House

Housing Constructions
& Structures system
Conventional/Traditional
Modern methods
Repetitive
timber frame
wet construction,
in-situ
Reinforced concrete
Prefabrication 3D printing
Non-volumetric Volumetric
components &
sub-assembly
Panelised
construction
systems (2D)
Semi-volumet
ric
Full volumetric
wall cladding vertical panels non-vertical
panels
Modular-whole
Volumetric-pods
on-site
off-site
Transformable
Deployable
Bar, plate, tensegrity,
membrane

PREFABRICATION
SUPPLY CHAIN
Supplier
Planned supply chain
Source Assembly Delivery
Return Recycling
Design procurement
inventory purchase
design assembly drawings delivery
stock delivery
return defective
returned product
returned remaining
Recovery
defective recycling
residual recovery
Customer
Configuration of prefabrication building supply chain operation model
(Zhiyuan Xun et al, 2018)
Identifying, sorting, summarizing - balanced demand & resources - set up
PREFABRICATION
CONCEPT
Off-site Manufacturing
System (OSM)
Design for Manufacture &
Assembly (DfMA)
Massive housing construction
Industrialized Building Model
(IBM)
Design for
Manufacture
(DfM)
‘Prefabrication’, ‘Pre-assembly’, ‘Modularization’, and ‘Off-site
Fabrication’ (PPMOF)
Design for
Assembly
(DfA)
CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION
Lean Construction (LC)
●shorten construction time,
●improve environmental
performance,
●ease labour requirement,
●reduce workload
(Goncalo Correia Lopes et al, 2018)(Jelena
Nikolic, 2018)(Zhenmin Yuan et al,2020)

PREFABRICATION
CATEGORIES
CONSTRUCTION
Non-volumetric
components &
sub-assembly
Panelised
construction
systems (2D)
Semi-volumetric Full volumetric
wall cladding
(non-load bearing)
vertical panels
(may be load-bearing)
non-vertical panels
(load-bearing)
Modular-whole
Volumetric-pods
(Gibb & Pendlebury, 2006)(Goncalo Correia
Lopes et al, 2018)(Alahudin et al, 2019)
Prefabrication
Volumetric
/ “Knock-down”
elements always
made in factory and
never considered for
on-site production,
e.g., lintels
preassembled units that
do not enclose usable
space, e.g., precast
concrete wall panels
Components Sub-assembly
2D elements produced in
a factory and assembled
on-site to form 3D to fit
existing structure
Mixed used of linear
elements, panels,
modules/pods
Pre-assembled 3D
smaller units to create
usable space completed
with plumbing
Pre-assembled 3D larger
units generally fitted out
before transported to site,
stacked to other modules
from actual building
structure
E.g.;
stick built construction
E.g.;
precast construction
E.g.; cladding panels E.g.; structural floor & roof
panels
E.g.; bathroom &
kitchen pods
E.g.; outskirt units, hotels blocks,
medium rise residentials

PREFABRICATION
BUILDING PARTS
CONSTRUCTION
IBM massive structure hierarchy levels; (1)
foundation (2)load bearing structure
(3)facade, roof, partitioning, installation
(4)components of level 3, such as weather
protection, thermal comfort, utilities &
sanitary. The shear walls for horizontal
loads (prefab 20 cm thick components) are
reinforced concrete elements cast on site up
to 12 floors. The interior partition can
exchange its position for functional changes
and spatial upgrading. The space around
the sanitary blocks is flexible. IMS structural
span is 3.60 m and 4.20 m. A panel
thickness is about 18 to 30 cm.
(Jelena Nikolic, 2018)
According to the need for flexibility and
simplicity of construction process, buildings
have been segmented according to main
building parts: load-bearing system, façade,
interior walls and supply systems. “Building
in the system” was replaced with new
housing building model “with the systems”
(Nikolic, J., 2013).

PREFABRICATION
Precast
Foundation
CONSTRUCTION
Definition
reinforced concrete element made up of a tied rebar beam cage incorporated
within a semi-precast concrete element which acts as formwork.
Pad/Footing
placed on the prepared lean concrete and the precast column is
mounted on the pad foundation, the bent rebars jutting out and
embeds inside the precast foundation
Isolated
Pocket
(Monachino, 2022)

PREFABRICATION Prefab. Wall
Enclosure Panel
System (PWEP)
CONSTRUCTION
Definition
2D elements produced in a factory and assembled on-site to form actual 3D structure or
to fit existing structure and create separated usable space (Goncalo Correia Lopes et al,
2018)
Types Infill walling panels
Unitised wall panels Spandrel wall panels

Prefab. Wall
Enclosure Panel
System (PWEP)
Definition
2D elements produced in a factory and assembled on-site to form actual 3D structure or
to fit existing structure and create separated usable space (Goncalo Correia Lopes et al,
2018)
Types
Monolithic Layered
composite
Stud
frame/skeletal
Cellular-
core
Sandwich
PREFABRICATION
CONSTRUCTION

Prefab. Wall
Enclosure Panel
System (PWEP)
Assembly Types
PREFABRICATION
CONSTRUCTION Panel-to-structure Panel-to-panel Panel-to-subframe
Cladding panel
Overlap
Jointing element
Material bond

PREFABRICATION
CONSTRUCTION
Modular structural
system
Definition
manufacturing of fully self-contained units in an offsite facility to be
transported to site to be assembled to form a complete structure (Tharaka
Gunawardena & Priyan Mendis, 2022).
Structure System Types
Loadbearing modular structural system
wall stiffness contributes to resistance against racking actions that are experienced
during temporary loading scenarios such as moving and handling inside factories,
loading and unloading to and from trucks during transportation and during onsite
lifting and han, suitable for low-rise buildings
Corner-supported modular structural system
Corner columns in the module take up the floor loads and transfer them to
the columns below. capable of resisting horizontal loads such as earthquake
and wind forces
Lifted using mobile crane. various handling
methods could be in place in an offsite
manufacturing facility
various handling methods could be in place in an
offsite manufacturing facility
(Tharaka Gunawardena & Priyan Mendis, 2022).

PREFABRICATION
CONSTRUCTION
Modular structural
system
On-site assembly example
RISHA
Off-site assembly example
Klimaaktiv
the climate protection initiative of the Austrian Federal Ministry
for Sustainability and Tourism, which is essentially divided into
four main areas - Building & Renovation, Energy Saving,
Renewable Energies and Mobility (Leindecker & Kugfarth,
2019)

TRANSFORMABLE
CONCEPT
CONSTRUCTION
Transformable structures in architecture have the
ability to change morphology and readjust in response
to varying conditions and needs that can include
changing environment and climatic conditions, different
functional requirements and emergency situations
(Doroftei et al, 2018)
Deployable Demountable
mechanism enabling
structure to deploy from
compact configuration to a
larger expanded state
kit-parts system,
reversible connection
between constitutive
components, enable
structure disassembly
the creation of dynamic and flexible spaces, temporary
and lightweight structures for a sustainable form of
engineering (Kronenburg, 2014; Doroftei et al, 2018)
CATEGORIES
CONSTRUCTION
Deployable
Spatial bar consisted of hinged bars
Pantograph scissor-like structure
expandable structures consisting of bars,
which are connected through revolute joints,
allowing them to be folded into a compact
bundle.
Foldable plate form the basis of kinetic surfaces, which are
traditionally continuous, but can also
discontinuously connected.
Miura-ori pattern
Yoshimura pattern
Waterbomb pattern
Resch pattern
one degree of freedom
multiple degrees of freedom, triangular
multiple degrees of freedom, triangular
multiple degrees of freedom, triangular,
square, hexagonal
TRANSFORMABLE
(Doroftei et al, 2018)

CATEGORIES
CONSTRUCTION
Pantograph
(scissor-like
structure)
TRANSFORMABLE expandable structures consisting of bars, which are connected through revolute joints,
allowing them to be folded into a compact bundle. consist of two straight bars
connected through a revolute joint, called the intermediate hinge, allowing the bars to
pivot about an axis perpendicular to their common plan (Doroftei et al, 2018).
Transitional units
imaginary lines that connect the upper and lower
nods of a scissor unit
Flat unit curved unit
single-degree-of-freedom
Lazy-tong
varying the point on the bars
that the intermediate hinge is
connect
curved scissor
Transitional flat structures
To form spatial structures, a multitude of options exist, starting by
defining the shape of the formed array.
Square grid array
Hexa-triangular
grid array
Obique triangular
grid array

CATEGORIES
CONSTRUCTION
Pantograph
(scissor-like
structure)
TRANSFORMABLE
Polar units
Polar free-form
If in the flat translational unit the
intermediate hinge is moved away
from the center by a certain
eccentricity, the unit lines will move
from being parallel to having a polar
angle γ
Polar single curved
Polar double
curved
Architectural application

CATEGORIES
CONSTRUCTION
Foldable Plate
Structure
TRANSFORMABLE
also called rigid-foldable origami elements or hinged plate elements form the basis
of kinetic surfaces, which are traditionally continuous but can discontinuously
connected
Patterns & tessellations
the basic repeated patterns made up of copied or similar elements are needed to design foldable
plate surfaces as modularity & homogenous mechanical behaviour are important
Miura-ori pattern
the geometrical characteristics of the Miura-ori
pattern is the existence of a barshaped counterpart of
the basic 4-facets tile in the form of a spherical
linkage
Yoshimura pattern
formed by triangular facets, and typically folds into a singly
curved corrugated surface. has multiple degrees of freedom,
but it can be stabilized fairly well and shows a high rigidity
when done so. Because of that it is suitable for engineering
and architectural purposes

CATEGORIES
CONSTRUCTION
Foldable Plate
Structure
TRANSFORMABLE
also called rigid-foldable origami elements or hinged plate elements form the basis
of kinetic surfaces, which are traditionally continuous but can discontinuously
connected
Patterns & tessellations
Waterbomb pattern
formed by triangular facets with straight-angled
apexes and it typically introduces a double
curvature in its surface, less suitable for
large-scale applications, but may be used in
smaller design applications
Resch pattern
typically have two degrees of freedom, one ‘twisting’
and a folding one. regular variations of this pattern
with square, triangular and hexagonal facets in the
top layer. able to be made irregular more easily than
the Miura-ori and the Yoshimura patterns, for
example, without affecting the foldability

CATEGORIES
CONSTRUCTION
Foldable Plate
Structure
TRANSFORMABLE
Architectural application
Miura-ori pattern
the Miura-ori pattern used to make a temporary and deployable connection between
two buildings
Yoshimura pattern
The joints used for this shelter are based
directly on the vertices of origami folds. To give
structural height to the resulting barrel vault a
fabric screen is added as a tensile layer.
based on a regular Miura-ori pattern with trapezoidal facets, is the retractable roof
system developed by the Venezuelan architect Hernandez
Kinetic facades

3D PRINT
3-D printing is an automated, additive manufacturing
process for producing 3-D solid objects from a digital (i.e.
CAD) model (Bogue, 2013; Peng Wu et al, 2017)
Main types of 3D print process
Stereolithography perforated platform

Author,
year, link
Goncalo Correia Lopes et al, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.12.027 A systematic review of
Prefabricated Enclosure Wall Panel Systems: Focus on technology driven for performance requirements
Aim to provide a comprehensive framework to understand which singularities and challenges are associated with
PEWPS (Prefabricated Enclosure Wall Panel Systems)
Methods categories of off-site modern methods of construction (MMC) & literature review of selected innovative research
trends in advanced building envelope
Theory PEWPS as one of Off-Site Manufacturing (OSM) construction systems. ‘Prefabrication’, ‘Pre-assembly’,
‘Modularization’, and ‘Off-site Fabrication’ (PPMOF) are the manufacture and assembly (off-site) of buildings
and/or its components in an earlier stage than they would traditionally be constructed (on-site), as well as their
subsequent installation into final position (Gibb & Isack, 2003).
Results PEWPS classified by constructional (structural, size, weight, assembly, leaves, layers, compatibility), functional
(ventilation, weather tightness, insulation, permeability, energy, variability
Indicator the concept level (properties & behaviour), material level (developed components), system level (assemblies,
technologies, implementation)
Conclusion the most obvious advantage of OSM methods is the shift from site-based activities to the factory, thus enabling considerable
time reduction through the standardisation and industrialization of the manufacture process. it was analysed how the
individuality of the architectural design and the flexibility of traditional construction methods may suffer from the modularising
and repetition associated with PEWPS.

The methods of building construction refer to the way units and
components are produced and assembled (Abosaod et al., 2010) Operational principles of design and construction
systems(Chung-Klatte et al., 2012).
Performance requirements can be used for PEWPS;
- ISO 19208:2016
- The European Commission (EC) the Construction
Products Regulation (CPR) 305/2011

Revised unified classification of OSM
construction systems

Comparison between relative construction periods of the main
stages of the construction process of various forms of OSM methods
(Lawson et al., 2014; Ross et al., 2006; Riley & Cotgrave, 2013).
SWOT analysis for the PWEPS

Multidimensional performance array for PEWPS.
four interdependent features applicable to
the building envelope

Author,
year, link
LIAO Chenya, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 560 (2020) 012027, A Brief Analysis of
Green Construction of Prefabricated Building Based on Guide Frame Climbing Lifting Platform,
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/560/1/012027
Aim to find more efficient the guide frame climbing lifting platform belongs to the building elevation construction
equipment of prefab construction
Methods literature reviews & feasibility analysis on guide frame climbing lifting platform classifications
Theory guide frame climbing lifting platform classifications ( single column, double column, fixed attached wall, mobile
attached wall, mast type rack.
Results application in green construction; quet construction, covers small area, saving sources (assembly of components
or off site is preferred to traditional scaffolding); - Coordination of lifting of prefabricated components - Coordination
of facade construction of prefabricated buildings
Indicator feasibility of prefab includes; construction safety, guide frame dimension, efficiency-easy operation, fewer
materials and reduced costs
Conclusion the disadvantages of traditional construction methods are gradually prominent. The use of guide frame climbing
lifting platform in prefabricated building construction can effectively ensure construction efficiency and quality, so it
will gradually arouse the attention of construction enterprises gradually

Author,
year, link
Tao Zhong et al, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 525 (2020) 012095, Application Research
on Prefabricated Construction Promoting Modernization Development of Construction Industry
Aim how to promote the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry in a more standardized,
safe, efficient and environmentally friendly way
Methods analysis of The technical system, design concept, industrial development and talent demand of
prefabricated construction, overall framework of application research on talent training mechanism
Theory Jiang, Q. (2010) three distinct advantages of prefab cons.; (1) improve labor productivity (2) reduce
environmental pollution (3) improve housing quality. major problems of prefab in china; (1) not fully
applied prefab technology (2) insufficient production cooperation, learning & research of prefab
(3)serious shortage of technical personnel
Results talent training mechanism; (1) strengthen the faculty (2)establish a talent training system
(3)comprehensive training base
Indicator talents establishment for prefab construction development
Conclusion establish a complete training mechanism for prefabricated construction personnel from three
aspects, respectively, strengthening the faculty, school-enterprise cooperation and establishing
training base.

Author, year,
link
Jelena Nikolic, Energies 2018, 11, 1128; doi:10.3390/en11051128 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Building “with the Systems” vs. Building “in the System” of IMS Open Technology of Prefabricated Construction: Challenges
for New “Infill” Industry for Massive Housing Retrofitting
Aim proposes an IBM that provides concrete description of massive housing buildings, the requirements for information to be
provided to approving refurbishment processes.
Methods case study, massive housing up to 23 floors, 400 dwellings per building and different housing layouts—to be evaluated for
potential retrofitting at the dwelling level. in-depth information on the way building components and systems are put
together into IBM (industrialized building model)
Theory According to the need for flexibility and simplicity of construction process, buildings have been segmented according to
main building parts: load-bearing system, façade, interior walls and supply systems. “Building in the system” was replaced
with new housing building model “with the systems” (Nikolic, J., 2013). Integrated refurbishment scenario (IRS) represents
different retrofit technologies suitable for housing refurbishment. IRS consists of methods, tools, techniques,
energy-efficient measures and renewable energy technologies—for housing retrofitting.
Results IBM massive structure hierarchy levels; (1) foundation (2)load bearing structure (3)facade, roof, partitioning, installation
(4)components of level 3, such as weather protection, thermal comfort, utilities & sanitary. The shear walls for horizontal
loads (prefab 20 cm thick components) are reinforced concrete elements cast on site up to 12 floors. The interior partition
can exchange its position for functional changes and spatial upgrading. The space around the sanitary blocks is flexible.
IMS structural span is 3.60 m and 4.20 m. A panel thickness is about 18 to 30 cm.
Indicator transformation capacity, construction problem solving
Conclusion main features of IBM; separation of technical levels based on function, hierarchy assembly, simple joints

Author, year,
link
Zhenmin Yuan et al, Advances in Civil Engineering Volume 2020, Article ID 8876102, 16 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8876102
Cause Analysis of Hindering On-Site Lean Construction for Prefabricated Buildings and Corresponding Organizational
Capability Evaluation
Aim explore the critical causes hindering onsite lean construction, namely, the critical barriers.
Methods multimethod collaboration, including the exploratory factor analysis model regarding critical barriers, the exploratory factor
evaluation model regarding organizational capabilities, and the important findings and suggestions.
Theory Lean construction (LC) aims to strive for perfection during project construction, including zero waste, zero accidents, lower
pollution, higher quality, and many more. to eliminate all unnecessary waste considered as all nonvalue-added activities,
which generate direct or indirect costs but do not add any value to the product. LC and prefabricated buildings have
similarities and collaborative relationships in terms of origin, construction processes, and other aspects, which are
compatible with each other.
the construction methods similar to assembling building blocks can shorten construction time, improve environmental
performance, ease labour requirement, and reduce workload and have other advantages beyond traditional construction
methods [28, 29]. On the other hand, compared with the traditional cast-in-place processes, prefabricated construction
projects request higher requirements for mechanical equipment (e.g., cranes) [30], work environment [31], higher
standardization [32], and information technology [33].
Results IBM massive structure hierarchy levels; (1) foundation (2)load bearing structure (3)facade, roof, partitioning, installation
(4)components of level 3, such as weather protection, thermal comfort, utilities & sanitary. The shear walls for horizontal
loads (prefab 20 cm thick components) are reinforced concrete elements cast on site up to 12 floors. The interior partition
can exchange its position for functional changes and spatial upgrading. The space around the sanitary blocks is flexible.
IMS structural span is 3.60 m and 4.20 m. A panel thickness is about 18 to 30 cm.

Author, year,
link
Zhiyuan Xun et al, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 490 (2019) 062034, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/490/6/062034
Construction of Prefabricated Building Supply Chain Operation Model Based on SCOR
Aim provides a set of standard business processes for the prefabricated building supply chain node enterprises to make better
communication among the members
Theory Three levels of operation reference model construction; first level (basic framework; plan, source, assembly, delivery,
return, recycling), second level (configuration layer; planning process, execution process, enable process) third level (more
detailed process; planning process-supply chain - procurement - assembly - delivery)
Results Planned supply chain is general contractor determining demand information of the project, sorting & summary material &
financial plan. Planned procurement consist of identifying and sorting requirements for building products, resources, set up
purchase plan. Planned assembly contains determining aggregated assembly requirements, resources, balanced demand
& resources, set up assembly plan. Planned delivery includes delivery requirements, resources, delivery plan.
Conclusion the supply chain for the prefabricated construction enterprise to provide a measure, manage and control standards and
methods, better communication between members, and to achieve goals to improve competitive advantage.

Author, year,
link
Shang Gao, Ruoyu Jin & Weisheng Lu, BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION 2020, VOL. 48, NO. 5, 538–550,
https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2019.1660608 Design for manufacture and assembly in construction: a review
Aim reviews process and challenges of DfMA and possible perspective and its implications
Methods systematic reviews on design for manufacture and assembly
Theory 2 components of DfMA; design for manufacture (DfM)-individual parts, design for assembly (DfA)-means of assembling.
Koskela’s (2000) flow concept of production: (1) simplify by minimizing the number of steps, parts and linkages, (2)
increasing flexibility, and (3) increasing transparency. The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA, 2013) defines DfMA as
an approach that facilitates greater offsite manufacturing, thereby minimizing onsite construction. DfMA harnesses a
wide spectrum of tools and technologies, including (1)volumetric approaches, (2) ‘flat pack’ solution,2 and (3)prefabricated
sub-assemblies
Results 3 steps of DfM; (1) manufacture components & understanding of pre-assembly products (2) design process comprises
understanding structure & service interfaces, design process programme development, drawings & supplier specification
involvement preparation (3) manufacturing phase comprises factory assembly, components releasing, on-site installation
Indicator ease of manufacture, consolidation of parts, and simply assembly
Conclusion DfMA deployed in three forms: (1)holistic design process on manufacture & assembly (2)evaluation system with virtual
design and construction (VDC) (3)embraces prefabrication & modular cconstruction technologies

Author, year,
link
Shang Gao, Ruoyu Jin & Weisheng Lu,
Aim provides a set of standard business processes for the prefabricated building supply chain node enterprises to make better
communication among the members
Theory Three levels of operation reference model construction; first level (basic framework; plan, source, assembly, delivery,
return, recycling), second level (configuration layer; planning process, execution process, enable process) third level (more
detailed process; planning process-supply chain - procurement - assembly - delivery)
Results Planned supply chain is general contractor determining demand information of the project, sorting & summary material &
financial plan. Planned procurement consist of identifying and sorting requirements for building products, resources, set up
purchase plan. Planned assembly contains determining aggregated assembly requirements, resources, balanced demand
& resources, set up assembly plan. Planned delivery includes delivery requirements, resources, delivery plan.
Conclusion the supply chain for the prefabricated construction enterprise to provide a measure, manage and control standards and
methods, better communication between members, and to achieve goals to improve competitive advantage.

Author/year Article Tittle Aim Indicator Results-conclusion
Leindecker
H C et al,
2019
Mobile Tiny
Houses -
Sustainable
and Affordable
the development of
an innovative, high
quality and
inexpensive modular
system that does
not exclude
increased ecological
standards
mobility (transportability
with no special
transport/conventional
truck), building technology
(energy efficient tech),
economics (total cost of
ready-to-install price per
m2, compared to standard
pricing)
modular construction can
offer mobility,
sustainability, flexibility.
modular based building
concepts can be produced
and operated in an
economical and
sustainable way with
sustainable materials &
energy efficient tech such
as PV & infrared heating
system

Wei Panet
al, 2012
Strategies for
integrating the
use of Off-site
production
technologies in
house building
scrutinizes the
processes
through which
off-site
technologies
were adopted
and utilized.
in line with company
business strategy,
planning stages and
detail design
preparation,
Completion of
coordinated design
and preparation for
manufacture.,
Completion of
construction and
preparation for 2-year
aftercare, ensure
performance of
off-site units is
measured effectively
Technologies with higher degrees of
off-site work (e.g., modular building)
will more likely challenge the
conventional house-building
practice. The adoption and
utilization of off-site production was
fundamentally framed by the four
key stages of the house-building
business process (i.e., land
acquisition, presite, on-site, and
postsite) and the seven business
milestone reviews (which
concerned or were at the stages of
land, planning, budget, start on-site,
5 months into build, 6 months after
completion or 3 months after final
legal completion, and 2-year
warranty and then handover to
NHBC).

Peng Wu et
al 2016
A critical
review of the
use of 3-D
printing in the
construction
industry
critical review
of the history
and current
development of
3-D printing in
the
construction
industry
mass
customization.,
cost
One central issue that will affect the
implementation of 3-D printing in the
construction industry iswhether it could
lead to cost increase or cost reduction, as
the industry remains cost sensitive.
the printed house (approximately 200 m2)
by WinSun in Shanghai cost 30,000RMB
($4800 equivalent), which was far less
than the cost using traditional construction
technology. the integration of mechanical
and electrical services
in the 3-D printing process could optimize
materials usage and site
work, thus leading to reduced likelihood of
costly remedial works

Author/year Article Tittle Aim methods-Indicator Results-conclusion
Cambeiro et
al,2014
Integration of
Agents in the
Construction of
a
Single-Family
House
Through use of
BIM
Technology
development
and application
of production
methods that
favour
multidisciplinar
y, integrated
and
collaborative
work between
the agents that
compose the
construction
process
real case of a
single-family
house.
to set up the
integrated
team; the roles
of the
participants
must be
identified.
mutual
agreement,
reaching an
agreement to
define their
functions and
responsibilities
􀁸 On one hand, BIM works with some file
sizes that are much larger than those of
traditional CAD tools,
requiring powerful equipment to make its
use viable.
􀁸 On the other hand, the adaptation to this
work format requires more effort by the
design team, as they must be
more thoughtful, visualising the project
from the very start in three dimensions,
requiring a high spatial vision
capability.

Nurcaweda
Riztria
Adinda et
al, 2020
doi:10.1088
/1742-6596/
1933/1/012
099
Analysis of
Modular House
Fabrication
Technology
Application in
Subsidized
Housing
Construction
Based on
Project
Planning
to compare the
achievement of
efficiency in
cost and time
plans as well
as project
quality
between the
application of
modular home
fabrication
technology
with traditional
construction in
'Y' subsidized
housing
construction
experimental
case study,
comparing
between
traditional
construction
and fabrication
construction.
indicators;
three aspects
that influence
construction
work methods,
including
planning costs,
time, and
project quality
potential savings in the planned project
time of 9 months, can be 20-50% faster,
the potential cost savings of up to 15% on
modular homes' fabrication technology,
overhead costs are cut by 5-15%, material
costs have increased by up to 10%
four stages of inspection are carried out: at
the design stage, material preparation (raw
material), modular fabrication, and on-site
installation.
Modular home fabrication technology can
be implemented if the modular
manufacturer meets the criteria; including
being qualified in modernization, having a
consistent level of productivity, having
adequate mobilization, and commitment
that is always maintained to see prospects.

S. M. Rola,
2012
doi:10.2495
/ARC12037
1
The
sustainability
of construction:
techniques and
technologies
for energy
efficiency and
the reduction
of greenhouse
gases –
methodological
aspects
to evaluate
energy and
thermal
comfort
aspects
comparing
prototypes,
heat-sensing,
• Higher heat amplitudes provided by walls
made of soil-cement bricks;
• Greater heat mitigation obtained with the
green covering;
• Greater heat stability provided by the
naturated covering.

S V Butnik
et al, 2020
doi:10.1088
/1757-899X/
907/1/0120
26
Peculiaritie
s of
erecting
walls for
houses and
buildings
by
technology
of
monolithic
constructio
n using
permanent
formwork
unit
organizational and
technological
solutions in the
construction of
external and
internal
load-bearing walls
with simultaneous
use of insulation
and decoration to
ensure energy
efficiency of
buildings.
The ComBlock
system with a
gypsum panel,
installation of
the course of
formwork
blocks,
indicator;
Thermal
transfer
resistance
Construction with the permanent formwork of
the Comblock has a number of advantages;
- the insulation is only exposed to the outside;
- a significant reduction in heat loss during the
operation of buildings and buildings;
- reduction of construction time due to uniting
three technological processes in the block
system of
permanent formwork performed
simultaneously by one team of contractors -
erection, insulation and
wall finishing;
- possibility of application of the ComBlock
permanent formwork technology in seismic
areas.
- the ComBlock system makes it possible to
obtain high indices of heat transfer resistance
with minimum
expenses of the customer.

Author/year Article Tittle Aim methods-Indic
ator
Results-conclusion
WANG
Wenzhao,
2011
DOI:
10.5503/J.P
NSGE.2011
.05.008
The Future
Developme
nt Trend of
Rural
House
Constructio
n
Technology
of China
proposes that the
development trend
of China's rural
housing
construction
technology shall
be advanced,
application,
energy, and
environment in the
future
residential technology is for the rural residents,
planning,
designing and building the advanced, application,
energy
saving, environmental protection residential
technology,
which have minimal effect on environment,
efficient use of
resources, and can improve the living standards;
finally, to
develop the direction of integration and industry.

Gani
Akhmad &
Astutiek
Fachrudin,
2008
Vol 6, No 1
(2008)
DISAIN
RUMAH
TINGGAL
KONSTRUK
SI “KNOCK
DOWN”
(Tinjauan
Khusus
Penggunaan
Prefabrikasi
Lokal)
producing a
design or concept
of house which
enables the need
for room
satisfying the
owner's need and
minimizes the
cost by the
developer or the
personal house
owner using
common type of
house
studi perbandingan antara
rumah tinggal yang telah
dibangun secara massal
dengan menggunakan
struktur yang permanen
terutama pada struktur
komponen tertentu
Pola Peruangan Pada
Bangunan Rumah Tinggal
- persegi empat
panjang 1:1
- penataan ruang
fleksibel:
multifunctional room
- sistem koordinasi
modular
1) Rancangan bentuk elemen
- bidang datar digunakan sebagai
dinding
- elemen balok untuk kolom,
sloof, ring balok
2) Komponen struktur
- pondasi (sistem cetak, panjang
50 cm bongkar pasang)
- sloef prefab; ketebalan sesuai
dinding atau kolom, produksi
masal, kualtiras seragam
- ring balok; ketebalan
- dinding luar bangunan dapat
dibuat dengan campuran beton
tidak bertulang berbentuk
kepingan datar.
- Dinding dalam bangunan
secara sistem prefabfikasi
menggunakan dinding partisi .

Alahudin et
al, 2019
IOP Conf.
Series:
Materials
Science and
Engineering
602 (2019)
012056
IOP
Publishing
doi:10.1088/
1757-899X/
602/1/0120
56
Greenhouse
knockdown
in Merauke
to build a
household
scale
greenhouse
that could be
assembled
experimental and Action
Research; the research
phase including
Knockdown greenhouse
design, made
greenhouses,
greenhouse
tested (transporting,
assembling and
installing and clearing).
The results of the knockdown greenhouse
structure research used a combination of iron
pipe and hollow iron; the application was on
the column pole/column using a 3-inch
diameter iron pipe while for the roof and wall
frame using 4 cm hollow iron 3 mm thickness.
for foundations used pedestal / local
foundations with a total of 18 foundations with
dimensions of 27,000 m3 (30 cm x 30 cm x
30 cm).
The knockdown greenhouse roof consists of
2, namely; 1). The rooftop used the used
bottle roof cover material, 2). The lower roof
used the Paranet / insect screen roof cover
material. The installation and dismantling of
the knockdown Greenhouse take + 2 hours
30 minutes, with time division: 1). + 45.40
minutes installer for greenhouse structure; 2).
Thirtyfive minutes installation of roof cover
(used bottles) and; 3). Fifty minutes
installation of the insect screen.

Cesaire M.
Hema et al
(2017)
Energy
Procedia
122
535-540
Vernacular
housing
practices in
Burkina
Faso:
representativ
e models of
construction
in
Ouagadougo
u and walls
hygrothermal
efficiency
to propose a
description
of the
vernacular
construction
practices
according to
the material
used for the
walls and
explore its
hygrothermal
behaviour
classify the architecture
according to the nature
of the walls. distinguish
three types of houses
described
below: Modern cement
block houses; houses
from Adobe blocks and
houses whose walls are
made of compressed
earth blocks.
energy efficiency
aspect
Classification: modern block houses, houses
from molded earth blocks/adobe, houses
whose walls are made with compressed earth
blocks.
The vernacular architecture of dwellings in
developing countries involves the use of local
materials. Thermal simulations to predict the
indoor temperature and heat flow through the
walls of dwellings give similar results to those
of hygrothermal simulation for CEBs wall.
Walls made of compressed earth blocks are
more permeable to mass transfer than walls
made of hollow concrete blocks.

Antonio J.
S´anchez-G
arrido et al
(2022)
Journal of
Cleaner
Production
351 (2022)
131463
https://doi.or
g/10.1016/j.j
clepro.2022.
131463
Evaluating
the
sustainability
of soil
improvement
techniques in
foundation
substructure
s
evaluating the
contribution to
sustainability
between different
soil improvement
techniques and
the
outcome of their
application to the
foundation of a
single-family
house as an
alternative to the
one built
LCA must consist of
four steps 1)
the definition of the
objective and scope of
the study, 2) an
analysis of
the inventory to be
accounted for, 3) a
description of the
methods and
assumptions used for
the impact assessment
and, 4) the presentation
and
discussion of the results
obtained.
Classification: modern block houses,
houses from molded earth blocks/adobe,
houses whose walls are made with
compressed earth blocks.
The vernacular architecture of dwellings
in developing countries involves the use
of local materials. Thermal simulations to
predict the indoor temperature and heat
flow through the walls of dwellings give
similar results to those of hygrothermal
simulation for CEBs wall.
Walls made of compressed earth blocks
are more permeable to mass transfer
than walls made of hollow concrete
blocks.
the life cycle assessment (LCA)
methodology developed in ISO 14040
(ISO, 2006a; ISO, 2006b)

Manjesh
Srivastava
& Vikas
Kumar,
2018
Journal of
Building
Engineering
15 (2018)
102–108
https://doi.or
g/10.1016/j.j
obe.2017.1
1.001
The methods
of using low
cost housing
techniques in
India
to point out the
various aspects
of predestined
building
methodologies
by
highlighting the
different
available
techniques, and
the economical
advantages
achieved by its
adoption.
compares the
construction cost for the
traditional
and low cost housing
technologies and it was
observed that with the
use of technology and
reuse of waste
material as building
material the cost of
construction can be
minimized to an extent.
This study divides
comparison into walls,
floors, and roof.
And then analyse
materials based on its
types
if the filler slab can be used as an
alternative to conventional slab the cost
of construction can reduce upto 25%.
the reuse of waste material like fly ash,
rice husk, etc as building material.
the building up of cooperative to supply
those alternative raw materials rather
than importing from somewhere else
would help in reducing the cost by
20–30%.
Adoption of any alternative technology
on large scale needs a guaranteed
market to function and this cannot be
established unless the product is effective
and economical.
The use of bamboo as an alternative to
steel is an effective material to be used in
construction. Partial prefabrication is an
approach towards the operation under
controlled conditions

Walls
-non erodable mud plaster
fly ash sand lime bricks
solid concrete & stone blocks
floor & foof
- filler slab
- flat slab
- brick panel roofing

Prasanna
Venkatesan
Ramani &
Laxmana
Kumara
Lingan
KSD, 2019
Emerald
Publishing
DOI
10.1108/EC
AM-12-2018
-0572
Application
of lean in
construction
using value
stream
mapping
to discuss the
effectiveness of
Lean technique
in managing
construction
projects
case study of structural
steel erection project.
the value stream
mapping lean tool is
applied and the
possible improvement
in productivity was
observe.
activities in the erection
process was mapped
first which was followed
by preparing the Future
State Map
modifications from Future State Map were
carried out at the project and the results
exhibited a substantial increase in
productivity by reducing the project
duration by 13 days which is about 30 per
cent savings from the expected
completion time after the implementation
of Lean technique.
The Lean construction technique uses certain lean tools to study the activities
in the existing process and evaluate the improvement after implementing
betterment ideas. According to Picchi and Granja (2004), the lean tools
applicable to construction projects can be grouped under five major lean
principles, namely: value, value stream, flow, pull and perfection
One of the commonly used lean tools is value stream
mapping (VSM) improve productivity through three
methods, namely: process modification; elimination of
unnecessary activity and activity improvement

Ali Tighnavard
Balasbaneh &
Willy Sher,
2021
The
International
Journal of Life
Cycle
Assessment
(2021)
26:1301–1318
https://doi.org/
10.1007/s113
67-021-01938
-6
Life cycle
sustainability
assessment
analysis of
different
concrete
construction
techniques
for
residential
building in
Malaysia
assessed
three different
construction
techniques,
namely,
On-site
concrete
(OSC),
Individual
Panel System
(IPS), and
Prefabricated
Prefinished
Volumetric
Construction
(PPVC).
environmental impact criteria
were studied: greenhouse gas
(GHG), ozone layer depletion
(OLD),
human toxicity (HT), fossil
depletion (FD), and terrestrial
ecotoxicity (TE) calculated using
life cycle assessment (LCA)
analysis.
total cost of each case studies
was calculated using LCC and a
social survey was also
conducted
using a questionnaire survey.
The significance weights were
incorporated into an analytic
hierarchy process (AHP) for use
in multi-criteria decision making
(MCDM: TOPSI
PPVC was assessed as the best
construction technique for most of
the environmental criteria. It was
6%, 2%, and 6% lower than OSC
in GHG, FD, and OLD,
respectively. On the other hand,
OSC was shown to be an
economic method by
2.4% and 4% having lower cost
than PPVC and IPS. Additionally,
PPVC achieved the best value in
Social-LCA
The results of MCDM showed
that PPVC is the most
sustainable method among the
alternatives.

Neha Gupta
et al, 2021
J. Build.
Mater.
Struct.
(2021) 8:
19-31
DOI :
10.34118/jb
ms.v8i1.105
4
Exploration
of
prefabricated
building
system in
housing
construction
examine the
development and
current status of
prefabrication
techniques and their
application in
building
construction and
why its use is still
limited in the
housing sector in
India and why
prefabrication is not
being used so far to
provide affordable
housing to all.
prefabrication system scenario
for housing in India.
qualitative descriptive
evaluation research method
comprises of case studies,
visual observation and data
collection.
According to the study typical
module sizes for volumetric
construction are 11 feet high, 12
to 16 feet wide, and 55 to 65 feet
long. 200-mile distance is the
maximum, from the site location
is probably the most cost-efficient
option with respect to
transportation of the modules are
the trucks. it will be desirable to
have a system which can provide
option to people and appropriate
techniques to tackle different
situations.

Author,
year, link
I A Doroftei et al, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 444 (2018) 052019,
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/444/5/052019, An Overview on the Applications of Mechanisms in Architecture. Part II: Foldable
Plate Structures
Aim to provide a comprehensive framework to understand which singularities and challenges are associated with PEWPS
(Prefabricated Enclosure Wall Panel Systems)
Methods categories of off-site modern methods of construction (MMC) & literature review of selected innovative research trends in
advanced building envelope
Theory
Results
Indicator
Conclusion

OFF-SITE PRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
Cost & time efficent
reduce energy & carbon emission
assembly & disassembly
Flexibility, sustanability
conventional construction/
on-site production
X
Component &
subassembly
4 categories (Gibb & Pendlebury, 2006)
Non-volumetric
preassembly
Volumetric
preassembly Modular building
elements always made in
factory and never considered
for on-site production, e.g.,
lintels
preassembled units that do
not enclose usable space,
e.g., precast concrete wall
panels
preassembled units that enclose
usable space and are typically
fully factory finished internally
but do not form the building
structure, e.g., bathroom pods
preassembled modules that
together form the whole building,
e.g., hotel modules
“knock-down” system
(Alahudin et al, 2019)

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