Discussion 1 Knowledge-centric organizations have incorporated modern technological systems in their creation and management of knowledge. In a business organization, the knowledge-centric department is dedicated to creating and updating knowledge as part of strategic thinking and business operations. It is possible to achieve knowledge centricity when there are sufficient systems associated with its creation and management embedded in the organization’s structure (Eini, 2018).  Modern technological systems for data storage and management have played a critical role in the success of knowledge-centric organizations. Provide a suitable database is chosen, the organization involved can do well their routine operations related to knowledge acquisition, utilization, and storage.             While databases in knowledge-centric organizations have been of paramount importance in improving efficiency, some challenges accompany the process. Poor choice and implementation of a database can pose a severe setback to the organizational operations. One of the most significant challenges facing modern database systems is data security. Over a hundred thousand systems have been hacked in the last two years because their databases are vulnerable to malicious groups on the public internet. The vulnerability in most of these database’s stems from poor normalization. Eini (2018) states that there are databases designed on the fly without paying close attention to the basic rules of normalization. Without the third normal form, the end-user may delete records instead of querying or inserting them.               Similarly, several databases are subject to an improper performance criterion. Sometimes the incoming data might be exponentially rising in capacity and continue satisfying user needs; there is a need for high-speed processing without taking through hoops. Performance facing many knowledge-centric organizations stems from deploying a poor default and recognizing the operational environment. Therefore, in practice, some databases are not flexible enough to adapt dynamics of rapidly changing atmosphere. According to Eini (2018), a database should be designed for high-performance regardless of the hardware. A database that works well in older machines and small-sized systems such as Raspberry Pie implies good default performance.             Date safety is another challenge facing modern database systems in knowledge-centric organizations. Some databases can quickly lose data for reasons related to poor user-interface, software- or hardware-related issues. Some databases do not guarantee ACID, especially when a fully transactional operation is involved (Eini, 2018). Whenever losses occur, the organizations may lose critical information leading to an extended downtime while seeking to recover the loss. Sometimes, customers may shun the organization’s services and migrate to other companies. Therefore, while databases promise data security, others may fail to ...

1. Discussion 1
Knowledge-centric organizations have incorporated modern
technological systems in their creation and management of
knowledge. In a business organization, the knowledge-centric
department is dedicated to creating and updating knowledge as
part of strategic thinking and business operations. It is possible
to achieve knowledge centricity when there are sufficient
systems associated with its creation and management embedded
in the organization’s structure (Eini, 2018). Modern
technological systems for data storage and management have
played a critical role in the success of knowledge-centric
organizations. Provide a suitable database is chosen, the
organization involved can do well their routine operations
related to knowledge acquisition, utilization, and storage.
While databases in knowledge-centric organizations
have been of paramount importance in improving efficiency,
some challenges accompany the process. Poor choice and
implementation of a database can pose a severe setback to the
organizational operations. One of the most significant
challenges facing modern database systems is data security.
Over a hundred thousand systems have been hacked in the last
two years because their databases are vulnerable to malicious
groups on the public internet. The vulnerability in most of these
database’s stems from poor normalization. Eini (2018) states
that there are databases designed on the fly without paying
close attention to the basic rules of normalization. Without the
third normal form, the end-user may delete records instead of
querying or inserting them.
Similarly, several databases are subject to an improper
performance criterion. Sometimes the incoming data might be
exponentially rising in capacity and continue satisfying user
needs; there is a need for high-speed processing without taking
through hoops. Performance facing many knowledge-centric
organizations stems from deploying a poor default and

2. recognizing the operational environment. Therefore, in practice,
some databases are not flexible enough to adapt dynamics of
rapidly changing atmosphere. According to Eini (2018), a
database should be designed for high-performance regardless of
the hardware. A database that works well in older machines and
small-sized systems such as Raspberry Pie implies good default
performance.
Date safety is another challenge facing modern database
systems in knowledge-centric organizations. Some databases
can quickly lose data for reasons related to poor user -interface,
software- or hardware-related issues. Some databases do not
guarantee ACID, especially when a fully transactional operation
is involved (Eini, 2018). Whenever losses occur, the
organizations may lose critical information leading to an
extended downtime while seeking to recover the loss.
Sometimes, customers may shun the organization’s services and
migrate to other companies. Therefore, while databases promise
data security, others may fail to meet this expectation through
data losses.
Reference
Eini, O. (2018). How to overcome five common database
challenges - JAXenter. Retrieved 22 February 2021,
from https://jaxenter.com/overcome-5-common-database-
challenges-149559.html
Discussion 2
Database is one of the most important pieces of technology and
it is implemented in every organization. All the business data is
stored and archived for several years. There are only few named
vendors in market who provides this Database services and
software’s. The primary target for the hackers would be
breaching the database to collect the business information. So,
it is critical tool that effects the functionalities of overall
business.
One of my personal experience in dealing a poor database is

3. with my previous client. They have chosen to use an open-
source database client and customize it according to their needs.
They Plan to end the contract with one of the big companies
like Oracle who was providing this service for an amount. Due
to different and multiple developments in technologies the
database became a simple open source. Using an open-source
software is a good option in client budget perspective but at the
same the number of risks is grater when compared to vendor
supported platforms. Our infrastructure architect used this open
source and customized it according to business needs. After
few we started noticing how poorly this was customized and
found some security vulnerabilities. Due to the poor
configurations, the data stored was unorganized and became
unresponsive for every 24 hrs. The tables stored were saved
with different file permissions and allowing other users to
easily access this data. The stored data was not fully encrypted
and stored with easy password in one file. The connection
pools set are very less and takes lot of time to respond.
All this issue would have been resolved if the open source is
properly customized. The other solutions would be a proper
planning, peer analysis before implementing and a strong team
with enough Database knowledge. Any changes to Database
showed be tested thoroughly and reviewed multiple time before
implementing the change.
References:
Berg, K. L., Seymour, T., & Goel, R. (2012). History of
databases. International Journal of Management & Information
Systems (IJMIS), 17(1), 29–
36. https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v17i1.7587
Garcia-Molina, H. (1992). Main Memory Database Systems: An
Overview. Retrieved
from, http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~jhuang/qual/main-memory-db-
overview.pdf
Kraleva, R. S., Kralev, V. S., Sinyagina, N., Koprinkova-
Hristova, P., & Bocheva, N. (2018). Design and analysis of a
relational database for behavioral experiments data processing.

4. International Journal of Online Engineering (IJOE), 14(02),
117. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v14i02.7988
Discussion 3
Poor Database design and its impact on the organization:
Data plays a very important role in every organization. It is
very important for every company to store the data in a safe and
secure way. All the hackers would eventually target the data
when they are trying to enter any system without proper
authentication. So, it is very vital to store the data in a very safe
way. (Pascal, 2020)
The definition of well-defined data is that it maintains
all the encryption for storing any sensitive information. Every
organization should make sure that they are not storing any
unnecessary data. If so, it will cause an extra burden on the
company to store and retrieve that information. It also should
make sure that the data is well normalized before storing.
Analysis on Cause of the Problem and a Potential
Solution
:
The cause of the problem that I am discussing has occurred
because it has failed to comply with some basic rules of data
storage. It tried to store some confidential information and it
also did not encrypt the data before storing it. So, when the
hackers entered into the system via SQL injection, they noticed
that the data is not so secured in storing and got hold of much
confidential information. (Khanuja, Adane, 2018)

5. The cause for this problem is that there are no proper
validations for the application they designed in, so this made
the hackers enter the system. After entering the system, the
second cause for the data loss is the way they stored the data
and they also have not maintained a secured connection between
the database server and the application server. So, this is the
second cause. (Shelly, Pradeep, 2019)
References:
Pascal, F. (2020, March). What First Normal Form really means
and means not? Retrieved Oct 1, 2019, from Database
Debunkings: http://www.dbdebunk.com/page/page/629796. html
Khanuja HK, Adane DS. Database security threats and
challenges in database forensic: A survey. In Proceedings of
2018 International Conference on Advancements in Information
Technology (AIT 2011), available at http://www. pics.
com/vol20/33-ICAIT2011-A4072. pdf 2018.
Shelly Rohilla, Pradeep Kumar Mittal, Database Security:
Threats and Challenges, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,
Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2019.
Discussion 4
Poorly implemented database

6. Poor database refers to the problems faced while
constructing the database in the project environment. According
to our requirement, database type can be changed, and the
procedure for building can be designed. The front end helps to
decide the back-end requirement, and that plays a significant
role. Back end is also called a database, and connections can be
established to store data from front end to back end. The poor
database describes the problems and challenges involved in the
database. According to my experience, problems of the database
include poor Normalization (Durga & Jeyaprakash, 2019, July).
Normalization is defined as a systematic approach of
decomposing large tables to smaller and eliminates the data
redundancy. Here redundancy refers to the reputation of data. It
carries some undesirable characteristics like deleting anomalies,
inserting, and updating. So, here Normalization plays a major
role in database design. It has different forms according to the
form requirement table designing can be utilized. Poor
Normalization refers to the implementation of normal forms in
the database that are not procedural and not up to the best.
Decomposing the large tables into smaller ones helps to better
understand, and storage capacity will be reduced. Data loss can
mean huge losses for any company. Even though the company
follows a lot of data storage practices, there is a big possibility
that mistakes will occur. Without utilizing it properly, it will
create a lot of problems in the database, like the repetition of

7. data can cause primary key issues. It also lost its uniqueness.
For example, a website accepts registration forms and providing
a user account to the user, and that website not implemented
normal forms properly. Here the problems will appear like they
will register with user id as ‘111’, and other users also
registered with the same id. Therefore, the first user id can
upload his personnel data, and the second user id also accesses
the same data, sharing their data without securing their
accounts. It will create many problems while dealing with
different transactions. So, Normalization plays a major role in
building the database (Walach, et al., 2018).
References
Durga, V. S., & Jeyaprakash, T. (2019, July). An Effective Data
Normalization Strategy for Academic Datasets using Log
Values. In 2019 International Conference on Communication
and Electronics Systems (ICCES) (pp. 610-612). IEEE.
Walach, J., Filzmoser, P., & Hron, K. (2018). Data
Normalization and Scaling: Consequences for the Analysis in
Omics Sciences. In Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry (Vol.
82, pp. 165-196). Elsevier.