2. 2
In 1929 Werner Forssmann
demonstrated that a simple
Rubber catheter could be passed to
the pulmonary artery through the
antecubital Vein and
An angiographic film could be
obtained using radiographic
contrast.
3. Introduction :-
An invasive diagnostic procedure in which
one or more catheters are introduced into
heart and selected blood vessels to measure
pressure and to determine oxygen saturation
in the various heart chambers. The procedure
is carried out in the cardiac catheterization
lab.
CARDIAC CATHETERS
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6. 6
FRENCHCATHETERSCALE:
The French catheter scale is commonly used to measure the outer
diameter of cylindrical medical instruments including catheters,
needles etc.
D(mm) = Fr/3 or Fr = D(mm)*3
MEASUREMENT:
Most commonly in adult DiagnosticCatheters of 5 – 7 Fr is used.
9. 9
Whatis a Catheter made up of ?
Materials:
A range of polymers are used for the construction of
catheters, including silicone rubber latex and
thermoplastic elastomers.
Silicone is one of the most common choices because it is
inert and unreactive to body fluids and a range of medical
fluids with which it might come into contact.
Materials:
CATHETER:
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
Polyethylene (PE)
Fluoropolymers (PTFE) (TEFLON)
Polyurethane (PUR)
Silicone (SI)
16. TIP: Neither blunt nor too sharp, soft &
flexible.
Bullet nose tip- least trauma,Though too
taper increased tip penetration.
HUB: Metal or plastic, larger than catheter,
tapered hubs – easier insertion of guidewire.
TIP & HUB
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17. Rt heart catheters- 100 to 125cm.
Lt heart catheters- 100 to 110cm.
125cm for very tall person.
LENGTH
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18. Cournand
Lehman
Goodale–lubin
Balloon floatation catheters
General purpose – RIGHT heart
catheters
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22. COURNAND catheter
Designer: Andre Cournand,1939.
End hole radio-opaque woven Dacron
catheter with an outer coating of
polyurethane.
Construction: very gradual distal curve
Tapered tip.
Use : All purpose right heart catheter.
Size : 5 to 8Fr.length – 100 & 125cm.
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23. SCHOOMAKER MULTIPURPOSE CATHETER
Designer : Dr.FredW Schoomaker.
Construction: polyurethane with an inner wire braid
.
A-1 MP:A bend –hockey stick with straight tip 1-one end hole
only
A-2 MP:2side holes ,1end hole
B-1 MP :B bend gradual 90 degree curve,1 end hole only
B -2 MP: 2 sideholes and an end hole
Use- CAG & LV,for crossing different lesions
PDA and MAPCAcoiling.
Size : 7 & 8 Fr. length –100cm.
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24. NIH catheter
Construction: USCI version- woven dacron with a nylon
core.Injection at high flow rates
6 sideholes
COOK – polyethylene with a stainless steel braid, 4 to 6
sideholes.
Hole : No end hole , only sidehole catheter with a gentle
curve.[excellent mixing of contrast ]
Use : visualizing RV.LV,arterial,pulmonary vasculature &
great veins.
Size :USCI 5 to 8Fr.length –50, 80,100 cms
125cm.
COOK:6.5,7.3 & 8.2Fr, all 100cm.
Disadvantage : perforation
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25. PIGTAIL CATHETER
Designed : Judkins.
Construction: woven dacron coated with
polyurethane or polyethylene.
Hole : 4-12 non-laterally opposed sidehole in the
terminal 5cm.Terminal 5cm coiled back.
Use : most commonly used LV, aortography &
pulmonary angiography.
Size : 6.5,7,3 & 8.2Fr.length – 65,80,100 &
110cm.side holes-4,6,8 or 12.
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26. Advantage : least traumatic, less
incidence of arrythmia,catheter recoil,
intramyocardial injection & cardiac
perforation.
Disadvantage :Thrombogenicity, & not
for prolonged haemodynamic monitoring.
Pigtail catheter
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27. Construction: polyurethane with stainless
steel braid.
Hole : 8 nonlaterally opposed sidehole near
the endhole.
Use. most commonly used LV, aortography &
pulmonary angiography
Size : 7 & 8Fr. length – 110cm.
Positrol II pigtail catheter
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28. Construction: polyurethane over a thin nylon
core.
Hole : 8 nonlaterally opposed sidehole near
the endhole.
Use: LV, aortography.
Size : 7 & 8Fr. length – 65,80 & 110cm.
Advantage : flow rate equal to one Fr > than
designated.
Nycore high-flow pigtail
catheter
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29. Construction: polyurethane with a stainless
steel braid except in tip.
Hole : 12 nonlaterally opposed sidehole near
the endhole.
Use: LV, aortography.
Size : 5,7 & 8Fr. length – 65,90 & 110cm.
Advantage : can withstand upto 1000psi.
Ducor high-flow femoral-
ventricular Pigtail catheter
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30. PIG TAIL ANGIOGRAPHIC
12 Side holes
evenly disperses contrast in LV
QUANTICOR [Cardiomarker pig tail]
Radiopaque markers set 2 cm apart
Used for quantitative angiography
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36. GENSINI catheter
Construction: woven dacron coated with
polyurethane.
Hole :Three laterally opposed oval sidehole
within 1.5cm of its open tip.
Use : right or left heart, pulmonary & vena
cava angiographic studies.
Size : 5 to 8Fr.length – 80,100 & 125cm.
Disadvantage: More arrythmogenic
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37. EPPENDORF catheter
Construction: woven dacron coated with polyurethane area
20cm proximal to hub is reinforced with nylon
Hole : closed-end, six laterally opposed sidehole catheter
with a gentle curve.
Use : visualizing RV.LV,arterial,pulmonary vasculature &
great veins.
Size : 7 to 8Fr.length –100 & 125cm.
Feature: less stiff, & more torque control.
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40. Guidewire
First available standard guidewire -0.018’
contains 2 to 3cm,safety wire in the tip
Safetywire is replaced by a ribbon
steerability,trackability,torquability,kink
resistence, frictional resistance.
Standard length- 175 to 190cm- usually 20cm
longer than the catheter.
For exchange wire-300cm.
Thickness – 0.035 inch (0.9mm).
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41. CORE
single or multiple segment.
Provides tensile strength, torque strength,
torque transmission & blood compatibility.
Commonly composed of stainless steel.
Nitinol – increased tractability.
Disadvantage- tends to store rather
than transmit torque- wireWINDING UP.
Commonly used “workhorse wire” have
moderate flexibility & support.
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42. Distal tip
Platinum or tungsten alloy.
Radiopacity ,flexibilty & blood compatibility.
Radiopacity -2 to 3cm. Rarely 11 to 40cm.
High radiopacity is a feature of more
aggressive wire,
Tip load- Amount of force required to deflect
the tip into a predetermined configuration.
Exp-gms of force.
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43. Coating
- silicone, teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene,
hydrophilic polymer.
Hydrophilic wire- crosses severe stenosis &
total occlusion,
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46. Spring tip wire & Plastic
wire
Spring wire:A) stainless steel tip
B) Nitinol tip jointed to stainless steel shaft
Steerability helps
Plastic wire: Little resistence, torquability
lost , useful for severe stenosis with heavy
calcification.
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