NEGATIVE ION GENERATOR PPT

1. PROCESS OF PURIFYING AIR
USING A NEGATIVE ION
GENERATOR

2. Now a days, due to various factors such as smoke, fog, air
pollution etc., the air surrounded by us is almost polluted. The air comes
mostly from Thermal power Station, fuel emission, Automobiles and
other industries[1]. After the COVID19 pandemic a lot of demand is
there for models to purify the indoor air. So, to purify the air, different
filters and advanced techniques are manufactured by many branded
companies. In this work, air purifier based on negative ionizer is selected
and fabrication is done. This ionizer is an electrical circuit which uses
resistors, capacitors and diodes as a main component to run the system.

3. A lot of theories suggested that negative ions will remove most
of the bacteria, viruses and other harmful particulates from the air very
effectively. There is a lot of research scope and demand in this field.
Now a days, lot of companies, schools, educational institutions are
planning to install these technologies to make the air quality hygienic.
Still the technology is not available to the common people and need to
spend a lot of money for this technology. So, we done some work to
make available this technology to common people.

4. The need of the hour is to address the safety of our living spaces
, personal wellbeing and follow protocols to restart the economy for the
for the country of our business operations. We must stay hygienic by
keeping our surroundings clean this can be achieved by keeping a good
indoor air quality.
To prevent this Covid-19 we produced an idea of purifying the
indoor air by using negative ion technology. The Covid-19 pandemic, the
worst ever witnessed in the last one century, has brought life on
crossroads.

5. Covid-19 also effected the educational institutions, governments offices,
house holds and many other fields. So, we came up with an idea of
developing a project on air purification by negative ion technology. The
air ionizer can purify the air that could leave a room healthy especially
for those suffering from allergies, respiratory ailments, asthma, or
impaired immunity, without as many allergens flowing in the lungs.
When used in a room, these ions are spread throughout the
room to seek particles that are positively charged like the pollen, smoke,
chemical vapors, bacteria, virus, dander, dust, mold, and other allergens.

7. Negative ions and ozone can be generated in another way like
the natural phenomenon such as lightning or waterfalls. It also pertains
to the fresh smell that is encountered in white rapids or in an electrical
storm.
When negative ions are generated, the ozone is created as well.
It counters the pollution by breaking it down into smaller, harmless
elements. The ozone deodorizes the germs, making it difficult for the
germs to multiply and grow.

8. Fig: Negative ion Purification process

9. Unlike amplifiers that are fan-driven, air ionizers run silently and
conserve power. The particles of dust can be captured as they fall to the
ground by some designs with outfitted screen or prongs. In some
medical hospitals or centers, the use of ionizers has been accepted by
doctors since previous showed that these devices can produce only
neutral to positive reports when undertaken by patients suffering from
allergies and respiratory problems.

10. What is Air Quality Index (AQI)?
An air quality index is
used by government agencies to
communicate to the public how
polluted the air currently is or
how polluted it is forecast to
become. Public health risks
increase as the AQI rises.
Different countries have their own
air quality indices, corresponding
to different national air quality
standards.

11. Importance of Indoor Air Quality:
One of our era's greatest scourges is air pollution, on account not
only of its impact on climate change but also its impact on public and
individual health due to increasing morbidity and mortality. There are
many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among
them, Particulate Matter (PM), particles of variable but very small
diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing
respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and central
nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer.
Even though ozone in the stratosphere plays a protective role
against ultraviolet irradiation, it is harmful when in high concentration at
ground level, also affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular system.

12. Furthermore, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs), dioxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) are all considered air pollutants that are harmful to humans.
Carbon monoxide can even provoke direct poisoning when breathed in
at high levels.
The above graph indicates
that air pollution is also the
important factor that
causes higher rate of
deaths.

13. Methods of Air purification:
Particle's filtration:
HEPA filters capable of removing 0.3 mm particles with 99.97%
efficiency. It consist of prefilter to eliminate the coarser particles
especially against mold spores. HEPA filters made from fiberglass
efficiently remove the air contaminants.

14. UV technology:
Thermodynamic sterilization is the process of killing
microorganism by burning by the destruction of DNA. A UV air purifier
can transform molecules of oxygen and water from air into ozone and
hydroxyl compound. The active molecules react with the air pollutants
hence destroyed and finally converted into harmless components like
water and carbon dioxide .

15. Activated carbon technology:
Volatile organic compounds like
formaldehyde, benzene and methylene
chloride are basically air borne in room
temperature leads to consequential
damage to kidney, liver, lungs and entire
nervous system. Activated carbon consists
of many molecular sized pore with high
absorbent ability and chemical bonding. It
captures air pollutants like gases, tobacco
smoke, bad odors and chemical emissions
effectively .

16. Negative ion technology:
Chemical injections are used by negative ion purifiers to
clean the air. Air borne particles are taken by the negative ions and
transformed into walls. Negative ions the air by magnetically attracting
to pollutants until these newly-formed larger particles become too
heavy to remain in the air we breathe.
Ozone generators:
It produces ozone, which
is a strong oxidant gas capable of
oxidizing chemicals.

17. Room air cleaners offer portability and provide filtration in homes
without forced air HVAC systems. They are offered in a variety of sizes,
and the filtration types generally fall into two categories:
1. HEPA filters and
2. Electronic electrostatic devices.
Literature Review

18. Francis et al. measured the clinical outcomes for the use of HEPA air
cleaners in both the bedroom and living room of 30 adult asthmatics
who were both sensitized to and lived with (against medical advice) an
indoor cat or dog.
The control group and the active group also used cyclonic HEPA
vacuums twice per week. Primary end points in combined asthma
outcomes (bronchial reactivity and treatment requirements) were
statistically improved in the treatment group over the controls.
Secondary end points of lung function and allergen levels improved in
both groups and were not statistically significant.

19. • Gore et al measured the amount of cat allergen found on nasal personal
air samplers using HEPA PRACs in five homes with indoor cats over 4
separate days.
• They found significant reductions in the amount of measured Field 1
when the PRAC was used with the cat in the room but no difference 3 h
after the cat was removed from the room.
• The study was limited by the small number of homes studied, the short
duration of use of the PRACs, and the fact that the mean ventilation
rate of the PRACs used was only 4.09 m3/h (range, 8.9–2.8 m3 /h).
• It did demonstrate that even small allergens such as cat will fall out into
settled dust within a few hours and will not be affected by air filtration.
Because settled dust is stirred and becomes airborne during the times
people and pets are active in the household, this study does support air
filtration as a means of reducing exposures

20. • Bernstein et al reported the first study to investigate the
effect of dehumidification in conjunction with HEPA
filtration as an intervention to control airborne
culturable mold levels.
• They were able to show reduction in airborne mold
levels, but it was not possible in this study to determine
whether the reduction of airborne mold spore levels was
due mainly to dehumidification or air filtration
intervention.

21. • A standard test bedroom was devised by Hacker and
Sparrow [33] for the evaluation of six commercially available
air cleaners.
• The brands of the units were not identified, but photos of
the units were provided. Three were electrostatic
precipitators, and three used HEPA filtration.
• Two of the HEPAs were PRACs, and one a stationary model
designed for use at the headboard end of a bed to provide
filtration to the “sleep breathing zone” (SBZ).
• One of the electrostatic units was a tower unit with no fan.
Particulate counts were taken at 1-min intervals over an 8-h
period at the approximate position of the SBZ.

22. To measure device performance, they reported three components of
the appliance's effectiveness:
1. The time-wise variation of particulate concentration measured in the
experimental breathing zone of a sleeping person
2. Average particle size concentration over the 8-h test period
3. Efficiency of particle removal as measured over the inflow/outflow of
the units. Reduction of particle concentration ranged from nearly
complete removal of all particles by the SBZ unit to no benefit over
natural particle-settling rates by the tower unit with no fan.

24. Circuit diagram:

26. • 2 x 10 meg ohm resistors.
• 40 x diode 1N4007.
• 30 x capacitor 100nF 275V class x2 suppression.
• 1metre 3 core 220v ac lead wire.
• standard pins (or carbonfibre) for high voltage grid.
• 1 exhaust fan Ac supply.
• switch control.
• outer body either wood or plastic.
Components:

27. • finger guard for exhaust fan.
• 50mm PVC pipe approx 330mm long.
• 2x 50mm pvc end stops.
• 2x 50mm tube joiners, necessary for fitting the end stops.
• 2 small self tappers, for fitting the removable end stops.
• 1metre twin core 220v power, 5 amp.
• 1 length 350mm ega tube trunking.
• 2 ega tube end caps for trunking.
• 4 x self tappers for end caps.

28. Diodes Fuse Switch Resistors LED

29. Shortened tips for prevent flaring.D
Carbon fibre Vs Pins for high voltage Grid
Steps for the construction of air purifier:

30. Full wave component assembly
Hot melt glue added to improve the performance.

31. Supply for the exhaust fan
PVC mounts , standard pins for HV grid
Exhaust fan.
The fan will not work with its power reversed, so connect it up and see which
way it blows. Then mount it such that it sucks the air out of the ionizer, with the finger
guard on the inside, which is grounded to the green earth lead of the ac input. Its best
to remove any metal in the ion path including the metal foil sticker on the fan blades,
it could absorb negative ions greatly lowering performance.

32. High Voltage Pin grid
Once the cap/diode array is glued in place, then the HV pins can
be placed and mounted. We used pieces of the ega tube trunking hot
glued and drilled for a small cable tie. Then the fan/grid assembly is
spaced (1cm) from the pin tips, and the trunking is sawed off to size. I
also drilled the end caps to make them removable, 4 self tappers is all
they need.

33. This is how a normal negative ion looks like that can be used in small closed places
like cars, vaccum cleaners etc;

34. Applications:
(1) Home & Institution Office Air Purifiers:
The Air Purifiers provide air cleaning for all, result from wide range of air pollutants
including:
Solid airborne particles (allergens & dust),
Multiple chemicals (gases, fumes, aerosols)
Airborne pathogens (microbes, bacteria, viruses, germs).

35. • (2) Health Care Air Purification System.
• (i) Allergy Air Purifiers
• Allergy Air Purifiers provide the highest level of air filtration from all
microscopic solid airborne contaminants – allergens and dust, that
may trigger allergies and asthma.
• (ii) Pathogen Control Air Purifiers
• Pathogen Control Air Purifiers provide the highest level of air
sterilization from microbes, bacteria, viruses, germs using the
chemical, high temperature treatment or exposure to the UV light or
charged radicals.
• (iii) Mycotoxins Control Air Purifiers
• Mold Control Air Purifiers provide effective cleaning of the air from
solid air contaminates such as plant spores, mold spores, mildew, as
well as from toxic chemicals (Mycotoxins) produced by mold and
mildew.

36. • (3) Industrial Air Purification System:
• VOC Air Purifiers
• VOC Air Purifiers are designed to provide the highest level of air
filtration efficiency in removal from the air of VOCs (Volatile
Organic Compounds) and specific chemicals such as:
Formaldehyde, Ammonia, PCBs, etc.

37. • Control of indoor air pollution:
Channel for outdoor air consists of joints and cracks in walls, floors,
ceilings around windows and doors. Volatile organic compounds may be
released by various sources including paints, glues, resins, polishing
materials, perfumes, spray propellants and cleaning agents.
Formaldehyde is a component of some household products which
irritate the eyes, nose and airways. To control the indoor air
temperature proper ventilation and shading is needed.
Hence natural ventilation is achieved by opening windows and doors,
gas stove is well ventilated, avoiding smoking inside house. Encase the
pillows, mattresses, and box springs in dust-mite-proof covers.
Indoor air pollution may arise from the use of open fires, unsafe fuels or
combustion of biomass fuels, coal and kerosene.

38. • 1. Francis H et al. Clinical effects of air filters in homes of asthmatic
adults sensitized and exposed to pet allergens. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003
• 2. Gore RB et al. Air filtration units in homes with cats: can they
reduce personal exposure to cat allergen? Clin Exp Allergy. 2003
• 3. Bernstein JA et al. A pilot study to investigate the effects of
combined dehumidification and HEPA filtration on dew point and
airborne mold spore counts in day care centers. Indoor Air. 2005
• 4. Hacker DW, Sparrow EM. Use of air-cleaning devices to create
airborne particle-free spaces intended to alleviate allergic rhinitis and
asthma during sleep. Indoor Air. 2005