1. EMERGING TRENDS IN INSULIN DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.)
Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a serious and rapidly increasing
prevalence on the global scale and is expected to affect 300 million
people by the year 2025 which makes it a significant cause for concern. It
is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, glycosuria,
hyperlipaemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia. In
current scenario, insulin delivery by alternative route is an area of interest
in the design of drug delivery system.
FUNTIONING OF INSULIN: Insulin is the key to altering the glucose
in the cell. Glucose in the cell is transformed into energy for the body.
NORMAL FUNCTION TYPE 1 TYPE 2
Insulin is a hormone that is secreted by the beta
cells in the pancreas. It controls the metabolism
and cellular uptake of sugars, and also
influences fat and protein usage.
Insulin therapy is the treatment of diabetes by
administration of exogenous insulin. Patients with Type 1
diabetes mellitus depend on external insulin (most
commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival
because the hormone is no longer produced internally.
INSULIN
SECREATION
Insulin pumps may be like
'electrical injectors' attached to a
temporarily implanted catheter or
cannula.
A transplantation of the
pancreas or beta cell is another
improvement to avoid periodic
insulin administration.
There are several methods for
transdermal delivery of insulin. Jet
injection had different insulin delivery
peaks and durations as compared to
needle injection.
The basic appeal of oral
hypoglycemic agents is that most
people would prefer a pill to an
injection.
It involves the designing of a viral vector to
deliberately infect cells with DNA to carry on the
viral production of insulin in response to the blood
sugar level. It might eventually be used to cure the
cause of beta cell destruction, thereby curing the
new diabetes patient before the beta cell destruction
is complete and irreversible.
OTHER ADVANCEMENT
Types of Diabetes
Type 1
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
In Type 1 diabetes the pancreas is not producing
insulin; therefore the glucose is not able to enter
the cell
Type 2
Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
In Type 2 diabetes the pancreas still produces
insulin, but not enough to help in lowering
adequate amount of glucose into the cells
Insulin is usually taken as
subcutaneous injections by single-use
syringes with needles or by repeated-use
insulin pens with needles.
SYRINGE INSULIN PEN PUMP ON BODY CANNULA
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Vijay V, Burden of type-2 diabetes and its complications: The Indian Scenario, Current science, 2002; 83; 1471-76.