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AI3391 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Session 1 Introduction to AI.pptx
1. AI3391 ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE
(II YEAR (III Sem))
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
Session 1
by
Asst.Prof.M.Gokilavani
NIET
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2. TEXTBOOK:
• Artificial Intelligence A modern Approach, Third Edition, Stuart
Russell and Peter Norvig, Pearson Education.
REFERENCES:
• Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edn, E. Rich and K.Knight (TMH).
• Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edn, Patrick Henny Winston, Pearson
Education.
• Artificial Intelligence, Shivani Goel, Pearson Education.
• Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems- Patterson, Pearson
Education.
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3. Topics covered in session 1
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Unit I: Intelligent Agent
• Introduction to AI
• Agents and Environments
• Concept of Rationality
• Nature of environment
• Structure of Agents
• Problem solving agents
• Search Algorithm
• Uniform search Algorithm
4. What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Making computers that think?
• The automation of activities we associate with human thinking, like
decision making, learning ... ?
• The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people ?
• The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models
?
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5. What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason
and act ?
• A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour
in terms of computational processes ?
• A branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behaviour ?
• Anything in computing science that we don't yet know how to do
properly ? (!)
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6. What is Artificial Intelligence ?
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Systems that act
rationally
Systems that think
like humans
Systems that think
rationally
Systems that act
like humans
THOUGHT
BEHAVIOUR
HUMAN RATIONAL
7. Systems that think like humans: cognitive
modeling
• Humans as observed from ‘inside’
• How do we know how humans think?
• Introspection vs. psychological experiments
• Cognitive Science
• “The exciting new effort to make computers think … machines with
minds in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland)
• “[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking,
activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning …”
(Bellman).
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8. Systems that think ‘rationally’ "laws of
thought"
• Humans are not always ‘rational’
• Rational - defined in terms of logic?
• Logic can’t express everything (e.g. uncertainty)
• Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of computation time
(needs ‘guidance’)
• “The study of mental facilities through the use of computational
models” (Charniak and McDermott)
• “The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act” (Winston)
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9. Systems that act like humans
• The Turing Test approach
• a human questioner cannot tell if
• there is a computer or a human answering his question, via teletype (remote
communication)
• The computer must behave intelligently
• Intelligent behavior
• to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks
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10. Turning test
Example: Program ELIZA simulating a psychiatrist.
Person: I miss my children
ELIZA: “Why do you miss your children?” or “ Tell me more
about your family”
ELIZA is programmed to ask pre-determined questions and parrot
segments of your responses back to you. Hence Turing test may not be
such a good judge of machine intelligence after all.
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11. What is meant by Turning test?
• Turing test was proposed in 1950.
• It is a test to decide whether or not a particular machine is intelligent.
• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay
person for 5 minutes.
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12. Systems that act like humans
• These cognitive tasks include:
• Natural language processing
• for communication with human
• Knowledge representation
• to store information effectively & efficiently
• Automated reasoning
• to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information
• Machine learning
• to adapt to new circumstances
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13. Systems that act rationally:“Rational agent”
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement,
given the available information
• Giving answers to questions is ‘acting’.
• I don't care whether a system:
• replicates human thought processes
• makes the same decisions as humans
• uses purely logical reasoning
• Logic only part of a rational agent, not all of rationality
• Sometimes logic cannot reason a correct conclusion
• At that time, some specific (in domain) human knowledge or information is
used
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