (oxen, bulls and cows),
buffaloes, horses, mules, donkeys and
camels.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
18. Draft Animal Power
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
โข A draft animalโs force is approximately 10% of its weight.
Horses have a higher output than other animals. Unlike a
tractor, an animal cannot be worked continuously.
โข The period during which an animal can be worked daily
usually varies from 8 to 10 hours for horses and mules, and
from 6 to 8 hours for adult oxen. (Campbell, 1990)
19. Draft Animal Power
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
โข The force system acting on a draft animal. Increasing the angle
of pull (ฮฑ) will reduce the implement draft.
โข The angle of pull (ฮฑ) should be 30 degree.
20. Draft Animal Power
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Table 2. Draft and horsepower of man and various animals.
Source: (Campbell, 1990)
โข Below is the table for various draft animals and its draft power. However, it is impossible
to provide data for draft animals, since performance depends on individual
characteristics such as breed, weight, sex, age, training, quality of feed, and so on.
(Campbell, 1990)
21. Draft Animal Power
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Animal Power = draft x speed
where:
draft = N, lbf, Kgf
speed = m/s, ft/s
animal power = W, N-m/s
22. Sample problems
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
23. Sample problems
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
24. Factors affecting Animal Performance
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
1. Environmental Conditions
2. Choice of Animals
3. Use of animals
4. Livestock Management
25. Disadvantages
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
โข Require feed and care when not working.
โข Work at heavy load limited to short period
โข Require frequent resting period
โข Cannot work efficiently in hot weather.
โข Working speed is limited and relatively low.
โข Not efficient for stationary work.
โข Require a relatively large amount of time for feeding,
harnessing, and care.
26. References
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 โ Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
โข Campbell, J. K. (1990). Dibble Sticks, Donkeys, and Diesels. International Rice Research Institute.
โข Belonio, D. A. (2019). Human and Draft Animal Power
โข http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/draugth_ap_overview.pdf