Citigroup 5-year balance sheetsCitigroupConsolidated Balance SheetIn millionsAssets20162017201820192020Cash & due from banks$ 23,043$ 23,775$ 23,645$ 23,967$ 26,349Deposits with banks$ 137,451$ 156,741$ 164,460$ 169,952$ 283,266Securities borrowed & purchased under agreement to sell$ 236,813$ 232,478$ 270,684$ 251,322$ 294,712Brokerage receivables$ 28,887$ 38,384$ 35,450$ 39,857$ 44,806Trading account assets$ 243,925$ 252,790$ 256,117$ 276,140$ 375,079Investments:Available for sale debt securities$ 299,424$ 290,725$ 288,038$ 280,265$ 335,084Held to maturity debt securities$ 45,667$ 53,320$ 63,357$ 80,775$ 104,943Equity securities$ 8,213$ 8,245$ 7,212$ 7,523$ 7,332Total Investments$ 353,304$ 352,290$ 358,607$ 368,563$ 447,359Loans:Consumer$ 325,063$ 333,656$ 330,487$ 309,548$ 288,839Corporate$ 299,306$ 333,378$ 353,709$ 389,935$ 387,044Loans, net of unearned income$ 624,369$ 667,034$ 684,196$ 699,483$ 675,883Allowance for credit losses on loans$ (12,060)$ (12,355)$ (12,315)$ (12,783)$ (24,956)Total loans, net$ 612,309$ 654,679$ 671,881$ 686,700$ 650,927Goodwill$ 21,659$ 22,256$ 22,046$ 22,126$ 22,162Intangible assets$ 5,114$ 5,146$ 5,220$ 4,822$ 4,747Other assets$ 128,008$ 103,926$ 109,273$ 107,709$ 110,683Mortgage servicing rights$ 1,564Total Assets$ 1,792,077$ 1,842,465$ 1,917,383$ 1,951,158$ 2,260,090LiabilitiesNon-interest-bearing deposits in US $ 136,698$ 126,880$ 105,836$ 98,811$ 126,942Interest-bearing deposits in US $ 300,972$ 318,613$ 361,573$ 401,418$ 503,213Non-interest-bearing deposits out of US$ 77,616$ 87,440$ 80,648$ 85,692$ 100,543Interest-bearing deposits in office out of US$ 414,120$ 426,889$ 465,113$ 484,669$ 549,973Total deposits$ 929,406$ 959,822$ 1,013,170$ 1,070,590$ 1,280,671Securities loaned and sold under agreements to repurchase$ 141,821$ 156,277$ 177,768$ 166,339$ 199,525Brokerage payables$ 57,152$ 61,342$ 64,571$ 48,601$ 50,484Trading account liabilities$ 139,045$ 125,170$ 144,305$ 119,894$ 168,027Short-term borrowings$ 30,701$ 44,452$ 32,346$ 45,049$ 29,514Long-term debt$ 206,178$ 236,709$ 231,999$ 248,760$ 271,686Other liabilities$ 61,631$ 57,021$ 56,150$ 57,979$ 59,983Total liabilities$ 1,565,934$ 1,640,793$ 1,720,309$ 1,757,212$ 2,059,890Stockholders' equityPreferred stock$ 19,253$ 19,253$ 18,460$ 17,980$ 19,480Common stock$ 31$ 31$ 31$ 31$ 31Additional paid-in capital$ 108,042$ 108,008$ 107,922$ 107,840$ 107,846Retained earnings$ 146,477$ 138,425$ 151,347$ 165,369$ 168,272Treasury stock$ (16,302)$ (30,309)$ (44,370)$ (61,660)$ (64,129)Accumulated other comprehensive income$ (32,381)$ (34,668)$ (37,170)$ (36,318)$ (32,058)Total Citigroup stockholders' equi ...

1. Citigroup 5-year balance sheetsCitigroupConsolidated Balance
SheetIn millionsAssets20162017201820192020Cash & due from
banks$ 23,043$ 23,775$ 23,645$ 23,967$ 26,349Deposits
with banks$ 137,451$ 156,741$ 164,460$ 169,952$
283,266Securities borrowed & purchased under agreement to
sell$ 236,813$ 232,478$ 270,684$ 251,322$
294,712Brokerage receivables$ 28,887$ 38,384$ 35,450$
39,857$ 44,806Trading account assets$ 243,925$ 252,790$
256,117$ 276,140$ 375,079Investments:Available for sale
debt securities$ 299,424$ 290,725$ 288,038$ 280,265$
335,084Held to maturity debt securities$ 45,667$ 53,320$
63,357$ 80,775$ 104,943Equity securities$ 8,213$ 8,245$
7,212$ 7,523$ 7,332Total Investments$ 353,304$
352,290$ 358,607$ 368,563$ 447,359Loans:Consumer$
325,063$ 333,656$ 330,487$ 309,548$ 288,839Corporate$
299,306$ 333,378$ 353,709$ 389,935$ 387,044Loans, net
of unearned income$ 624,369$ 667,034$ 684,196$
699,483$ 675,883Allowance for credit losses on loans$
(12,060)$ (12,355)$ (12,315)$ (12,783)$ (24,956)Total
loans, net$ 612,309$ 654,679$ 671,881$ 686,700$
650,927Goodwill$ 21,659$ 22,256$ 22,046$ 22,126$
22,162Intangible assets$ 5,114$ 5,146$ 5,220$ 4,822$
4,747Other assets$ 128,008$ 103,926$ 109,273$ 107,709$
110,683Mortgage servicing rights$ 1,564Total Assets$
1,792,077$ 1,842,465$ 1,917,383$ 1,951,158$
2,260,090LiabilitiesNon-interest-bearing deposits in US $
136,698$ 126,880$ 105,836$ 98,811$ 126,942Interest-
bearing deposits in US $ 300,972$ 318,613$ 361,573$
401,418$ 503,213Non-interest-bearing deposits out of US$
77,616$ 87,440$ 80,648$ 85,692$ 100,543Interest-bearing
deposits in office out of US$ 414,120$ 426,889$ 465,113$
484,669$ 549,973Total deposits$ 929,406$ 959,822$
1,013,170$ 1,070,590$ 1,280,671Securities loaned and sold
under agreements to repurchase$ 141,821$ 156,277$

2. 177,768$ 166,339$ 199,525Brokerage payables$ 57,152$
61,342$ 64,571$ 48,601$ 50,484Trading account liabilities$
139,045$ 125,170$ 144,305$ 119,894$ 168,027Short-term
borrowings$ 30,701$ 44,452$ 32,346$ 45,049$
29,514Long-term debt$ 206,178$ 236,709$ 231,999$
248,760$ 271,686Other liabilities$ 61,631$ 57,021$
56,150$ 57,979$ 59,983Total liabilities$ 1,565,934$
1,640,793$ 1,720,309$ 1,757,212$ 2,059,890Stockholders'
equityPreferred stock$ 19,253$ 19,253$ 18,460$ 17,980$
19,480Common stock$ 31$ 31$ 31$ 31$ 31Additional
paid-in capital$ 108,042$ 108,008$ 107,922$ 107,840$
107,846Retained earnings$ 146,477$ 138,425$ 151,347$
165,369$ 168,272Treasury stock$ (16,302)$ (30,309)$
(44,370)$ (61,660)$ (64,129)Accumulated other
comprehensive income$ (32,381)$ (34,668)$ (37,170)$
(36,318)$ (32,058)Total Citigroup stockholders' equity$
225,120$ 200,740$ 196,220$ 193,242$
199,442Noncontrolling interests$ 1,023$ 932$ 854$ 704$
758Total Equity$ 226,143$ 201,672$ 197,074$ 193,946$
200,200Total liabilities and equity$ 1,792,077$ 1,842,465$
1,917,383$ 1,951,158$ 2,260,090
Citigroup 5-year income stateCitigroupConsolidated Statement
of IncomeIn millions, except
shares20162017201820192020RevenuesInterest revenue$
57,988$ 61,579$ 70,828$ 76,510$ 58,089Interest expense$
12,512$ 16,518$ 24,266$ 29,163$ 14,541Net interest
revenue$ 45,476$ 45,061$ 46,562$ 47,347$
43,548Commissions and fees$ 11,678$ 12,707$ 11,857$
11,746$ 11,385Principal transactions $ 7,857$ 9,475$
8,905$ 8,892$ 13,885Administration and other fiduciary
fees$ 3,294$ 3,584$ 3,580$ 3,411$ 3,472Realized gains
on sales of investments, net$ 949$ 778$ 421$ 1,474$
1,756Impairment losses on investments:Impairment losses on
investments and other assets$ (620)$ (63)$ (132)$ (32)$
(165)Provision for credit losses on AFS debt securities$
(3)Net impairment losses recognized in earnings$ (620)$

3. (63)$ (132)$ (32)$ (168)Other revenue$ 2,163$ 902$
1,661$ 1,448$ 420Total non-interest revenues$ 25,321$
27,383$ 26,292$ 26,939$ 30,750Total revenues, net of
interest expense$ 70,797$ 72,444$ 72,854$ 74,286$
74,298Provisions for credit losses and for benefits and claims$
6,749$ 7,503$ 7,354$ 8,218$ 15,922Provision for credit
losses on held-to-maturity debt securities$ 7Provision for
credit losses on other assets$ 7Policyholder benefits and
claims$ 204$ 109$ 101$ 73$ 113Provision for credit
losses on unfunded lending commitments$ 29$ (161)$ 113$
92$ 1,446Total provisions for credit losses and for benefits
and claims$ 6,982$ 7,451$ 7,568$ 8,383$
17,495Operating expensesConpensation and benefits$ 20,970$
21,181$ 21,154$ 21,433$ 22,214Premises and equipment$
2,542$ 2,453$ 2,324$ 2,328$
2,333Technology/communication$ 6,701$ 6,909$ 7,193$
7,077$ 7,383Advertising and marketing$ 1,632$ 1,608$
1,545$ 1,516$ 1,217Other operating$ 10,493$ 10,081$
9,625$ 9,648$ 10,024Total operating expenses$ 42,338$
42,232$ 41,841$ 42,002$ 43,171Income from continuing
operations before income taxes$ 21,477$ 22,761$ 23,445$
23,901$ 13,632Provision for income taxes$ 6,444$ 29,388$
5,357$ 4,430$ 2,525Income from continuing operations$
15,033$ (6,627)$ 18,088$ 19,471$ 11,107Discontinued
operationsLoss from discontinued operations$ (80)$ (104)$
(26)$ (31)$ (20)Provision (benefit) for income taxes$ (22)$
7$ (18)$ (27)Loss from discontinued operations, net of
taxes$ (58)$ (111)$ (8)$ (4)$ (20)Net income before
attribution of noncontrolling interests$ 14,975$ (6,738)$
18,080$ 19,467$ 11,087Noncontrolling interests$ 63$ 60$
35$ 66$ 40Citigroup's net income$ 14,912$ (6,798)$
18,045$ 19,401$ 11,047Basic earnings per share (2)Income
from continuing operations$ 4.74$ (2.94)$ 6.69$ 8.08$
4.75Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes$ (0.02)$
(0.04)$ (0.01)Net Income$ 4.72$ (2.98)$ 6.69$ 8.08$
4.74Weighted average common shares

4. outstanding2493.32249.22085.8Diluted earnings per share
(2)Income from continuing operations$ 4.74$ (2.94)$ 6.69$
8.04$ 4.73Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of
taxes$ (0.02)$ (0.04)$ (0.01)Net income$ 4.72$ (2.98)$
6.69$ 8.04$ 4.72Adjusted weighted average common shares
outstanding$ 2,888.3$ 2,698.5$ 2,494.8$ 2,265.3$
2,099.0
WellsFargo 5-year balance sheetWells FargoConsolidated
Balance SheetIn millions Assets20162017201820192020Cash &
due from banks$ 20,729$ 23,367$ 23,551$ 21,757$
28,236Deposits with banks$ 192,580$ 149,736$ 119,493$
236,376Total cash, cash equivalents, and restrict cash$
20,729$ 215,947$ 173,287$ 141,250$ 264,612Federal
funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$
266,038$ 80,025$ 80,207$ 102,140$ 65,672Debt
securities:Trading, at fair value$ 74,397$ 57,624$ 69,989$
79,733$ 75,095Available for sale at fair value$ 308,364$
276,407$ 269,912$ 263,459$ 220,392Held to maturity at
fair value$ 99,583$ 139,335$ 144,788$ 153,933$
205,720Mortgage loans held for sale$ 26,309$ 20,070$
15,126Loans held for sale$ 80$ 1,131$ 2,041$ 24,319$
36,384Loans$ 967,604$ 956,770$ 953,110$ 962,265$
887,637Allowance for loan losses$ (11,419)$ (11,004)$
(9,775)$ (9,551)$ (18,516)Net loans$ 956,185$ 945,766$
943,335$ 952,714$ 869,121Mortgage servicing rights$
12,959$ 13,625$ 14,649$ 12,947$ 7,437Amortized$
1,406$ 1,424$ 1,443Premises servicing rights$ 8,333$
8,847$ 8,920$ 9,309$ 8,895Goodwill$ 26,693$ 26,587$
26,418$ 26,390$ 26,392Derivate assets$ 14,498$ 12,228$
10,770$ 14,203$ 25,846Equity securities$ 62,497$
55,148$ 68,241$ 62,260Other assets$ 114,541$ 90,244$
79,850$ 78,917$ 87,337Total assets$ 1,930,115$
1,951,757$ 1,895,883$ 1,927,555$
1,955,163LiabilitiesNoninterest bearing deposits$ 375,967$
373,722$ 349,534$ 344,496$ 467,068Interest bearing
deposits$ 930,112$ 962,269$ 936,636$ 978,130$

5. 937,313Total deposits$ 1,306,079$ 1,335,991$ 1,286,170$
1,322,626$ 1,404,381Short-term borrowings$ 96,781$
103,256$ 105,787$ 104,512$ 58,999Derivative liabilities $
14,492$ 8,796$ 8,499$ 9,079$ 16,509Accrued expenses
and other liabilities$ 57,189$ 70,615$ 69,317$ 75,163$
76,404Long ther debt$ 255,077$ 225,020$ 229,044$
228,191$ 212,950Total liabilities$ 1,729,618$ 1,743,678$
1,698,817$ 1,739,571$ 1,769,243EquityWells Fargo
stockholders' equity:Preferred stock$ 24,551$ 25,358$
23,214$ 21,549$ 21,136Common stock$ 9,136$ 9,136$
9,136$ 9,136$ 9,136Additional paid in capital$ 60,234$
60,893$ 60,685$ 61,049$ 60,197Retained earnings$
133,075$ 145,263$ 158,163$ 166,697$ 162,890Cumul ative
other comprehensive income$ (3,137)$ (2,144)$ (6,336)$
(1,311)$ 194Treasury stock$ (22,713)$ (29,892)$
(47,194)$ (68,831)$ (67,791)Unearned ESOP shares$
(1,565)$ (1,678)$ (1,502)$ (1,143)$ (875)Total Wells
Fargo stockholders' equity$ 199,581$ 206,936$ 196,166$
187,146$ 184,887Noncontrolling interests$ 916$ 1,143$
900$ 838$ 1,033Total equity$ 200,497$ 208,079$
197,066$ 187,984$ 185,920Total liabilities and equity$
1,930,115$ 1,951,757$ 1,895,883$ 1,927,555$ 1,955,163
WellsFargo 5-year income stateWells FargoConsolidated
Statement of IncomeIn millions except for
shares20162017201820192020AssetsInterest incomeDebt
securities$ 11,244$ 12,946$ 14,406$ 14,955$
11,234Mortgage loans held for sale$ 784$ 786Loans held for
sale$ 38$ 50$ 917$ 892$ 947Loans$ 39,505$ 41,388$
43,974$ 44,146$ 34,109Equity securities$ 635$ 799$
992$ 962$ 554Other interest income$ 1,457$ 2,940$
4,358$ 5,128$ 954Total interest income$ 53,663$ 58,909$
64,647$ 66,083$ 47,798Interest expenseDeposits$ 1,395$
3,013$ 5,622$ 8,635$ 2,804Short-term borrowings$ 330$
758$ 1,717$ 2,316$ 250Long term debt$ 3,830$ 5,157$
6,703$ 7,350$ 4,471Other interest expense$ 354$ 424$
610$ 551$ 438Total interest expense$ 5,909$ 9,352$

6. 14,652$ 18,852$ 7,963Net interest income$ 47,754$
49,557$ 49,995$ 47,231$ 39,835Service charges on deposit
accounts$ 5,372$ 5,111Trust and investment fees$ 14,243$
14,495Card fees$ 3,936$ 3,960Other fees$ 3,727$
3,557Mortgage banking $ 6,096$ 4,350Insurance$ 1,268$
1,049Net gains from trading activities$ 610$ 542Net gains on
debt securities$ 942$ 479Net gains from equity securities $
1,103$ 1,779Lease income$ 1,927$ 1,907Other$ 1,289$
1,603Noninterest income (2)Deposits and lending related fees$
7,369$ 7,293$ 6,602Brokerage fees$ 9,436$ 9,237$
9,375Trust and investment management fees$ 3,316$ 3,038$
2,872Investment banking fees$ 1,757$ 1,797$ 1,865Card
fees$ 3,907$ 4,016$ 3,544Mortgage banking$ 3,017$
2,715$ 3,493Net gains on trading and securities $ 2,225$
3,976$ 2,710Other$ 5,386$ 5,760$ 2,044Total nonint erest
income$ 40,513$ 38,832$ 36,413$ 37,832$ 32,505Total
revenue$ 88,267$ 88,389$ 86,408$ 85,063$
72,340Provision for credit losses$ 3,770$ 2,528$ 1,744$
2,687$ 14,129Noninterest expense (3)Salaries$ 16,552$
17,363Commission and incentives compensation$ 10,247$
10,442Employee benefits $ 5,094$ 5,566Equipment$ 2,154$
2,237Net occupancy$ 2,855$ 2,849Core deposit and other
intangibles$ 1,192$ 1,152FDIC and other deposit
assessments$ 1,168$ 1,287Other$ 13,115$
17,588Personnel$ 33,085$ 35,128$ 34,811Technology,
telecommunications and equipment$ 2,903$ 3,276$
3,099Occupancy$ 2,888$ 2,945$ 3,263Operating losses$
3,124$ 4,321$ 3,523Professional and outside services$
6,588$ 6,745$ 6,706Advertising and promotion$ 857$
1,076$ 600Restructuring charges$ 1,499Other$ 6,681$
4,687$ 4,129Total noninterest expense$ 52,377$ 58,484$
56,126$ 58,178$ 57,630Income before income tax expense$
32,120$ 27,377$ 28,538$ 24,198$ 581Income tax expense$
10,075$ 4,917$ 5,662$ 4,157$ (3,005)Net income before
noncontrolling interests$ 22,045$ 22,460$ 22,876$
20,041$ 3,586Less: Net income from noncontrolling interests$

7. 107$ 277$ 483$ 492$ 285Wells Fargo net income$
21,938$ 22,183$ 22,393$ 19,549$ 3,301Less: Preferred
stock dividends and other$ 1,565$ 1,629$ 1,704$ 1,611$
1,591Wells Fargo net income applicable to common stock$
20,373$ 20,554$ 20,689$ 17,938$ 1,710Per share
informationEarnings per common share$ 4.03$ 4.14$ 4.31$
4.08$ 0.42Diluted earnings per common share$ 3.99$ 4.10$
4.28$ 4.05$ 0.41Average common shares outstanding$
5,052.8$ 4,964.6$ 4,799.7$ 4,393.1$ 4,118.0Diluted
average common shares outstanding$ 5,108.3$ 5,017.3$
4,838.4$ 4,425.4$ 4,134.2
Ratiosamounts in millionsCitigroupWells FargoNoninterest
expense$ 43,171$ 57,630Noninterest income$ 30,750$
32,505Burden$ 12,421$ 25,1252020 total assets$
1,951,158$ 1,955,1632019 total assets$ 2,260,090$
1,927,555Net noninterest margin0.59%1.29%Net interest
income$ 43,548$ 39,835Efficiency ratio58.11%79.67%Total
equity capital$ 200,200$ 185,920Net income$
11,0473301ROE5.52%1.78%Interest
income2.23%2.04%Noninterest income1.58%1.66%Overhead
efficiency71.23%56.40%Revenue$ 74,298$ 72,340Profit
margin14.87%4.56%
Zainudin Smith
261 Matilda Ave Apt 140
Franklin Township, New Jersey 08873
March 3, 2021
James Reuter
Space Technology Associate Administrator
NASA Headquarters
300 E Street SW
Washington DC 20024-3210
Re: Controlling Space Debris

8. Dear Mr. Smith
The existence of space debris continues to be a rising
concern to society. This is based on the fact that human activity
continues to increase the rates of space junks within space.
Understanding the harm that is initiated in the process plays a
key role in combatting the rise of such cases. Apparently, space
debris continuous to be a global concern that needs to be
addressed based on the impact that it would have. The future
exploration activities need to be put in place to ensure that the
activity is actively controlled (Muñoz-Patchen, 2018). Despite
the measures put in place, people need to be aware of the rise in
such cases and they need to come up with actions that are
focused in combating such cases. It is the ethical duty of the
society to ensure that such matters are effectively controlled.
The matter is focused on the creation of long-term alternates.
Understanding the reason as to why space debris needs to
be controlled makes up the dominant factor that needs to be
carefully addressed. People need to understand the global
implication of the activity and how it might affect the future
generation. The increase of objects within space for satellite
functions continues to be important as they play an important
role in terms of intelligence and weather forecasts. However,
the increase is space junk can be clearly described as space
pollution that is contributed by human activity. The people are
supposed to be aware of the implications that come from the
process in order to develop a lasting solution to the matter that
would work for the interest of the society alone. Ideally,
effective control has a clear part to play in this perspective .
Causes of Space Debris
Space debris is caused by increased human activities
within space. The activity leads to the increase of space junks.
The need for developed country to improve their space
technology and intelligence leads to the increase in satellites
and other exploration objects within the atmosphere. Ideally,
developed countries are the ones that can afford to create
satellites and place them on space. The action has led to a list of

9. over 3000 satellites within the space (Muñoz-Patchen, 2018).
Although it is a positive action towards advancement in
technology, it is the leading cause behind the increase of space
debris within atmosphere. Sufficient action needs to be taken by
the space bodies all over the world to ensure that the
exploitation activities are controlled based on the rise of space
junks within the atmosphere.
The manner in which the space debris are created is based
on human action and not natural cause. This is a key factor that
needs to be addressed based on the implication that is has to the
natural set up of space. Human action needs to be monitored by
the United Nations bodies and other practices that needs to be
efficient controlled. The human action determines the direction
that the scientists are taking terms of controlling the event. It is
the duty of the society to ensure that sufficient control is put in
place to ensure that the manner in which humans carry out their
exploration activities is controlled. In most cases, countries
normally destroy old satellites through the use of explosions.
This is the common reason behind the increase of space debris
within space. China acted as a perfect example when it
destroyed its old satellite through the use of the practice.
Ignorance seems to be other action that contributes to the
increase od space debris cases. It is evident that most people
lack knowledge about the activity. The action is based on the
limited awareness efforts that seems to have a negative
implication within the atmosphere. This is an action that needs
to be effectively controlled based on the negative implications
that it is likely to have in the atmosphere if not controlled (Lan,
Li, & Baoyin, 2015). The people lack enough awareness which
is an activity that makes people not to understand the reason as
to why space debris continues to present a threat to the
atmosphere if suffice action is not taken under consideration.
Ensuring that proper initiatives are put in place is enough to
call for constructive actions to be initiated to control the
occurrences of such events.
The increase of space debris continuous to be a key issue based

10. on the space exploration effort that man has undertaken over the
past decades. The issue created headlines when the Chinese
used an antisatellite missile to eliminate one of its ol d weather
satellites that was orbiting at a distance of 537 miles above the
surface of the earth (Muñoz-Patchen, 2018). The action
elaborated the intensity of the matter. Space debris is a key
issue of concern as the United Nation identified as a problem
forcing the implementation of mitigation measures that focuses
on ensuring that the matter is handled. The measure seemed to
work until recently as the numbers continues to increase on a
regular basis again. Currently, more than 150 million pieces are
floating space. The number presents a concern based on the
ignorance that exists in relation to the matter at hand.
Understanding the components of space debris offers a
broader overview on the issue that is being addressed in relation
to the paper. They are normally made up by discarded object
mix that is made up of spent rocket stages, fragments from
explosion of the space equipment, dust and paint flakes. A key
concern of the debris is the explosion that causes most of them.
It is a basic concern that leads to the increase. Ideally, the
increase in the number of space explorations is the factor that
leads to the increase in space debris today. The action that the
cuisine took led to the creation of 35,000 pieces that were large
that a centimeter (Robert, 2017). The cases of increasing debris
is a key matter that needs to be addressed as it affects the space
in a negative way and taking action in preventing it is an ethical
duty.
Impacts of Space Debris
Assessing the impact of space debris to space is a key
activity that needs to be given considerations. Most people have
the assumption that space debris cannot impact human life but it
is important to understand that the activity can have a negative
implication to the atmosphere of appropriate action is not taken
under consideration. In this case, the activity entails looking at
the potential damage that the junks can have on the space
rockets that are applied in human exploration activities. The

11. junk acts as a hazard to spacecraft and they need to be
contained before they affect the setup of the space exploration
activities negatively. The action places most people on the
spacecraft’s at risks based on the carelessness in terms of
disposals that are being initiated. This is an action that needs to
be perfectly contained.
Space junks have effects on other important exploration
objects negatively. This is a key activity that needs to be
actively monitored to ensure that a proper action needs to be put
in place. The process is focused on the creation of positive
results that needs to be efficient. It impacts the other objects at
a speed of 22,300 mph which is a significant factor that needs to
be controlled (Cookson, 2019). In case of any collisions the
damage is likely to be high. This is a key factor that needs to be
properly assessed. The practice is focused on introduction of
positive practices that is focused on the interpretation of the
potential impact that the practice is likely to have on the
exploration activities which is a key matter of concern.
Space debris is a concern as the number keeps on increasing on
a regular basis. The need for further exploration makes up the
common factor that leads to the increase of the cases. Taking an
appropriate action to understand the numbers involved is a key
matter of concern in this case. Based on the figures provided by
various space bodies across the world including NASA it is
evident that there are about 2,000 satellites that orbit around the
earth at the moment (Lan, Li, & Baoyin, 2015). Understanding
the numbers play a key part in explaining the prevalence of the
matter. currently, the number of dead satellites according to
NASA is at around 3000. This is a high number based on the
fact that they create a key problem to the exploration measures
that are being underlain.
Ensuring that positive measures are put in practice in
relation to the issue provides a positive approach in ensuring
that the matter is addressed. The figures point out that there
around 34,000 pieces of space debris that are larger than 10
centimeters (Robert, 2017). The numbers could be in millions

12. for the ones that are less than a centimeters. Ideally, it is a key
concern for the future exploration efforts as they are disastrous
if they hit something. The ethical issue that arise in this case is
taking the appropriate measure in ensuring that the matter is
addressed before it affects future exploration efforts that may
take place. The space bodies need to ensure that such matters
are addressed before they create risks that could affect future
explorations and make the exploration efforts to be more risky
than expected.
Plan of action
In order to get clean up the overwhelming amount of space
debris, there should be a division within your space program
that focusses on debris removal. CubeSats would launched into
the earth’s orbit quarterly with the purpose of monitoring debris
build up and detecting any potential damage that can be caused
to any functional satellites. CubeSats are miniature satellites
that have been used exclusively in low Earth orbit for 15
years…In the beginning, they were commonly used in low Earth
orbit for applications such as remote sensing or
communications. As of mid-2018, a pair of CubeSats has been
deployed on a mission flying to Mars, and other CubeSats are
being considered for the moon and Jupiter (Howell 2018). With
the information obtained from the CubeSats, mission control
can determine the areas that need the most attention. Removing
the unwanted space objects without destroying them is the best
action to initiated in this case. It is results oriented and focused
on the provision of a permanent solution. A Chaser Satellite
with a net gun attachment feature, has the ability to capture
debris, and drag it back to earth for proper disposal. The net
will keep the debris from dispersing as it re-enters the earth’s
atmosphere, while capturing the CubeSats, that was launched up
for information gathering because the small devices are not
durable and will become debris itself if it is left up there. Once
the debris is gathered and makes its way back to the earth, the
harsh elements will cause for the majority of the debris to
disintegrate as it re-enters earth’s atmosphere. The reentry

13. velocity can reach more than 7 km/s, and strong aero- dynamic
and aerothermal loads can melt and break the structures into
many pieces of debris (WU, Ziniua., HU, Ruifeng., QU, Xi.,
WANG, Xiang., & WU, Zhe, 2011). This action is based on the
application of positive practices that is focused on the
application of activities that are results oriented. Controlling
the destruction of the old satellites needs to be the action that
needs to be sufficiently controlled (Johnson, 2017).
Costs
An assessment of the damage that the practice has had on
space is a key matter of concern. it is evident that ther e are
large costs involved in the creation of the space bodies. This is
a key issue of concern that needs to be addressed for the
implementation of practices that would focus on the protection
of space and the future activities that are likely to take plac e in
the future. The creation of substantive measures to ensure that
the cost of damage is minimized is a problem that needs to be
addressed by following the procedures that are involved in the
practice (Cookson, 2019). Experts explain that space debris is
an expensive activity that needs to be minimized. The costs are
estimated to be 10% of the mission cots. The figures reflects to
millions of dollars. The low earth orbits are the ones that seem
to have a larger costs associated.
Probability of the damage-taking place
The risks of damage present themselves in the practice. It
is a key issue of concern that calls for the creation of creative
approaches that is focused on assessing the matter. The
probability is quite low based on the figures provided by
experts. One in 100 billion is the odds that are described by
experts. The aspect is focused of span of a 75-year lifetime.
However, the odds continue to increase with the increase of
space junks cases (Lan, Li, & Baoyin, 2015). The aspect is
likely to reduce to one in a billion. Despite of the probability,
reducing the rate of space debris is an important action that
needs to be taken seriously. This is based on the risk of injury

14. that might prove to be disastrous if it occurs.
The reductions of the damages need to be placed under
consideration. It is ethical to ensure that space activities
continue. However, considering the efforts of the future
generations is an activity that needs to be given the top priority.
This is because the functioning is focused on the creation of a
future that would facilitate other explorations. It is evident that
space junk is a real problem that needs to be addressed
(Cookson, 2019). Taking action against such activities needs to
be a moral duty of all to fulfill. The assessment of the cost and
damage clearly explains how the issue of of concern and how it
is supposed to be addressed before it continues presenting a real
threat to the overall societal setting. It is the moral duty of the
society to ensure that the activity is controlled.

15. References
Cookson, C. (2019). European space agency to launch space
debris clean-up in 2025. FT.Com,
Howell, E. (2018, June 19). Cubesats: Tiny Payloads, huge
benefits for space research. Retrieved from
https://www.space.com/34324-cubesats.html
Johnson, N. L. (2017). Developments in space debris mitigation
policy and practices. Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace
Engineering, 221(6), 907–909.
Lan, L., Li, J., & Baoyin, H. (2015). Debris engine: A potential
thruster for space debris removal. Ithaca: Cornell University
Library, arXiv.org.
Muñoz-Patchen, C. (2018). Regulating the space commons:
Treating space debris as abandoned property in violation of the
outer space treaty. Chicago Journal of International Law, 19(1),
233-259.
Robert, L. H. (2017) A band of junk clutters space --- debris
imperils hubble space telescope and equipment used for phones,
security, weather. Wall Street Journal
WU, Ziniua., HU, Ruifeng., QU, Xi., WANG, Xiang., & WU,
Zhe. (2011). Space Debris Reentry Analysis Methods and Tools.
Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 24(4), 387–395.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1000-9361(11)60046-0