2. Title and Content
• Introduction
• Types of hazardous emissions
• Biosafety measures
• References
3. Introduction
A biological agent or condition (as an infectious organism or insecure
laboratory procedures) that constitutes a hazard to humans or the
environment is said to be biohazard.
or
Any biological substance that is dangerous to humans, animals or the
environment.
Examples: Body fluids, human tissue, blood, rDNA.
4. Types of hazardous emissions
Generally, the hazardous emissions are categorized into few types.
They are,
Physical hazardous emissions
Ex, radiation, vibration, temperature.
Chemical hazardous emissions
Ex, CO2 emission, industrial effluents.
Biological hazardous emissions
Ex, blood, bacteria, virus, wound.
5. Types of biological hazardous emissions
1)Biological agents
Ex, Bacteria, viruses, parasites
Harmless-under control, some may cause
serious risks to animal and humans.
2) Biotoxins
Chemical substances with biological origin-
poisonous-produced by plants, bacteria.
Cause inflammatory reactions.
Ex, Botulinum toxin, Tetanus toxin.
6. 3) Blood and blood products
If contaminated-bring potential risks-blood
products-WBC-blood cells-plasma-tissues-
platelets-hazardous-if not properly handled.
4) Environmental specimens
Refer to plants-soil-water-which contains
biological agents or biotoxins.
Cont…
R
7. Cont…
5) Animal waste
Animal carcasses-body parts-bedding
material-used by animals-infected with
pathogenic M.O.
6) Human body fluids
BF with visibly contd-with-blood-cause-
HBV-HBC-HIV-semen-vaginal secretions.
8. Cont…
7) Microbiological wastes
Disposable culture dishes-discarded viruses-
device used to transfer cultures.
8) Pathological wastes
Major type in biohazards-wastes-suspected to
contain pathogens-carrier-always
responsible-risk of disease.
Ex, unfixed human tissue, waste biopsy
materials.
9. 9) Sharps wastes
Any cont. object that can penetrate the
skin-disease transmission.
Ex, Needles, scalpels, broken glass,
broken capillary tubes.
10. Biosafety measures
Biosafety measures is a framework that describes the use of specific
practice, training, safety equipment handling, specially designed
buildings to protect the worker, community and the environment
from an accidental exposure.
11. Safety practices
1) Personal protective equipment (PPE): This includes items such as gloves, lab coats, eye
protection, and respirators that are used to protect individuals from exposure to biological
materials.
2) Standard operating procedures (SOPs): These are written procedures that outline the
steps involved in performing a specific task in a safe and consistent manner.
3) Waste management: All biological waste, including contaminated materials and equipment,
should be disposed of in a manner that minimizes the risk of exposure to humans and the
environment.
4) Facility design and maintenance: Biosafety practices should be incorporated into the
design and maintenance of laboratory facilities. This includes features such as appropriate
ventilation, secure storage areas, and decontamination procedures.
12. Cont…
5) Access control: Access to areas where biological materials are handled should be restricted to
authorized personnel only.
6) Emergency response: Emergency response procedures should be in place in case of
accidental exposure or release of biological materials.
7) Surfaces should be decontaminated once a day and after any split pf viable material.
8) Mechanical pipetting devices should be used; mouth pipetting is prohibited.
9) Eating, drinking, smoking and applying cosmetics are not permitted in the work area.
10) Persons must wash their hands after they handled viable materials and animals and leaving
the laboratory.
13. References
• Environmental Pollution Control Microbiology, Ross E. McKinney, 2004.
• Janick Artiola, Ian L. Pepper - University of Birmingham B.Sc. in Chemistry 1970<;br>; - Ohio State
University M.S. in Soil Biochemistry 1972<;br>; - Ohio State University Ph.D. in SOil Microbiology
1975, Mark L.
